187
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Immunomodulatory Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGs) in HIV-1 Disease: A Systematic Review

, &
Pages 44-66 | Published online: 20 Dec 2010

REFERENCES

  • De Santis W, Esposito A, Conti V, Health care and infective aspects in patients affected by common variable immunodeficiency assisted in the Lazio Regional Authority Reference Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies. Infez Med 2006;14:13–23.
  • Shehata N, Palda V, Bowen T, The use of immunoglobulin therapy for patients with primary immune deficiency: an evidence-based practice guideline. Transfus Med Rev 2010;24:S28–S50.
  • Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Abrams D, B-cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984;251:1447–1449.
  • Bernstein LJ, Ochs HD, Wedgwood RJ, Rubinstein A. Defective humoral immunity in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Pediatr 1985;107:352–357.
  • Aucouturier P, Couderc LJ, Gouet D, Serum immunoglobulin G subclass dysbalances in the lymphadenopathy syndrome and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1986;63:234–240.
  • Outschoorn IM, Lluberes R, Natta CL. Alterations in IgG subclasses in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer Detect Prev 1989;13:333–336.
  • Pinching AJ. Antibody responses in HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;84:181–184.
  • Bernstein LJ, Krieger BZ, Novick B, Bacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:472–475.
  • Calvelli TA, Rubinstein A. Intravenous gamma-globulin in infant acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:S207–S210.
  • Wood CC, McNamara JG, Schwarz DF, Prevention of recurrent pneumonococcal bacteremia with intravenous gammaglobulin in a child with AIDS-related complex. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987;6:564–566.
  • Yap PL, Todd AAM, Williams PE, Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer 1991;68:1440–1450.
  • Negi VS, Elluru S, Sibéril S, Intravenous immunoglobulin: An update on the clinical use and mechanisms of action. J Clin Immunol 2007;27:233–245.
  • Bussel J. Treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Semin Hematol 2006;43:S3–S10.
  • Mouthon L, Guillevin L, Tellier Z. Intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune- or parvovirus B19-mediated pure red-cell aplasia. Autoimmun Rev 2005;4:264–269.
  • Bux J, Behrens G, Jaeger G, Welte K. Diagnosis and clinical course of autoimmune neutropenia in infancy: Analysis of 240 cases. Blood 1998;91:181–186.
  • Gomard-Mennesson E, Ruivard M, Koenig M, Treatment of isolated severe immune hemolytic anaemia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: 26 cases. Lupus 2006;15:223–231.
  • Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, Van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain–Barrè syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;1: CD002063.
  • Federico P, Zochodne DW, Hahn AF, Multifocal motor neuropathy improved by IVIg: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2000;55:1256–1262.
  • Hughes R, Bensa S, Willison H, Randomized controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral prednisolone in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Ann Neurol 2001;50:195–201.
  • Gajdos P, Tranchant C, Clair B, Treatment of myasthenia gravis exacerbation with intravenous immunoglobulin: A randomized doubleblind clinical trial. Arch Neurol 2005;62:1689–1693.
  • Dalakas MC, Fujii M, Li M, High dose intravenous immune globulin for stiff-person syndrome. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1870–1876.
  • Harnden A, Takahashi M, Burgner D. Kawasaki disease. BMJ 2009;338:1133–1138.
  • Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1993–2000.
  • Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D, Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 2000;93:433–439.
  • Levy Y, Uziel Y, Zandman G, Response of vasculitic peripheral neuropathy to intravenous immunoglobulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1051:779–786.
  • Boletis JN, Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, Moutsopoulos HM. Intravenous immunoglobulin compared with cyclophosphamide for proliferative lupus nephritis. Lancet 1999;354:569–570.
  • Sherer Y, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 2000;39:421–426.
  • Bucciarelli S, Cervera R, Espinosa G, Mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Causes of death and prognostic factors. Autoimmun Rev 2006;6:72–75.
  • Teo L, Tay YK, Liu TT, Kwok C. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin and a review of treatment options. Singapore Med J 2009;50:29–33.
  • Campione E, Marulli GC, Carrozzo AM, High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for severe drug reactions: Efficacy in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:430–432.
  • Prins C, Kerdel FA, Padilla RS, Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: Multicenter retrospective analysis of 48 consecutive cases. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:26–32.
  • Jolles S. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (hdIVIg) in the treatment of autoimmune blistering disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;129:385–389.
  • Jolles S, Sewell C, Webster D, Adjunctive high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for resistant atopic dermatitis: Efficacy and effects on intracellular cytokine levels and CD4 counts. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:433–437.
  • Mitzel-Kaoukhov H, Staubach P, Müller-Brenne T. Effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in therapy-resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010;104:253–258.
  • Gurmin V, Mediwake R, Fernando M, Psoriasis: Response to high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in three patients. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:554–557.
  • Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. A comparative observational study. The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:800–807.
  • Sriskandan S, Ferguson M, Elliot V, Human intravenous immunoglobulin for experimental streptococcal toxic shock: Bacterial clearance and modulation of inflammation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:117–124.
  • El-Nawawy A, El-Kinany H, Hamdy El-Sayed M, Boshra N. Intravenous polyclonal immunoglobulin administration to sepsis syndrome patients: A prospective study in a pediatric intensive care unit. J Trop Pediatr 2005;51:271–278.
  • Binstadt BA, Geha RS, Bonilla FA. IgG Fc receptor polymorphisms in human disease: Implications for intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:697–703.
  • Samuelsson A, Towers TL, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor. Science 2001;291:484–486.
  • Hartung HP. Advances in the understanding of the mechanism of action of IVIg. J Neurol 2008;255:3–6.
  • Basta M, van Goor F, Luccioli S, F(ab)′2-mediated neutralization of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins: A novel effector function of immunoglobulins. Nat Med 2003;9:431–438.
  • Mouzaki A, Theodoropoulou M, Gianakopoulos I, Expression patterns of Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) at presentation and their modulation by intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIg) treatment: Their role in prognosis. Blood 2002;100:1774–1779.
  • Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Carbonneil C, Inhibition of maturation and function of dendritic cells by intravenous immunoglobulin. Blood 2003;101:758–765.
  • Bernstein LJ, Krieger BZ, Novick B, Bacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:472–475.
  • Krasinski K, Borkowsky W, Bonk S, Bacterial infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988;7:323–328.
  • Mofenson LM, Brady MT, Danner SP, Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009;58:1–166.
  • The National Institute of Child Health and Human Developments Intravenous Immunoglobulin Study Group. Intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of bacterial infections in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991;325:73–80.
  • Mofenson LM, Moye Jr. J, Bethel J, Prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin in HIV-infected children with CD4+ counts of 0.20 × 10(9)/L or more. Effect on viral, opportunistic, and bacterial infections. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group. JAMA 1992;268:483–488.
  • Spector SA, Gelber RD, McGrath N, A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1181–1187.
  • Huang LC, Myer L, Jaspan HB. The role of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin in treating HIV-infected children with severe bacterial infections: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2008;8:127–134.
  • Morris L, Distenfeld A, Amorosi E, Karpatkin S. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:714–717.
  • Anderson D, Ali K, Blanchette V, Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for hematologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev 2007;21:S9–S56.
  • Pizzuto J, Ambriz R. Therapeutic experience on 934 adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: Multicentric Trial of the Cooperative Latin American Group on Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Blood 1984;64:1179–1183.
  • Finazzi G, Mannucci PM, Lazzarin A, Low incidence of bleeding from HIV-related thrombocytopenia in drug addicts and hemophiliacs: Implications for therapeutic strategies. Eur J Haematol 1990;45:82–85.
  • Murphy MF, Metcalfe P, Waters AH, Incidence and mechanism of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Br J Haematol 1987;66:337–340.
  • Zon LI, Arkin C, Groopman JE. Haematologic manifestations of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Br J Haematol 1987;66:251–256.
  • Najean Y, Rain JD. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with HIV infection. J Lab Clin Med 1994;123:415–420.
  • Bahner I, Kearns K, Coutinho S, Infection of human marrow stroma by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is both required and sufficient for HIV-1-induced hematopoietic suppression in vitro: Demonstration by gene modification of primary human stroma. Blood 1997;90:1787–1798.
  • Moses A, Nelson J, Bagby Jr. GC. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 on hematopoiesis. Blood 1998;91:1479–1495.
  • Li Z, Nardi MA, Karpatkin S. Role of molecular mimicry to HIV-1 peptides in HIV-1-related immunologic thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005;106:572–576.
  • Nardi M, Tomlinson S, Greco MA, Karpatkin S. Complement-independent, peroxide-induced antibody lysis of platelets in HIV-1-related immune thrombocytopenia. Cell 2001;106:551–561.
  • Bettaieb A, Fromont P, Louache F, Presence of cross-reactive antibody between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and platelet glycoproteins in HIV-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1992;80:162–169.
  • Kowalska MA, Ratajczak J, Hoxie J, Megakaryocyte precursors, megakaryocytes and platelets express the HIV co-receptor CXCR4 on their surface: Determination of response to stromal-derived factor-1 by megakaryocytes and platelets. Br J Haematol 1999;104:220–229.
  • The American Society of Hematology ITP Practice Guideline Panel. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: recommendations of the American Society of Hematology. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:319–326.
  • Stasi R. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: The treatment paradigm. Eur J Haematol 2009;82:13–19.
  • Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010;115:168–186.
  • Cai J, Zheng T, Lotz M, Glucocorticoids induce Kaposi's sarcoma cell proliferation through the regulation of transforming growth factor-beta. Blood 1997;89:1491–1500.
  • Pollak AN, Janinis J, Green D. Successful intravenous immune globulin therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:695–697.
  • Beard J, Savidge GF. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and splenectomy for the treatment of HIV-related immune thrombocytopenia in patients with severe haemophilia. Br J Haematol 1988;68:303–306.
  • Rarick MU, Montgomery T, Groshen S, Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-related thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 1991;38:261–266.
  • De Simone C, Tzantzoglou S, Santini G, Clinical and immunologic effects of combination therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins and AZT in HIV-infected patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1991;13:447–458.
  • Jahnke L, Applebaum S, Sherman LA, An evaluation of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 1994;34:759–764.
  • Majluf-Cruz A, Luna-Castaños G, Huitrón S, Nieto-Cisneros L. Usefulness of a low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin regimen for the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with AIDS. Am J Hematol 1998;59:127–132.
  • Gyongyossy-Issa MI, Bussel JB, Carter CJ, Devine DV. Comparison of thrombopoiesis during ITP and HIV-ITP and response to intravenous gammaglobulin treatment. Platelets 2003;14:267–276.
  • Aboolian A, Ricci M, Shapiro K, Surgical treatment of HIV-related immune thrombocytopenia. Int Surg 1999;84:81–85.
  • Scaradavou A. HIV-related thrombocytopenia. Blood Rev 2002;16:773–776.
  • Sawada K, Hirokawa M, Fujishima N. Diagnosis and management of acquired pure red cell aplasia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009;23:249–259.
  • Brown KE, Anderson SM, Young NS. Erythrocyte P antigen: Cellular receptor for parvovirus B19. Science 1993;262:114–117.
  • John MA, Rhemtula YA, Menezes CN, Grobusch MP. Lamivudine-induced red cell aplasia. J Med Microbiol 2008;57:1032–1035.
  • Hassan A, Babadoko AA, Mamman AI, Ahmed SA. Zidovudine induced pure red cell aplasia: A case report. Niger J Med 2009;18:332–333.
  • Mouthon L, Guillevin R, Tellier Z. Intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune or parvovirus B19-mediated pure red-cell aplasia. Autoimmun Rev 2005;4:264–269.
  • Sawada K, Fujishima N, Hirokawa M. Acquired pure red cell aplasia: Updated review of treatment. Br J Haematol 2008;142:505–514.
  • Young NS. Parvovirus infection and its treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 2996;104:S26–S30.
  • Frickhofen N, Abkowitz JL, Safford M, Persistent B19 Parvovirus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1): A treatable cause of anemia in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:926–933.
  • Abkowitz JL, Brown KE, Wood RW, Clinical relevance of parvovirus B19 as a cause of anemia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1997;176:269–273.
  • Koduri PR, Kumapley R, Valladares J, Teter C. Chronic pure red cell aplasia caused by parvovirus B19 in AIDS: Use of intravenous immunoglobulin-a report of eight patients. Am J Hematol 1999;61:16–20.
  • Koduri PR. Parvovirus B19-related anemia in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000;14:7–11.
  • Kurtzman G, Frickhofen N, Kimball J, Pure red cell aplasia of 10 years duration due to persistent parvovirus B19 infection and its cure with immunoglobulin therapy. N Engl J Med 1989;321:519–523.
  • Bowman CA, Cohen BJ, Norfolk DR, Lacey CFN. Red cell aplasia associated with human parvovirus B19 and HIV infection: Failure to respond clinically to intravenous immunoglobulin. AIDS 1990;4:1038–1039.
  • Gottlieb F, Deutsch J. Red cell aplasia responsive to immunoglobulin therapy as initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1992;92:331–333.
  • Mylonakis E, Dickinson BP, Mileno MD, Persistent parvovirus B19 related anemia of seven years’ duration in an HIV-infected patient: Complete remission associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Hematol 1999;60:164–166.
  • Chen MY, Hung CC, Fang CT, Hsieh SM. Reconstituted immunity against persistent parvovirus B19 infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1361–1365.
  • Morelli P, Bestetti G, Longhi E, Persistent parvovirus B19-induced anemia in an HIV-infected patient under HAART. Case report and review of literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:833–837.
  • Pahk R, Azu MC, Taira BR, Sandoval S. Antiretroviral-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:775–777.
  • Fagot JP, Mockenhaupt M, Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Nevirapine and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. AIDS 2001;15:1843–1848.
  • Rotunda A, Hirsch RJ, Scheinfeld N, Weinberg JM. Severe cutaneous reactions associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus medications. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:1–9.
  • Ghislain PD, Roujeau JC. Treatment of severe drug reactions: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and hypersensitivity syndrome. Dermatol Online J 2002;8:5–13.
  • Kano Y, Shiohara T. The variable clinical picture of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms in relation to the eliciting drug. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009;29:481–501.
  • Fields KS, Petersen MJ, Chiao E, Tristani-Firouzi P. Case reports: Treatment of nevirapine-associated dress syndrome with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). J Drugs Dermatol 2005;4:510–513.
  • Bonnet F, Lawson-Ayayi S, Thiebaut R, A cohort study of nevirapine tolerance in clinical practice: French aquitaine cohort 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1231–1237.
  • Roujeau JC. Treatment of severe drug eruptions. J Dermatol 1999;26:718–722.
  • Mittmann N, Chan B, Knowles S, Intravenous immunoglobulin use in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006;7:359–368.
  • Yeung CK, Lam LK, Chan HH. The timing of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:600–602.
  • Tas S, Simonart T. Management of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome): An update. Dermatology 2003;206:353–356.
  • Sanwo M, Nwadiuko R, Beall G. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe cutaneous drug reactions in patients with AIDS. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:1112–1115.
  • Phan TG, Wong R, Crotty K, Adelstein S. Toxic epidermal necrolysis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with intravenous gammaglobulin. Austral J Dermatol 1999;40:153–157.
  • Claes P, Wintzen M, Allard S, Nevirapine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and toxic hepatitis treated successfully with a combination of intravenous immunoglobulins and N-acetylcysteine. Eur J Intern Med 2004;15:255–258.
  • Santos RP, Ramilo O, Barton T. Nevirapine-associated rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms in a child with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:1053–1056.
  • Viard I, Wehrli P, Bullani R, Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 1998;282:490–493.
  • French LE, Trent JT, Kerdel FA. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Our current understanding. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:543–549.
  • Elovaara I, Apostolski S, van Doorn P, EFNS, EFNS guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases. EFNS task force on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases. Eur J Neur 3008;15:893–908.
  • Elovaara I, Hietaharju A. Can we face the challenge of expanding use of intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology? Acta Neurol Scand 2010;19:1–7.
  • Pigard N, Elovaara I, Kuusisto H, Therapeutic activities of intravenous immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis involve modulation of chemokine expression. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209:114–120.
  • Robinson-Papp J, Simpson DM. Neuromuscular diseases associated with HIV-1 infection. Muscle Nerve 2009;40:1043–1053.
  • Kolson DL, Gonzalez-Scarano F. HIV-associated neuropathies: Role of HIV-1, CMV, and other viruses. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2001;6:2–7.
  • Gorshtein A, Levy Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin in therapy of peripheral neuropathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005;29:271–279.
  • Mishra BB, Sommers W, Koski CL, Greenstein JI. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1985;18:131–132.
  • Brannagan 3rd TH, Zhou Y. HIV-associated Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2003;208:39–42.
  • Schleicher GK, Black A, Mochan A, Richards GA. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on intensive care unit outcome of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1848–1850.
  • Hahn AF. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 1998;352:635–641.
  • Fletcher DD, Lawn ND, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Long-term outcome in patients with Guillaan-Barré syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. Neurology 2000;54:2311–2315.
  • Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;1: CD002063.
  • Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA, Schmitz PI, Campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1996;40:181–187.
  • Yuki N, Ang CW, Koga M, Clinical features and response to treatment in Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with antibodies to GM1b ganglioside. Ann Neurol 2000;47:314–321.
  • Kuwabara S, Mori M, Ogawara K, Indicators of rapid clinical recovery in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:560–562.
  • Köller H, Kieseirer BC, Jander S, Hartung HP. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. N Eng J Med 2005;352:1343–1356.
  • Eftimov F, Winer JB, Vermeulen M, Intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;1: CD001797.
  • Hughes RA, Donofrio P, Bril V, Intravenous immune globulin (10% caprylate-chromatography purified) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (ICE study): A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:136–144.
  • Prendergast BD. HIV and cardiovascular medicine. Heart 2003;89:793–800.
  • Currie PF, Boon NA. Immunopathogenesis of HIV-related heart muscle disease: Current perspectives. AIDS 2003;17:S21–S28.
  • Pugliese A, Isnardi D, Saini A, Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients with cardiac involvement. J Infect 2000;40:282–284.
  • Micheletti RG, Fishbein GA, Fishbein MC, Coronary atherosclerotic lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A histopathologic study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2009;18:28–36.
  • Catzin-Kuhlmann A, Orea-Tejeda A, Castillo-Martínez L, Human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects have no altered myocardial perfusion. Int J Cardiol 2007;122:90–92.
  • Khunnawat C, Mukerji S, Havlichek Jr. D, Cardiovascular manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:635–642.
  • Sani MU. Myocardial disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: a review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008;120:77–87.
  • Anderson DW, Virmani R, Reilly JM, Prevalent myocarditis at necropsy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:792–799.
  • Lewis W. Cardiomyopathy in AIDS: A pathophysiological perspective. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2000;43:151–170.
  • Lafont A, Wolff M, Marche C, Overwhelming myocarditis due to Cryptococcus neoformans in an AIDS patient. Lancet 1987;2:1145–1146.
  • Sani MU, Okeahialam BN, Aliyu SH, Enoch DA. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related heart disease: A review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2005;117:73–81.
  • Cohen LS, Anderson DW, Virmani R, Congestive cardiomyopathy in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1986;315:628–630.
  • Jacob AJ, Sutherland GR, Bird AG, Myocardial dysfunction in patients infected with HIV: Prevalence and risk factors. Br Heart J 1992;68:549–553.
  • Mesa RA, Edell ES, Dunn WF, Edwards WD. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and pulmonary hypertension: Two new cases and a review of 86 reported cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:37–45.
  • Twu C, Liu NQ, Popik W, Cardiomyocytes undergo apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus cardiomyopathy through mitochondrion- and death receptor-controlled pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:14386–14391.
  • Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Soldini M, Intensity of myocardial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase influences the clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cardiomyopathy. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio Cardiologico dei pazienti affetti da AIDS (GISCA). Circulation 1999;100:933–939.
  • Monsuez JJ, Escaut L, Teicher E, Cytokines in HIV-associated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2007;120:150–157.
  • Patten RD, Denofrio D, El-Zaru M, Ventricular assist device therapy normalizes inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1419–1424.
  • Udi N, Yehuda S. Intravenous immunoglobulin: Indications and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2008;7:445–452.
  • Lipshultz SE, Orav EJ, Sanders SP, Colan SD. Immunoglobulins and left ventricular structure and function in pediatric HIV infection. Circulation 1995;92:2220–2225.
  • Lipshultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, Cardiac dysfunction and mortality in HIV-infected children: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study. Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection (P2C2 HIV) Study Group. Circulation 2000;102:1542–1548.
  • Gullestad L, Aass H, Fjeld JG, Immunomodulating therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2001;103:220–225.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.