Interleukin 6 and its Receptor: Ten Years Later

References

• Hirano T., Yasukawa K., Harada H., Taga T., Watanabe Y., Matsud T., Kashiwamura S., Nakajima K., Koyama K., Iwamatsu A., Tsunasawa S., Sakiyama F., Matsui H., Takahara Y., Taniguchi T., Kishimoto T. Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature 1986; 324: 73–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilberstein A., Ruggieri R., Korn J. H., Revel M. Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-beta-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines. EMBO J. 1986; 5: 2529–2537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May L. T., Helfgott D. C., Sehgal P. B. Anti-β-interferon antibodies inhibit the increased expression of HLA-B7 mRNA in tumor necrosis factor-treated human fibroblasts: Structural studies of the b2 interferon involved. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 8957–8961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haegeman G., Content J., Volckaert G., Derynck R., Tavernier J., Fiers W. Structural analysis of the sequence encoding for an inducible 26-kDa protein in human fibroblasts. Eur. J. Biochem. 1986; 159: 625–632
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muraguchi A., Kishimoto T., Miki Y., Kuritani T., Kaieda T., Yoshizaki K., Yamamura Y. T cell-replacing factor (TRF)-induced IgG secretion in human B blastoid cell line and demonstration of acceptors for TRF. J. Immunol. 1981; 127: 412–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teranishi T., Hirano T., Arima N., Onoue K. Human helper T cell factor(s) (ThF). II. Induction of IgG production in B lymphoblastoid cell lines and identification of T cell replacing factor (TRF)-like factor(s). J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 1903–1908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada M., Sakaguchi N., Yoshimura N., Kara H., Shimizu K., Yoshida N., Yoshizaki K., Kishimoto S., Yamamura Y., Kishimoto T. B cell growth factor (BCGF) and B cell differentiation factor from human T hybridomas: Two distinct kinds of BCGFs and their synergism in B cell proliferation. J. Exp. Med. 1983; 157: 583–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Teranishi T., Onoue K. Human helper T cell factor(s) III. Characterization of B cell differentiation factor I (BCDF I). J. Immunol. 1984; 132: 229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Teranishi T., Lin B. H., Onoue K. Human helper T cell factor(s) IV. Demonstration of a human late-acting B cell differentiation factor acting on Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I-stimulated B cells. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 798–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Taga T., Nakano N., Yasukawa K., Kashiwamura S., Shimizu K., Nakajima K., Pyun K. H., Kishimoto T. Purification to homogeneity and characterization of human B cell differentiation factor (BCDF or BSFp-2). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 5490–5494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal P. B., May T. T., Tamm I., Vilcek J. Human β2 interferon and B-cell differentiation factor BSF-2 are identical. Science 1987; 235: 731–732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Interleukin 6. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 95/1. Peptide growth factors and their receptors I, M. B. Sporn, A. B. Roberts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1990; 633–665
   Google Scholar
• Van Damme J., Opdenakker G., Simpson R. J., Rubira M. R., Cayphas S., Vink A., Billiau A., Snick J. V. Identification of the human 26-kDa protein, interferon β2 (IFNβ2), as a B cell hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor induced by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 1987; 165: 914–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Snick J., Cayphas S., Szikora J. P., Renauld J. C., Van Roost E., Boon T., Simpson R. J. cDNA cloning of murine interleukin-HP1: homology with human interleukin 6. Eur. J. Immunol. 1988; 18: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarden L., Lansdorp P., De Groot E. A growth factor for B cell hybridomas produced by human monocytes. Lymphokines 1985; 10: 175–185
   Google Scholar
• Nordan R. P., Potter M. A macrophage-derived factor required by plasmacytomas for survival and proliferation in vitro. Science 1986; 233: 566–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano M., Hirano T., Matsuda T., Taga T., Horii Y., Iwato K., Asaoku H., Tang B., Tanabe O., Tanaka H., Kuramoto A., Kishimoto T. Autocrine generation and essential requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature 1988; 332: 83–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauldie J., Richards C., Harnish D., Lansdorp P., Baumann H. Interferon β2/B-cell stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. VSA 1987; 84: 7251–7255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andus T., Geiger T., Hirano T., Northoff H., Ganter U., Bauer J., Kishimoto T., Heinrich P. C. Recombinant human B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2/IFNβ2) regulates β-fibrinogen and albumin mRNA levels in Fao-9 cells. FEBS Lett. 1987; 221: 18–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal P. B., Grienger G., Tosato G. (editors) Regulation of the acute phase and immune responses: Interleukin-6. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1989; 557: 1–583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Snick J. Interleukin-6: An overreview. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1990; 8: 253–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich P. C., Castell J. V., Andus T. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem. J. 1990; 265: 621–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T. The biology of interleukin 6. Chemical Immunol. 1992; 51: 153–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin 6. The Cytokine Handbook, 2nd edition 1994, A. W. Thomson. Academic Press, London 1994; 145–168
   Google Scholar
• Bazan J. F. Haemopoietic receptors and helical cytokines. Immunol. Today 1990; 11: 350–354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bazan J. F. Neurotropic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold. Neuron 1992; 7: 1–12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazan J. F. A novel family of growth factor receptors: A common binding domain in the growth hormone, prolactin, erythropoietin and IL-6 receptors, and the p75 IL-6 receptor-chain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 164: 788–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazan J. F. Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 6934–6938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyajima A., Kitamura T., Harada N., Yokota T., Arai K. Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1992; 10: 295–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugamura K., Asao H., Kondo M., Tanaka N., Ishii N., Nakamura M., Takeshita T. The common gamma-chain for multiple cytokine receptors. Adv. Immunol. 1995; 59: 225–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi T. Cytokine signaling through nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase. Science 1995; 268: 251–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T., Akira S., Narazaki M., Taga T. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130. Blood 1995; 86: 1243–1254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibi M., Nakajima K., Hirano T. IL-6 cytokine family and signal transduction: a model of the cytokine system. J. Mol. Med. 1996; 74: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T., Hibi M., Hirata Y., Yamasaki K., Yasukawa K., Matsuda T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) triggers the association of its receptor (IL-6-R) with a possible signal transducer, gp130. Cell 1989; 58: 573–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibi M., Murakami M., Saito M., Hirano T., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Cell 1990; 63: 1149–1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing D. P., Comeau M. R., Friend D. J., Gimpel Thut C. J., McGourty J., Brasher K. K., King J. A., Gills S., Mosley B., Ziagler S. F., Cosman D. The IL-6 signal transducer, gp130: an oncostatin M receptor and affinity converter for the LIF receptor. Science 1992; 255: 1434–1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip N. Y., Nye S. H., Boulton T. G., Davis S., Taga T., Li Y., Birren S. J., Yasukawa K., Kishimoto T., Anderson D. J., Stahl N., Yancopoulos G. D. CNTF and LIF act on neuronal cells via shared signaling pathways that involve the IL-6 signal transducing receptor component gp130. Cell 1992; 69: 1121–1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin T., Taga T., Tsang M. L.-S, Yasukawa K., Kishimoto T., Yang Y.-C. Involvement of IL-6 signal transducer gp130 in IL-11-mediated signal transduction. J. Immunol. 1993; 151: 2555–2561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T., Narazaki M., Yasukawa K., Saito T., Miki D., Hamaguchi M., Davis S., Shoyab M., Yancopoulos G. D., Kishimoto T. Functional inhibition of hematopoietic and neurotrophic cytokines by blocking the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 10998–11001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennica D., King K. L., Shaw K. L., Luis E., Rullamas J., Luoh S., Darbonne W. C., Knutzon D. S., Yen R., Chien K. R., Baker J. B., Wood W. I. Expression cloning of cardiotrophin-1, a cytokine that induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 1142–1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihle J. N., Witthuhn B. A., Queue F. W., Yamamoto K., Thierfelder W. E., Kreider B., Silvennovinen O. Signaling by the cytokine receptor superfamily, JAKs and STATs. TIBS 1994; 19: 222–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnell J. E., Kerr I. M., Stark G. M. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 1994; 257: 803–806
   Google Scholar
• Schindler C., Darnell J. E. Jr. Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: The JAK-STAT pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1995; 64: 621–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihle J. N. STATs: Signal transducers and Activators of Transcription. Cell 1996; 84: 331–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suematsu S., Matsuda T., Aozasa K., Akira S., Nakano N., Ohno S., Miyazaki J., Yamamura K., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. IgGl plasmacytosis in interleukin 6 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 7547–7551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt S. J., Bodine D. M., Dunbar C. E., Nienhuis A. Dysregulated interleukin 6 expression produces a syndrome resembling Castleman's disease in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 86: 592–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suematsu S., Matsusaka T., Matsuda T., Ohno S., Miyazaki J., Yamamura K., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Generation of transplantable plasmacytomas with t(12;15) in Il-6 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 232–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and its receptor: Their role in plasma cell neoplasias. Int. J. Cell Cloning 1991; 9: 166–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubert D. M., Kopf M., Mock B. A., Kohler G., Rudikoff S. Interleukin 6 is essential for in vivo development of B lineage neoplasms. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 182: 243–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopf M., Baumann H., Freer G., Freudenberg M., Lamers M., Kishimoto T., Zinkernagel R., Bluethmann H., Kohler G. Impaired immune and acutephase responses in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Nature 1994; 368: 339–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beagley K. W., Eldridge J. H., Lee F., Kiyono H., Everson M. P., Koopman W. J., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., McGhee J. R. Interleukins and IgA synthesis: Human and murine IL-6 induce high rate IgA secretion in IgA-committed B cells. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 169: 2133–2148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujihashi K., McGhee J. R., Lue C., Beagley K. W., Taga T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., Mestecky J., Kiyono H. Human appendix B cells naturally express receptors for and respond to interleukin 6 with selective IgA1 and IgA2 synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 88: 248–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay A. J., Husband A. J., Ramshaw I. A., Bao S., Matthaei K. L., Koehler G., Kopf M. The role of interleukin-6 in mucosal IgA antibody responses in vivo. Science 1994; 264: 561–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalrymple S. A., Lucian L. A., Slattery R., McNeil T., Aud D. M., Fuchino S., Lee F., Murray R. Interleukin-6-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection: correlation with inefficient neutorphilia. Infect. Immun. 1995; 63: 2262–2268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilka R. L., Hangoc G., Girasole G., Passed G., Williams D. C., Abrams J. S., Boyce B., Broxmeyer H., Manolagas S. C. Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6. Science 1992; 257: 88–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girasole G., Jilka R. L., Passed G., Boswell S., Boder G., Williams D. C., Manolagas S. C. 17 beta-estradiol inhibits interleukin-6 production by bone marrow-derived stromal cells and osteoblasts in vitro: a potential mechanism for the antiosteoporotic effect of estrogens. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 89: 883–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli V., Balena R., Fattori E., Markatos A., Yamamoto M., Tanaka H., Ciliberto G., Rodan G. A., Costantini F. Interleukin-6 deficient mice are protected from bone loss caused by estrogen depletion. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 1189–1196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai Z., Gatti S., Toniatti C., Poli V., Barfai T. Interleukin(IL)-6 gene expression in the central nervous system is necessary for fever response to lipopolysaccharide or IL-1 beta: a study on IL-6-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 1996; 183: 311–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing D., Gough N. M., King J. A., Hilto D. J., Nicola N. A., Simpson R. J., Nice E. C., Kelso A., Metcalf D. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a murine myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). EMBO J. 1987; 6: 3995–4002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton D. J. LIF: lots of interesting functions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1992; 17: 72–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R. L., Hilton D. J., Pease S., Wilson T. A., Stewart C. L., Gearing D. P., Wagner E. F., Metcalf D., Nicola N. A., Gough N. M. Myeloid leukemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature 1988; 336: 684–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori M., Yamaguchi K., Abe K. Purification of a lipoprotein lipase-inhibiting protein produced by a melanoma cell line associated with cancer cachexia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989; 160: 1085–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamori T., Kukada K., Abersold R., Korsching S., Fann M. J., Patterson P. H. The cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor from heart cells is identical to leukemia inhibitory factor. Science 1989; 246: 1412–1416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin F.L. H., Mismer D., Lile J. D., Armes L. G., Butler E. T., III, Vannice J. L., Collins F. Purification, cloning, and expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Science 1989; 246: 1023–1025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler R., Landa K., Manthorpe M., Varon S. Cholinergic neurotrophic factors: Intraocular distribution of trophic activity for ciliary neurons. Science 1979; 204: 1434–1436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbin G., Manthorpe M., Varon S. Purification of chick eye ciliary neurotrophic factor. J. Neurochem. 1984; 43: 1468–1478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manthorpe M., Skaper S., Williams L. R., Varon S. Purification of adult rat sciatic nerve ciliary neurotrophic factor. Brain. Res. 1986; 367: 282–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernsberger U., Sendtner M., Rohrer H. Proliferation and differentiation of embryonic chick symphathetic neurons: effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor. Neuron 1989; 2: 1275–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadat S., Sendtner M., Rohrer H. Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces cholinergic differentiation of rat sympathetic neurons in culture. J. Cell. Biol. 1989; 108: 1807–1816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes S. M., Lillien L. E., Raff M. C., Rohrer H., Sedtner M. Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces type-2 astrocyte differentiation in culture. Nature 1988; 335: 70–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sendtner M., Kreutzberg G. W., Thoenen H. Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons after axotomy. Nature 1990; 345: 440–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy M., Reid K., Hilton D. J., Bartlett P. F. Generation of sensory neurons is stimulated by leukemia inhibitory factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 3498–3501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik N., Kalestad J. C., Gunderson N. L., Austin S. D., Neubauer M. G., Ochs V., Marquardt H., Zarling J. M., Shoyab M., Wei C.-M., Linsley P., Rose T. M. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of a novel growth regulator, oncostatin M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 2847–2853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarling J. M., Shoyab M., Marquardt H., Hanson M. B., Todaro Lioubin M. N., Oncostatin G. J.M. A growth regulator produced by differentiated histiocytic lymphoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 9739–9743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair B. C., DeVico A. L., Nakamura S., Copeland T. D., Chen Y., Patel A., O'Neil T., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Identification of a major growth factor for AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma cells as oncostatin M. Science 1992; 255: 1430–1432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles S. A., Martinez-Maza O., Rezai A., Magpantay L., Kishimoto T., Nakamura S., Radka S. F., Linsley P. S. Oncostatin M as a potent mitogen for AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells. Science 1992; 255: 1432–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul S. R., Bennett F., Calvetti J. A., Kelleher K., Wood C. R., O'Hara R. M., Jr., Leary A. C., Sibley B., Clark S. C., Williams D. A., Yang Y.-C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 7512–7516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin T., Schendel P., Yang Y. C. Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antigen-specific antibody responses by interleukin-11. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 175: 211–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennica D., Shaw T. A., Swanson M. W., Moore D. L., Sjelton K. A., Zioncheck A., Rosenthal A., Taga T., Paoni N. F., Wood W. I. Cardiotrophin-1. Biological activities and binding to the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor/gp130 signaling complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 10915–10922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf D. Actions and interactions of G-CSF, LIF, and IL-6 on normal and leukemia murine cells. Leukemia 1989; 3: 349–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose T. M., Bruce A. G. Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family which includes leukemia inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulatory factor and interleukin-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 8641–8645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X. G., Gu J. J., Lu Z. Y., Yasukawa K., Yancopoulos G. D., Turner K., Shoyab M., Taga T., Kishimoto T., Bataille R., Klein B. Ciliary neurotrophic factor, interleukin 11, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M are growth factors for human myeloma cell lines using the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130. J. Exp. Med. 1994; 179: 1337–1342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musashi M., Yang Y. C., Paul S. R., Clark S. C., Sudo T., Ogawa M. Direct and synergistic effects of interleukin-11 on murine hemopoiesis in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 765–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary A. G., Zeng H. Q., Clark S. C., Ogawa M. Growth factor requirements for survival in GO and entry into the cell cycle of primitive human hemopoietic progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 4013–4017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Onorato V., Gauldie J., Jahreis G. P. Distinct sets of acute phase plasma proteins are stimulated by separate human hepatocyte-stimulating factors and monokines in rat hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 9756–9768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Wong G. G. Hepatocyte-stimulatory factor III shares structural and functional identity with leukemia inhibitory factor. J. Immunol. 1989; 143: 1163–1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards D-C., Brown T. J., Shoyab M., Baumann H., Gauldie J. Recombinant oncostatin M stimulates the production of acute phase protein in HepG2 cells and rat primary hepatocytes in vitro. J. Immunol. 1992; 148: 1731–1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Schendel P. Interleukin 11 regulates the hepatic expression of the same plasma protein genes as interleukin-6. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 20424–20427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson P. H., Nawa H. Neuronal differentiation factors/cytokines and synaptic plasticity. Cell 1993; 72: 123–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki K., Taga T., Hirata Y., Yawata H., Kawanishi Y., Seed B., Taniguchi T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Cloning and expression of the human interleukin-6 (BSF-2/IFNb2) receptor. Science 1988; 241: 825–828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugita T., Totsuka T., Saito M., Yamasaki K., Taga T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Functional murine IL-6 receptor with the intracisternal A-particle gene product at its cytoplasmic domain: Its possible role in plasmacytomagenesis. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 171: 2001–2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paonessa G., Graziani R., Serio A. D., Svio R., Ciappori L., Lahm A., Salvati A. L., Tniatti C., Ciliberto G. Two distinct and independent sites on IL-6 trigger gp130 dimer formation and signalling. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1942–1951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M., Fitz L., Ryan M., Hewick R. M., Clark S. C., Chan S., Loudon R., Sherman F., Perrussia B., Trinchieri G. Identification and purification of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 170: 827–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing D. P., Cosman D. Homology of the p40 subunit of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) with the extracellular domain of the interleukin-6 receptor. Cell 1991; 66: 9–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua A. O., Chizzonite R., Desai B. B., Truitt T. P., Nunes P., Minetti L. J., Warrier R. R., Presky D. H., Levine J. F., Gately M. K., Gubler U. Expression cloning of a human IL-12 receptor component. A new member of the cytokine receptor superfamily with strong homology to gp120. J. Immunol. 1994; 153: 128–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis S., Aldrich T. H., Ip N. Y., Stahl N., Scherer S., Farruggella T., DiStefano P. S., Curtis R., Panayotatos N., Gascan H., Chevalier S., Yancopoulos G. D. Released form of CNTF receptor a components as a soluble mediator of CNTF responses. Science 1993; 259: 1736–1739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota H., Yoshida K., Kishimoto T., Taga T. Continuous activation of gp130, a signal transducing receptor component for interleukin 6-related cytokines, causes myocardial hypertrophy in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 4862–4866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treanor J. J. S., Goodman L., de Sauvage F., Stone D. M., Poulsen K. T., Beck C. D., Gray C., Armanini M. P., Pollock R. A., Hefti F., Phillips H. S., Goddard A., Moore M. W., Buj-Bello A., Davies A. M., Asai N., Takahashi M., Vandlen R., Henderson C. E., Rosenthal A. Characterization of a multicomponent receptor for GDNF. Nature 1996; 382: 80–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing S., Wen D., Yu Y., Hoist P. L., Luo Y., Fang M., Tamir R., Antonio L., Hu Z., Cupples R., Louis J.-C., Hu S., Altrock W. B., Fox G. M. GDNF-Induced Activation of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-a novel receptor for GDNF. Cell 1996; 85: 1113–1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez L., Fellous M., Stark G. R., Pellegrini S. A protein tyrosine kinase in the interferon a/b signaling pathway. Cell 1992; 70: 313–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witthuhn B. A., Quelle F. W., Silvennoinen O., Yi T., Tang B., Miura O., Ihle J. N. Jak2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin. Cell 1993; 74: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argetsinger L. S., Campbell G. S., Yang X., Witthuhn B. A., Silvennoinen O., Ihle J. N., SuCarter C. Identification of Jak2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell 1993; 74: 237–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutticken C., Wegenka V. M., Yuan J., Buschmann J., Schindler C., Ziemiecki A., Harpur A. G., Wilks A. F., Yasukawa K., Taga T., Kishimoto T., Barbieri G., Pellegrini S., Sendtner M., Heinrich P. C., Horn F. Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130. Science 1993; 263: 89–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl N., Boulton T. G., Farruggella T., Ip N. Y., Davis S., Witthuhn B. A., Quelle F. W., Silvernnoinen O., Barbieri G., Pellgrini S., Ihle J. N., Yancopoulos G. D. Association and activation of Jak/Tyk kinases by CNTF/LIF/OSM/IL-6 b receptor components. Science 1993; 263: 92–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda T., Yamanaka Y., Hirano T. Interleukin-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins in murine hematopoietic lineage cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1994; 200: 821–828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S., Nishio Y., Inoue M., Wang X. J., Wei S., Matsusaka T., Yoshida K., Sudo T., Naruto M., Kishimoto T. Molecular cloning of APRF, a novel IFN-stimulated gene factor3 p91-related transcriptional factor involved in the gp130-mediated signaling pathway. Cell 1994; 77: 63–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong Z., Wen Z., Darnell J. E. Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science 1994; 264: 95–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujitani Y., Nakajima K., Kojima H., Nakae K., Takeda T., Hirano T. Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 responsive element in the junB promoter is mediated by multiple Stat family proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 1994; 202: 1181–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima K., Matsuda T., Fujitani Y., Kojima H., Yamanaka Y., Nakae K., Takeda T., Hirano T. Signal transduction through IL-6 receptor: Involvement of multiple protein kinases, Stat factors, and a novel H7-sensitive pathway. Annal of New York Academy of Science 1995; 762: 55–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai C. F., Ripperger J., Morella K. K., Wang Y., Gearing D. P., Horseman N. D., Campos S. P., Fey G. H., Baumann H. STAT3 and STAT5B are targets of two different signal pathways activated by hematopoietin receptors and control transcription via separate cytokine response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 23254–23257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujitani Y., Hibi M., Fukada T., Takahashi-Tezuka M., Yoshida H., Yamaguchi T., Sugiyama K., Yamanaka Y., Nakajima K., Hirano T. An alternative pathway for STAT activation that is mediated by the direct interaction between JAK and STAT. Oncogene 1997; 14: 751–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S., Isshiki H., Sugita T., Tanabe O., Kinoshita S., Nishio Y., Nakajima T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. A. nuclear factor for IL-6 expression(NF-IL-6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 1897–1906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Morella K. K., Campos S. P., Cao Z., Jahreis G. P. Role of CAAT-enhancer binding protein isoforms in the cytokine regulation of acutephase plasma protein genes. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 19744–19751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Ziegler S. F., Mosley B., Morella K. K., Pajovie S., Gearing D. P. Reconstitution of the response to leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor in hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 8414–8417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegenka U. M., Buschmann J., Lutticken C., Heinrich P. C., Horn F. Acute-phase response factor, a nuclear factor binding to acute-phase response elements, is rapidly activated by interleukin-6 at the posttranslational level. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 276–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima K., Kusafuka T., Takeda T., Fujitani Y., Nakae K., Hirano T. Identification of a novel interleukin 6 responsive element containing an Etsbinding site and a CRE-like site in the junB promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 3027–3041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima H., Nakajima K., Hirano T. IL-6-induced complexes on an IL-6 response element of the junB promoter contain Stat3 and 36 kDa CRE-like site binding protein(s). Oncogene 1996; 12: 547–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X., Blenis J., Li H. C., Schindler C., Chen-Kiang S. Requirement of serine phosphorylation for formation of STAT-promoter complexes. Science 1995; 267: 1990–1994
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wen Z., Zhong Z., Darnell J. E. Maximal activation of transcription by Stall and Stat3 requires both tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Cell 1995; 82: 241–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunaga R., Ishizaka-Ikeda E., Pan C. X., Seto Y., Nagata S. Functional domains of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. EMBO J. 1991; 10: 2855–2865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M., Narazaki M., Hibi M., Yawata H., Yasukawa K., Hamaguchi M., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Critical cytoplasmic region of the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130 is conserved in the cytokine receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 11349–11353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narazaki M., Witthuhn B. A., Yoshida K., Silvennoinen O., Yasukawa K., Ihle J. N., Kishimoto T., Taga T. Activation of JAK2 kinase mediated by the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994; 91: 2285–2289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl N., Farruggella T. J., Boulton T. G., Zhong Z., Darnell J. J., Yancopoulos G. D. Choice of STATs and other substrates specified by modular tyrosine-based motifs in cytokine receptors. Science 1995; 267: 1349–1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka Y., Nakajima K., Fukada T., Hibi M., Hirano T. Differentiation and growth arrest signals generate through the cytoplasmic region of gp130 that is essential for Stat3 activation. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 1557–1565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann H., Symes A. J., Comeau M. R., Morella K. K., Wang Y., Friend D., Ziegler S. F., Fink J. S., Gearing D. P. Multiple regions within the cytoplasmic domains of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and gp130 cooperate in signal transduction in hepatic and neuronal cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 138–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabo Y., Lotem J., Rubinstein M., Revel M., Clark S. C., Wolf S. F., Kamen R., Sachs L. The myeloid blood cell differentiation-inducing protein MGI-2A is interleukin 6. Blood 1988; 72: 2070–2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyaura C., Onozaki K., Akiyama Y., Taniyama T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., Suda T. Recombinant human interleukin 6 (B-cell stimulatory factor 2) is a potent inducer of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1). FEBS Lett. 1988; 234: 17–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oritani K., Kaisho T., Nakajima K., Hirano T. Retinoic acid inhibits interleukin 6-induced macrophage differentiation and apoptosis in a murine hematopoietic cell line, Y6. Blood 1992; 80: 2298–2305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima K., Yamanaka Y., Nakae K., Kojima H., Kiuchi N., Ichiba M., Kitaoka T., Fukada T., Hibi M., Hirano T. A central role for Stat3 in IL-6-induced regulation of growth and differentiation in Ml leukemia cells. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 3651–3658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami M., Inoue M., Wei S., Takeda K., Matsumoto M., Kishimoto T., Akira S. STAT3 activation is a critical step in gp1430-mediated terminal differentiation and growth arrest of a myeloid cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 3963–3966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukada T., Hibi M., Yamanaka Y., Takahashi-Tezuka M., Fujitani Y., Yamaguchi T., Nakajima K., Hirano T. Two signals are necessary for cell proliferation induced by a cytokine receptor gp130: involvement of STAT3 in anti-apoptosis. Immunity 1996; 5: 449–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin J. E., Hackenmiller R., Simon M. C., Levy D. E. Targeted disruption of the mouse Statl gene results in compromised innate immunity to viral disease. Cell 1996; 84: 443–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meraz M. A., White J. M., Sheehan K. C. F., Bach E. A., Rodig S. J., Dighe A. S., Kaplan D. H., Riley J. K., Greenlund A. C., Campbell D., Carver-Moore K., DuBois R. N., Clark R., Aguet M., Schreiber R. D. Targeted disruption of the mouse Statl gene in mice reveals unexpected physiologic specificity in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Cell 1996; 84: 431–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K., Tanaka T., Shi W., Matsumoto M., Minami M., Kashiwamura S., Nakanishi K., Yoshida N., Kishimoto T., Akira S. Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling. Nature 1996; 380: 627–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoda K., Deursen J. V., Sangster M. Y., Sarawar S. R., Carson R. T., Tripp R. A., Chu C., Quelle F. W., Nosaka T. D., Vignali A. A., Doherty P. C., Grosveld G., Paul W. E., Ihle J. N. Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Statò gene. Nature 1996; 380: 630–633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan M. H., Schindler U., Smiley S. T., Grusby M. J. Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for the development of Th2 cells. Immunity 1996; 4: 313–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thierfelder W. E., van Deursen J. M., Yamamoto K., Tripp R. A., Sarawar S. R., Carson R. T., Sangster M. Y., Vignali D. A. A., Doherty P. C., Grosveld G. C., Ihle J. N. Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells. Nature 1996; 382: 171–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Kaplan M. H., Ya-Lin Hoey T., Grusby M. J. Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature 1996; 382: 174–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou X. S., Melnick M. B., Perrimon N. Marelle acts downstream of the Drosophila HOP/JAK kinase and encodes a protein similar to the mammalian STATs. Cell 1996; 84: 411–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan R., Small S., Desplan C., Dearolf C. R., Darnell J. E., Jr. Identification of a Stat gene that functions in Drosophila development. Cell 1996; 84: 421–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenlund A. C., Farrar M. A., Viviano B. L., Schreiber R. D. Ligand-induced IFN gamma receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p91). EMBO J. 1994; 13: 1591–1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou J., Schindler U., Henzel W. J., Ho T. C., Brasseur M., McKnight S. L. An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat. Science 1994; 265: 1701–1706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii H., Nakagawa Y., Schindler U., Kawahara A., Mori H., Gouilleux F., Groner B., Ihle J. N., Minami Y., Miyazaki T., Taniguchi T. Activation of Stat5 by interleukin 2 requires a carboxyl-terminal region of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain but is not essential for the proliferative signal transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995; 92: 5482–5486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann M. C., Migone T. S., Russel S. M., Leonard W. J. Different interleukin 2 receptor b-chain tyrosines couple to at least two signaling pathways and synergistically mediate interleukin 2-induced proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996; 93: 2077–2082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobert S., Chretien S., Gouilleux F., Muller O., Pallard C., Fourt I. D., Groner B., Lacombe C., Gisselbrecht S., Mayeux P. Identification of tyrosine residues within the intracellular domain of the erythropoietin receptor crucial for STAT5 activation. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 2434–2441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederic W. Q., Wang D., Nosaka T., Thierfelder W. E., Stravopodis D., Weinstein Y., Ihle J. N. Erythropoietin induces activation of Stat5 through association with specific tyrosines on the receptor that are not required for a mitogenic response. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 1622–1631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mui A. L., Wakao H., O'Farrell A. M., Harada N., Miyajima A. Interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-5 transduce signals through two STAT5 homologs. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1166–1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa A., Murakami H., Nagata S. Distinct signal transduction through the tyrosine-containing domains of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 5288–5296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T., Kawahara A., Fuji H., Nakagawa Y., Minami Y., Liu Z. J., Oishi I., Silvennoinen O., Witthuhn B. A., Ihle J. N., Taniguchi T. Functional activation of Jak1 and Jak3 by selective association with IL-2 receptor subunits. Science 1994; 286: 1045–1047
   Google Scholar
• Muller M., Briscoe J., Laxton C., Guschin D., Ziemiecki A., Silennoinen O., Harpur A. G., Barbieri G., Witthuhn B. A., Schindler C., Pellegrini S., Wilks A. F., Ihle J. N., Stark G. R., Kerr I. M. The protein tyrosine kinase Jak1 complements defects in interferon-a/b and-g signal transduciton. Nature 1993; 366: 129–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guschin D., Rogers N., Briscoe J., Witthuhn B. A., Walking D., Horn F., Pellegrini S., Yasukawa K., Heinrich P., Stark G. R., Ihle J. N., Kerr I. M. A major role for the protein kinase JAK1 in the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in response to interleukin-6. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1421–1429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar G., Gupta S., Wang S., Nel A. E. Involvement of Janus kinases, p52shc, Raf-1, and MEK1 in the IL-6-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade of a growth responsive B cell line. J. Immunol. 1994; 153: 4436–4447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M., Gearing D. P., Dunn A. R. Functional and biochemical association of Hck with the LIF/IL-6 receptor signal transducing subunit gp130 in embryonic stem cells. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 1574–1584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda T., Takahashi-Tezuka M., Fukada T., Okuyama Y., Funitani Y., Tshukada S., Mano H., Hirai H., Witte O. N., Hirano T. Association and activation of Btk and Tec tyrosine kinases by gp130, a signal transducer of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Blood 1995; 85: 627–633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda T., Fukada T., Takahashi-Tezuka M., Okuyama Y., Fujitani Y., Hanazono Y., Hirai H., Hirano T. Activation of Fes tyrosine kinase by gp130, an interleukin-6 family cytokine signal transducer, and their association. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 11037–11039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi-Tezuka M., Hibi M., Fujitani Y., Fukada T., Yamaguchi T., Hirano T. Tec-type tyrosine kinase links the cytokine receptors to PI-3 kinase probably through JAK. Oncogene. 1997, in press
   Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Taga T., Yasukawa K., Nakajima K., Nakano N., Takatsuki F., Shimizu M., Murashima A., Tsunasawa S., Sakiyama F., Kishimoto T. Human B cell differentiation factor denned by an anti-peptide antibody and its possible role in autoantibody production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 228–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Teranishi T., Toba T., Sakaguchi N., Fukukawa T., Tsuyuguchi I. Human helper T cell factor(s) (ThF). I. Partial purification and characterization. J. Immunol. 1981; 126: 517–522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoenfeld Y., Isenberg D. A. Mycobacteria and autoimmunity. Immunol. Today 1988; 9: 178–182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sela I.-O. E., Roeiy A., Pick A. I., Shoenfeld Y. Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and patients with Klebsiella infection. Immunol. Lett. 1987; 15: 117–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isobe T., Osserman E. F. Pathologic conditions associated with plasma cell dyscrasias: A study of 806 cases. Annals New York Acad. Sci. 1971; 190: 507–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isomaki H. A., Hakulinen T., Joutsenlahti U. Excess risk of lymphomas, leukemia and myeloma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Chron. Dis. 1978; 31: 691–696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rook G. A. W., Stanford J. L. Slow bacterial infections or autoimmunity?. Immunol. Today 1992; 13: 160–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potter M., Boyce C. Induction of plasma cell neoplasms in strain Balb/c mice with mineral oil and mineral oil adjuvants. Nature 1962; 193: 1086–1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter M., Wax J. S. Genetics of susceptibility to pristane-induced plasmacytomas in BALB/cAn: reduced susceptibility in BALB/cJ with a brief description of pristane-induced arthritis. J. Immunol. 1981; 127: 1591–1595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh M., Reeves W. H. Induction of lupus-associated autoantibodies in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of pristane. J. Exp. Med. 1994; 180: 2341–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T., Matsuda T., Turner M., Miyasaka N., Buchan G., Tang B., Sato K., Shimizu M., Maini R., Feldman M., Kishimoto T. Excessive production of interleukin 6/B cell stimulatory factor-2 in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Immunol. 1988; 18: 1797–1801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau F. A., Devogel J. P., Van Damme J., De Deuxchaisnes C. N., Van Snick J. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 1988; 31: 784–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj N., Santhanam U., Lau L. L., Tatter S. B., Ghrayeb J., Rivelis M., Steinman R. M., Sehgal P. B., May L. T. IL-6/IFN-b2 in synovial effusions of patient with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. J. Immunol. 1988; 143: 2153–2159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann E., Fleischer B., Meyer Zum Mayer W. J., Poralla T., Beschernfelde K. H. Correlation of synovial fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6) activities with IgG concentrations in patients with inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 1989; 7: 411–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerne P. A., Zuraw B. L., Vaughan J. H., Carson D. A., Lotz M. Synovium as a source of interleukin 6 in vitro: contribution to local and systemic manifestations of arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 83: 585–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinmei M., Masuda K., Kikuch T., Shimomura Y. The role of cytokines in chondrocyte mediated cartilage degradation. J. Rheumatol. 1989; 16: 32–34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai Y., Seki N., Senoh H., Yokota T., Lee F., Hamaoka T., Fujiwara H. Enhanced production of interleukin-6 in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989; 32: 594–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang B., Matsuda T., Akira S., Nagata N., Ikehara S., Hiranio T., Kishimoto T. Age-associated increase in interleukin-6 in MRL/lpr mice. International Immunol. 1991; 3: 273–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T., Kawanishi K., Hardy R. R., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. Receptors for B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2): Quantitation, Specificity, Distribution and Regulation of the Expression. J. Exp. Med. 1987; 166: 967–981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y., Saito K., Shirakawa F., Ota T., SuzukiSumiya H. E., Yamashita Y. Production of B cell-stimulating factors by B cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 3043–3049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klashman D. J., Martin R. A., Martinez-Maza O., Stevens R. H. In vitro regulation of B cell differentiation by interleukin-6 and soluble CD23 in systemic lupus erythematosus B cell subpopulations and antigen-induced normal B cells. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1991; 34: 276–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagafuchi H., Suzuki N., Mizuchima Y., Sakane T. Constitutive expression of iL-6 receptors and their role in the excessive B cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 1993; 151: 6525–6534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi I., Matsuda T., Saito T., Yasukawav K., Kikutani H., Hirano T., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Abnormal distribution of IL-6 receptor in aged MRL/lpr mice: elevated expression on B cells and absence on CD4+ cells. Inter. Immunol. 1992; 4: 1407–1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno K., Okada T., Abe M., Hirose S., Shirai T. Differential sensitivity to interleukins of CD5+ and CD5− anti-DNA antibody-producing B cells in murine lupus. Autoimmunity 1993; 14: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryffel B., Car B. D., Gunn H., Roman D., Hiestand P., Mihatsch M. J. Interleukin-6 exacerbates glomerulonephritis in (NZB NZW)F1 mice. Am. J. Pathol. 1994; 144: 927–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendtzen K., Buschard K., Diamant M., Horn T., Sverison M. Possible role of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. Lymphokine Res. 1989; 8: 335–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell I. L., Cutri A., Wilson A., Harrison L. C. Evidence for IL-6 production by and effects on the pancreatic beta-cell. J. Immunol. 1989; 143: 1188–1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell I. L., Harrison C. A new view of the beta cell as an antigenpresenting cell and imunogenic target. J. Autoimmunity 1990; 3: 53–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rook G. A. W., Thompson S., Buckley M., Elson C., Brealey R., Lambert C., White T., Rademacher T. The role of oil and agalactosyl IgG in the induction of arthritis in rodent models. Eur. J. Immunol. 1991; 21: 1027–1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao H., Nishikawa A., Nishiura T., Kanayama Y., Tarui S., Taniguchi N. Hypogalactosylation of immunoglobulin G sugar chains and elevated serum interleukin 6. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1991; 197: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell I. L., Hobbs M. V., Dockter J. Oidstone-MB; Allison-JIslet inflammation and hyperplasia induced by the pancreatic islet-specific over-expression of interleukin-6 in transgenic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 1994; 145: 157–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell I. L., Kay T. W., Oxbrow L., Harrison L. C. Essential role for interferon-g and interleukin-6 in autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes in NOD/wehi mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 87: 739–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finck B. A. K., Chan B., Wofsy D. Interleukin 6 promotes murine lupus in NZB/NZW Fl mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 94: 585–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter M. Genetics of susceptibility to plasmacytoma development in BALB/c mice. Cancer Surveys 1984; 3: 247–264
   Google Scholar
• Jacob C. O., McDevitt H. O. Genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases: the contribution of the major histocompatibility complex. Molecular Autoimmunity, N. Talal. Academic Press, London 1991; 7–29
   Google Scholar
• Jacob C. O., McDevitt H. O. Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor in autoimmune disease models: implications for immunoregulation and genetic susceptibility. Molecular Autoimmunity, N. Talal. Academic Press, London 1991; 107–126
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe-Fukunaga R., Brannan C. I., Copeland N. G., Jenkins N. A., Nagata S. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 1992; 256: 314–317
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi T., Tanaka M., Brannan C. I., Jenkink N. A., Copeland N. G., Suda T., Nagata S. Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 1994; 76: 969–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin-6 and its relation to inflammation and disease. Clinical Immunol. and Immunopathol. 1992; 62: S60–S65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin 6 and autoimmunity and plasma cell neoplasias. Res. Immunol. 1992; 143: 759–763
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin 6 transgenic mouse: A model of chronic inflammatory proliferative disease. Overexpression and knockout of cytokines in transgenic mice, C. O. Jacob. Academic Press, London 1994; 73–84
   Google Scholar
• Kaisho T., Oritani K., Ishikawa J., Tanabe M., Muraoka O., Ochi T., Hirano T. Human bone marrow stromal cell lines from myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis which can support murine preB cell growth. J. Immunol. 1992; 149: 4088–4095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaisho T., Ishikawa J., Oritani K., Inazawa J., Tomizawa H., Muraoka O., Ochi T., Hirano T. BST-1, a surface molecule of bone marrow stromal cell lines that facilitates pre-B cell growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91: 5325–5329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garry R. F., Fermin C. D., Hart D. J., Alexander S. S., Donehower L. A., Lou-Zhang H. Detection of a human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle antigenically related to HIV. Science 1990; 250: 1127–1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trabandt A., Gay R. E., Stransky G., Aicher W. K., Gay S. Cellular and molecular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction. Molecular Autoimmunity, N. Talal. Academic Press, London 1991; 233–245
   Google Scholar
• Kitajima I., Yamamoto K., Sato K., Nakajima Y., Nakajima T., Maruyama I., Osame M., Nishioka K. Detection of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral DNA and its gene expression in synovial cells in chronic inflammatory arthropathy. J. Clinical Investigation 1991; 88: 1315–1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwakura Y., Tosu J., Yoshida E., Takiguchi M., Sato K., Kitajima I., Nishioka K., Yamamoto K., Takeda T., Hatanada M., Yamamoto H., Sekiguchi T. Induction of inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in mice transgenic for HTLV-I. Science 1991; 253: 1026–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue J. I., Seiki M., Taniguchi T., Tsuru S., Yoshida M. Induction of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression by p40x encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. EMBO J. 1986; 5: 2883–2888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama M., Shibuya H., Harada H., Hatakeyama M., Seiki M., Fujita T., Inoue J., Yoshida M., Taniguchi T. Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by HTLV-I encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 1987; 48: 343–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross S. L., Feinberg M. B., Wolf J. B., Holbrook N. J., Wong-Staal F., Leonard W. J. Regulation of the human interleukin-2 receptor chain promoter: activation of a nonfunctional promoter by transactivator gene of HTLV-I. Cell 1987; 49: 47–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai N., Nomura D., Villaret D., Malefijt R. D., Seiki M., Yoshida M., Minoshima S., Fukayama R., Maekawa M., Kudoh J., Shimizu N., Yokota K., Abe E., Yokota T., Takebe Y., Arai K. Complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal gene for human IL-4 and its expression. J. Immunol. 1989; 142: 274–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimer S. D., Gasson J. C., Hu K., Smalberg I., Williams J. L., Chen I. S., Rosenblatt J. D. Activation of the GM-CSF promoter by HTLV-I and-II tax proteins. Oncogene 1989; 4: 671–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S. J., Kehrl J. H., Burton J., Tendler C. L., Jeang K. T., Danielpour D., Thevenin C., Kim K. Y., Sporn M. B., Robert A. B. Transactivation of the transforming growth factorbl (TGF-b1) gene by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 tax: A potential mechanism for the increased production of TGF-b1 in adult T cell leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 172: 121–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Maza O. IL-6 and AIDS. Res. Immunol. 1992; 143: 764–769
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muraoka O., Kaisho T., Tanabe M., Hirano T. Transcriptional activation of the interleukin 6 gene by HTLV-1 p40tax through an NF-kB-like binding site. Immunol. Letter 1993; 37: 159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong M. Y. K., Ebenstein P., Konigsberg W. H., Richards F. F. Endogenous RNA tumor viruses are activated during chemical induction of murine plasmacytomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1978; 75: 4549–4552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feghali C. A., Bost K. L., Boulware D. W., Levy L. S. Control of IL-6 expression and response in fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 1994; 17(4)309–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar