References
- Yeung HH, Walton DS. Clinical classification of childhood glaucomas. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128(6):680–684
- Dandona L, Williams JD, Williams BC, Rao GN. Population-based assessment of childhood blindness in southern India. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(4):545–546
- Bejjani BA, Stockton DW, Lewis RA, et al. Multiple CYP1B1 mutations and incomplete penetrance in an inbred population segregating primary congenital glaucoma suggest frequent de novo events and a dominant modifier locus. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9(3):367–374
- Gencik A. Epidemiology and genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Slovakia: description of a form of primary congenital glaucoma in gypsies with autosomal-recessive inheritance and complete penetrance. Dev Ophthalmol 1989;16:76–115
- Aponte EP, Diehl N, Mohney BG. Incidence and clinical characteristics of childhood glaucoma: a population-based study. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128(4):478–482
- Papadopoulos M, Cable N, Rahi J, Khaw PT. The British Infantile and Childhood Glaucoma (BIG) Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(9):4100–4106
- Khandekar R, Al Awaidy S, Ganesh A, Bawikar S. An epidemiological and clinical study of ocular manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome in Omani children. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(4):541–545
- Eballe AO, Mvogo CE, Koki G, et al. Prevalence and causes of blindness at a tertiary hospital in Douala, Cameroon. Clin Ophthalmol 2011;5:1325–1331
- Qiao CY, Wang LH, Tang X, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalized pediatric glaucoma patients in Beijing Tongren Hospital. Chin Med J (Engl) 2009;122(10):1162–1166
- Seefelder R H W. Zur entwicklung der vorderen kammer und des kammerwinkels beim menschen nebst bemerkungen ueber ihre entstehung bei tieren. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1906;103:1–13
- Seefelder R. Hydrophthalmus als Folge einer entwicklungsanomalieder kammerbucht. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1920;103:1–13
- Maumenee AE. The pathogenesis of congenital glaucoma: a new theory. Am J Ophthalmol 1959;47(6):827–858
- Sampaolesi R. Glaucoma, 2nd ed.; Médica Panamericana: Buenos Aires, 1991
- Maul E, Strozzi L, Munoz C, Reyes C. The outflow pathway in congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89(5):667–673
- McMenamin PG. A morphological study of the inner surface of the anterior chamber angle in pre and postnatal human eyes. Curr Eye Res 1989;8(7):727–739
- Alvarado J, Murphy C, Juster R. Trabecular meshwork cellularity in primary open-angle glaucoma and nonglaucomatous normals. Ophthalmology 1984;91(6):564–579
- McMenamin PG. A quantitative study of the prenatal development of the aqueous outflow system in the human eye. Exp Eye Res 1991;53(4):507–517
- Wulle K. The development of the productive and draining system of the aqueous humor in the human eye. Adv Ophthalmol 1972;114:296–355
- Meghpara B, Li X, Nakamura H, et al. Human anterior chamber angle development without cell death or macrophage involvement. Molecular Vision 2008;14:2492–2498
- Anderson DR. The development of the trabecular meshwork and its abnormality in primary infantile glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1981;79:458–485
- Hollander DA, Sarfarazi M, Stoilov I, et al. Genotype and phenotype correlations in congenital glaucoma: CYP1B1 mutations, goniodysgenesis, and clinical characteristics. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142(6):993–1004
- Challa P. Glaucoma genetics. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2008;48(4):73–94
- Calugaru D. [Mendelian molecular genetics in glaucoma]. Oftalmologia 2010;54(3):8–20
- Khan AO, Aldahmesh MA, Al-Abdi L, et al. Molecular characterization of newborn glaucoma including a distinct aniridic phenotype. Ophthalmic Genet 2011;32(3):138–142
- Hoskins HD Jr, Shaffer RN, Hetherington J. Anatomical classification of the developmental glaucomas. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102(9):1331–1336
- deLuise VP, Anderson DR. Primary infantile glaucoma (congenital glaucoma). Surv Ophthalmol 1983;28(1):1–19
- Edward DP, Morales J, Bouhenni RA, et al. Congenital ectropion uvea and mechanisms of glaucoma in neurofibromatosis Type 1: new insights. Ophthalmology 2012;119:1485–1495
- Nagao K, Noel LP, Noel ME, Walton DS. The spontaneous resolution of primary congenital glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46(3):139–143; quiz 144–135
- Rabiah PK. Frequency and predictors of glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137(1):30–37
- Beck AD, Freedman SF, Lynn MJ, et al. Glaucoma-related adverse events in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study: 1-year results. Arch Ophthalmol 2012;130(3):300–305
- Chen TC, Walton DS, Bhatia LS. Aphakic glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(12):1819–1825
- Bhola R, Keech RV, Olson RJ, Petersen DB. Long-term outcome of pediatric aphakic glaucoma. J Aapos 2006;10(3):243–248
- Bothun ED, Guo Y, Christiansen SP, et al. Outcome of angle surgery in children with aphakic glaucoma. J Aapos 2010;14(3):235–239
- Khan AO, Al-Dahmash S. Age at the time of cataract surgery and relative risk for aphakic glaucoma in nontraumatic infantile cataract. J Aapos 2009;13(2):166–169
- Al-Dahmash S, Khan AO. Pediatric pseudophakic glaucoma following surgery for isolated childhood cataract. Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging: The Official Journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye 2010;41(4):463–466
- Brady KM, Atkinson CS, Kilty LA, Hiles DA. Glaucoma after cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation in children. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997;23 Suppl 1:669–674
- Hiles DA. Intraocular lens implantation in children with monocular cataracts: 1974–1983. Ophthalmology 1984;91(10):1231–1237
- Zwaan J, Mullaney PB, Awad A, et al. Pediatric intraocular lens implantation: surgical results and complications in more than 300 patients. Ophthalmology 1998;105(1):112–118; discussion 118–119
- Yorston D, Wood M, Foster A. Results of cataract surgery in young children in east Africa. Brit J Ophthalmol 2001;85(3):267–271
- Plager DA, Yang S, Neely D, et al. Complications in the first year following cataract surgery with and without IOL in infants and older children. J Aapos 2002;6(1):9–14
- Asrani S, Freedman S, Hasselblad V, et al. Does primary intraocular lens implantation prevent “aphakic” glaucoma in children? J Aapos 2000;4(1):33–39
- Trivedi RH, Wilson ME Jr, Golub RL. Incidence and risk factors for glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery with and without intraocular lens implantation. J Aapos 2006;10(2):117–123
- Biglan AW. Glaucoma in children: are we making progress? J Aapos 2006;10(1):7–21
- Al-Dahmash S, Khan AO. Aphakic glaucoma after cataract surgery for isolated nontraumatic pediatric cataract. Eye Contact Lens 2010;36(3):177–180
- Chen TC, Walton DS. Goniosurgery for prevention of aniridic glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1998;96:155–165; discussion 165–159
- Bejjani BA, Lewis RA, Tomey KF, et al. Mutations in CYP1B1, the gene for cytochrome P4501B1, are the predominant cause of primary congenital glaucoma in Saudi Arabia. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62(2):325–333
- Della Paolera M, de Vasconcellos JP, Umbelino CC, et al. CYP1B1 gene analysis in primary congenital glaucoma Brazilian patients: novel mutations and association with poor prognosis. J Glaucoma 2010;19(3):176–182
- Abu-Amero KK, Osman EA, Mousa A, et al. Screening of CYP1B1 and LTBP2 genes in Saudi families with primary congenital glaucoma: genotype-phenotype correlation. Mol Vis 2011;17:2911–2919
- Hollander DA, Sarfarazi M, Stoilov I, et al. Genotype and phenotype correlations in congenital glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2006;104:183–195
- Abu-Amero KK, Edward DP. Primary congenital glaucoma. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, editors. GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993
- Azmanov DN, Dimitrova S, Florez L, et al. LTBP2 and CYP1B1 mutations and associated ocular phenotypes in the Roma/Gypsy founder population. Eur J Hum Genet 2011;19(3):326–333
- Geyer O, Wolf A, Levinger E, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlation in primary congenital glaucoma patients from different ethnic groups of the Israeli population. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;151(2):263–271
- Tzoulaki I, White IM, Hanson IM. PAX6 mutations: genotype-phenotype correlations. BMC Genetics 2005;6:27
- Zhang X, Wang P, Li S, et al. Mutation spectrum of PAX6 in Chinese patients with aniridia. Molecular Vision 2011;17:2139–2147
- Bongers EM, Huysmans FT, Levtchenko E, et al. Genotype-phenotype studies in nail-patella syndrome show that LMX1B mutation location is involved in the risk of developing nephropathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2005;13(8):935–946
- Moles KJ, Gowans GC, Gedela S, et al. NF1 microduplications: identification of seven nonrelated individuals provides further characterization of the phenotype. Genet Med 2012;14(5):508–514
- Vreeburg M, de Zwart-Storm EA, Schouten MI, et al. Skin changes in oculo-dento-digital dysplasia are correlated with C-terminal truncations of connexin 43. Am J Med Genet Part A 2007;143(4):360–363
- Doward W, Perveen R, Lloyd IC, et al. A mutation in the RIEG1 gene associated with Peters' anomaly. J Med Genet 1999;36(2):152–155
- Zlotogora J, Sagi M, Schuper A, et al. Variability of Stickler syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1992;42(3):337–339
- Lin T, Orrison BM, Leahey AM, et al. Spectrum of mutations in the OCRL1 gene in the Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60(6):1384–1388
- Jaafar MS, Kazi GA. Effect of oral chloral hydrate sedation on the intraocular pressure measurement. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30(6):372–376
- Watcha MF, Chu FC, Stevens JL, White PF. Intraocular pressure and hemodynamic changes following tracheal intubation in children. J Clin Anesth 1991;3(4):310–313
- Drayna PC, Estrada C, Wang W, et al. Ketamine sedation is not associated with clinically meaningful elevation of intraocular pressure. Am J Emerg Med 2011;7:1215–8
- Eisenberg DL, Sherman BG, McKeown CA, Schuman JS. Tonometry in adults and children: a manometric evaluation of pneumatonometry, applanation, and TonoPen in vitro and in vivo. Ophthalmology 1998;105(7):1173–1181
- Flemmons MS, Hsiao YC, Dzau J, et al. Icare rebound tonometry in children with known and suspected glaucoma. J Aapos 2011;15(2):153–157
- Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Barequet IS. Central corneal thickness in congenital glaucoma. Cornea 2006;25(8):923–925
- Henriques MJ, Vessani RM, Reis FA, et al. Corneal thickness in congenital glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2004;13(3):185–188
- Tai TY, Mills MD, Beck AD, et al. Central corneal thickness and corneal diameter in patients with childhood glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2006;15(6):524–528
- Oberacher-Velten I, Prasser C, Lorenz B. Evolution of central corneal thickness in children with congenital glaucoma requiring glaucoma surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008;246(3):397–403
- Lim Z, Muir KW, Duncan L, Freedman SF. Acquired central corneal thickness increase following removal of childhood cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;151(3):434–441
- Khan AO. Conditions that can be mistaken as early childhood glaucoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2011;32(3):129–137
- Randhawa S, Shah VA, Kardon RH. Megalopapilla, not glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125(8):1134–1135
- Whitson JT, Roarty JD, Vijaya L, et al. Efficacy of brinzolamide and levobetaxolol in pediatric glaucomas: a randomized clinical trial. J Aapos 2008;12(3):239–246 e233
- Plager DA, Whitson JT, Netland PA, et al. Betaxolol hydrochloride ophthalmic suspension 0.25% and timolol gel-forming solution 0.25% and 0.5% in pediatric glaucoma: A randomized clinical trial. J Aapos 2009;13(4):384–390
- Al-Shahwan S, Al-Torbak AA, Turkmani S, et al. Side-effect profile of brimonidine tartrate in children. Ophthalmology 2005;112(12):2143
- Coppens G, Stalmans I, Zeyen T, Casteels I. The safety and efficacy of glaucoma medication in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46(1):12–18
- Wright TM, Freedman SF. Exposure to topical apraclonidine in children with glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2009;18(5):395–398
- Raber S, Courtney R, Maeda-Chubachi T, et al. Latanoprost systemic exposure in pediatric and adult patients with glaucoma: a phase 1, open-label study. Ophthalmology 2011;118(10):2022–2027
- Maeda-Chubachi T, Chi-Burris K, Simons BD, et al. Comparison of latanoprost and timolol in pediatric glaucoma: a phase 3, 12-week, randomized, double-masked multicenter study. Ophthalmology 2011;118(10):2014–2021
- Chang L, Ong EL, Bunce C, et al. A review of the medical treatment of pediatric glaucomas at Moorfields Eye Hospital. J Glaucoma 2012; DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31824d1e2f
- Bussieres JF, Therrien R, Hamel P, et al. Retrospective cohort study of 163 pediatric glaucoma patients. Can J Ophthalmol 2009;44(3):323–327
- Enyedi LB, Freedman SF, Buckley EG. The effectiveness of latanoprost for the treatment of pediatric glaucoma. J Aapos 1999;3(1):33–39
- Ravinet E, Mermoud A, Brignoli R. Four years later: a clinical update on latanoprost. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003;13(2):162–175
- Black AC, Jones S, Yanovitch TL, et al. Latanoprost in pediatric glaucoma: pediatric exposure over a decade. J Aapos 2009;13(6):558–562
- Yanovitch TL, Enyedi LB, Schotthoeffer EO, Freedman SF. Travoprost in children: adverse effects and intraocular pressure response. J Aapos 2009;13(1):91–93
- Russell-Eggitt IM, Rice NS, Jay B, Wyse RK. Relapse following goniotomy for congenital glaucoma due to trabecular dysgenesis. Eye 1992;6(Pt 2):197–200
- Grehn F. Congenital glaucoma surgery: a neglected field in ophthalmology? Brit J Ophthalmol 2008;92(1):1–2
- Barkan O. Glauocoma: classification, causes and surgical control: Results of microgonioscopic research. Am J Ophthalmol 1938;21:1099–1117
- Troutman RC. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1965;63:335–348
- Hodapp E, Heuer DK. A simple technique for goniotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;102(4):537
- Arnoult JB, Vila-Coro AA, Mazow ML. Goniotomy with sodium hyaluronate. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988;25(1):18–22
- Winter R. Technical modification in goniotomy using high viscous hyaluronic acid. Dev Ophthalmol 1985;11:136–138
- McPherson SD, Jr, Berry DP. Goniotomy vs external trabeculotomy for developmental glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;95(4):427–431
- Quigley HA. Childhood glaucoma: results with trabeculotomy and study of reversible cupping. Ophthalmology 1982;89(3):219–226
- Saltzmann RM, Reinecke S, Lin X, et al. Long-term outcomes of a pseudo 360-degree trabeculotomy ab externo technique for congenital glaucoma at children's medical center. Clinical Ophthalmology 2012;6:689–698
- Beck AD, Lynch MG. 360 degrees trabeculotomy for primary congenital glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113(9):1200–1202
- Mendicino ME, Lynch MG, Drack A, et al. Long-term surgical and visual outcomes in primary congenital glaucoma: 360 degrees trabeculotomy versus goniotomy. J Aapos 2000;4(4):205–210
- Gloor BR. [Risks of 360 degree suture trabeculotomy]. Ophthalmologe 1998;95(2):100–103
- Beck AD, Lynn MJ, Crandall J, Mobin-Uddin O. Surgical outcomes with 360-degree suture trabeculotomy in poor-prognosis primary congenital glaucoma and glaucoma associated with congenital anomalies or cataract surgery. J Aapos 2011;15(1):54–58
- Sarkisian SR, Jr. An illuminated microcatheter for 360-degree trabeculotomy [corrected] in congenital glaucoma: a retrospective case series. J Aapos 2010;14(5):412–416
- Girkin CA, Marchase N, Cogen MS. Circumferential trabeculotomy with an illuminated microcatheter in congenital glaucomas. J Glaucoma 2012;21(3):160–163
- Neely DE. False passage: a complication of 360 degrees suture trabeculotomy. J Aapos 2005;9(4):396–397
- Verner-Cole EA, Ortiz S, Bell NP, Feldman RM. Subretinal suture misdirection during 360 degrees suture trabeculotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141(2):391–392
- Minckler D, Mosaed S, Dustin L, Ms BF. Trabectome (trabeculectomy-internal approach): additional experience and extended follow-up. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2008;106:149–159; discussion 159–160
- Clinical use of the Molteno Implant in childhood glaucoma. Insight 1990;15(1):18–19
- Gedde SJ, Singh K, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ. The tube versus trabeculectomy study: interpretation of results and application to clinical practice. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012;23(2):118–126
- Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the tube versus trabeculectomy study after one year of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143(1):9–22
- Budenz DL, Barton K, Feuer WJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the Ahmed Baerveldt Comparison Study after 1 year of follow-up. Ophthalmology 2011;118(3):443–452
- Beck AD, Freedman S, Kammer J, Jin J. Aqueous shunt devices compared with trabeculectomy with Mitomycin-C for children in the first two years of life. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136(6):994–1000
- Al-Torbak AA, Al-Shahwan S, Al-Jadaan I, et al. Endophthalmitis associated with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant. Brit J Ophthalmol 2005;89(4):454–458
- O'Malley Schotthoefer E, Yanovitch TL, Freedman SF. Aqueous drainage device surgery in refractory pediatric glaucoma: II. Ocular motility consequences. J Aapos 2008;12(1):40–45
- O'Malley Schotthoefer E, Yanovitch TL, Freedman SF. Aqueous drainage device surgery in refractory pediatric glaucomas: I. Long-term outcomes. J Aapos 2008;12(1):33–39
- Hill RA, Heuer DK, Baerveldt G, et al. Molteno implantation for glaucoma in young patients. Ophthalmology 1991;98(7):1042–1046
- Djodeyre MR, Peralta Calvo J, Abelairas Gomez J. Clinical evaluation and risk factors of time to failure of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant in pediatric patients. Ophthalmology 2001;108(3):614–620
- Khan AO, Al-Mobarak F. Comparison of polypropylene and silicone Ahmed valve survival 2 years following implantation in the first 2 years of life. Brit J Ophthalmol 2009;93(6):791–794
- Al-Mobarak F, Khan AO. Complications and 2-year valve survival following Ahmed valve implantation during the first 2 years of life. Brit J Ophthalmol 2009;93(6):795–798
- Nassiri N, Nouri-Madhavi K, Coleman AL. A review of Ahmed glaucoma valve in children. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;25:317–327
- Budenz DL, Gedde SJ, Brandt JD, et al. Baerveldt glaucoma implant in the management of refractory childhood glaucomas. Ophthalmology 2004;111(12):2204–2210
- Mastrobattista JM, Luntz M. Ciliary body ablation: where are we and how did we get here? Surv Ophthalmol 1996;41(3):193–213
- Bock CJ, Freedman SF, Buckley EG, Shields MB. Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for refractory pediatric glaucomas. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997;34(4):235–239
- Morales J, Al-Shahwan S, Al-Dawoud A, et al. Scleral thinning after transcleral diode laser cycloablation. Ophthalmic Surg Las Im 2007;38(4):301–306
- Neely DE, Plager DA. Endocyclophotocoagulation for management of difficult pediatric glaucomas. J Aapos 2001;5(4):221–229
- Debnath SC, Teichmann KD, Salamah K. Trabeculectomy versus trabeculotomy in congenital glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73(8):608–611
- Audren F, Abitbol O, Dureau P, et al. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy for glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84(5):656–660
- Luke C, Dietlein TS, Jacobi PC, et al. Combined deep sclerectomy and trabeculotomy in congenital glaucoma with complications. Ophthalmologe 2003;100(3):230–233
- Tixier J, Dureau P, Becquet F, Dufier JL. Deep sclerectomy in congenital glaucoma. Preliminary results. J Fr Ophtalmol 1999;22(5):545–548
- Feusier M, Roy S, Mermoud A. Deep sclerectomy combined with trabeculectomy in pediatric glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2009;116(1):30–38
- Ritch R. Personal communication, Ocular Instruments Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA