The Renal Effects of Blood Glucose-Lowering Plant-Derived Extracts in Diabetes Mellitus—an Overview

REFERENCES

• Selby JV, FitzSimmons SC, Newman JM, Katz PP, Sepe S, Showstack J. The natural history and epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy. Implications for prevention and control. JAMA 1990;263(14):1954–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing P. Promotion, prediction and prevention of progression of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1998;15:900–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail N, Becker B, Strzelczyk P, Ritz E. Renal disease and hypertension in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1999;55(1):1–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355 (9200):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, Randomized controlled trial of dual blockade of rennin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminiria and non-insulin dependent diabetes in Candesartan and Lisinopril Microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ. 2000;321 (7274): 1440–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosh J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk populations. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:154–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, RENAAL Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T, Terasawa K, Nakanishi K. Therapeutic usefulness of Keishi-bukuryo-gan for diabetic nephropathy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003;55(2):219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Yamabe N. Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy by dried Rehmannie radix (Di Huang) extract. Am J Chin Med. 2004;32(6):829–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marles R, Farnsworth N. Plants as sources of antidiabetic agents. In: Wagner H, Farnsworth NR ( eds.). Economic and medicinal plant research. Vol. 6. Academic Press Ltd., London, UK; 1994:149–187.
   Google Scholar
• Wang TG, Ng TB. Natural products with hypoglycemic, hypotensive, hypocholestrolemic, antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic activities. Life Sci. 1999;65(25):2663–2677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM. Murthy PS, Dev G. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2–3):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Dai RJ, Antihyperglycaemic effect of Cephalotaxus sinensis leaves and GLUT-4 translocation facilitating activity of its flavonoid constituents. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(6):1123–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YY, Kang KM, Chung SH. Long-term administration of Sopungsungiwon (SP) prevents diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Arch Pharmaceut Res. 2002; 25(6):917–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamabe N, Yokozawa T. Activity of the Chinese prescription Hachimi-jio-gan against renal damage in the Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty rat: A model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006;58(4):535–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musabayane CT, Gondwe M, Kamadyaapa DR, Chuturgoon AA, Ojewole JAO. Effects of Ficus thonningii (Blume) [Moraceae] stem-bark ethanolic extract on blood glucose, cardiovascular and kidney functions of rats, and on kidney cell lines of the proximal (LLC-PK1) and distal tubules (MDBK). Ren Fail. 2007;29(4):389–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondwe M, Kamadyaapa DR, Tufts MA, Chuturgoon AA, Musabayane CT. Sclerocarya birrea [(A. Rich.) Hochst.] [Anacardiaceae] stem-bark ethanolic extract (SBE) modulates blood glucose, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of STZ-induced diabetic rat. Phytomedicine. 2008;15:699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bwititi P, Musabayane CT, Nhachi, CFB. Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69(3):247–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musabayane CT, Ndhlovu CE, Balment RJ. Renal fluid and electrolyte handling in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Ren Fail. 1995;17(2):107–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabkin R. Diabetic nephropathy. Clin Cornerstone. 2003;5(2):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gnudi L, Thomas SM, Viberti G. Mechanical forces in diabetic kidney disease: A trigger for impaired glucose metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2226–2232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):823–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh YK, Joo KW, Lee JW, Jeon US, Lim CS, Han JS, Knepper MA, Na KY. Altered renal sodium transporter expression in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22(6):1034–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar GS, Shetty AK, Salimath PV. Modulatory effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia LINN.) on alterations in kidney heparan sulfate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):276–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414(6865):813–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheetz MJ, King GL. Molecular understanding of hyperglycaemia’s adverse effects for diabetes complications. JAMA. 2002;288(20):2579–2588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper ME, Gilbert RE, Epstein M. Pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Metabolism. 1998;47(12 Suppl. 1):3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brands MW, Fitzgerald SM, Hewitt WH, Hailman AE. Decreased cardiac output at the onset of diabetes: Renal mechanisms and peripheral vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Endo Metab. 2000;278(5):E917–E924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann R, Schleicher ED. Molecular mechanism of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;297(1–2):135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao NK, Nammi S. Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. Seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soulis-Liparota T, Cooper M, Papazoglou D, Clarke B, Jerums G. Retardation by aminoguanidine of development of albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and tissue fluorescence in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Diabetes. 1991;40(10): 1328–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh CH, Sturgis L, Haidacher J, Requirement for p38 and p44/p42 mitogen- activated protein kinase in RAGE-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional activation and cytokine secretion. Diabetes. 2001;50(6):1495–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Okamoto T, Amano S, Koga K, Takeuchi M. Advanced glycation end products inhibit de novo protein synthesis and induce TGF-beta overexpression in proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2003;63(2):464–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonekura H, Yamamoto Y, Sakurai S, Watanabe T, Yamamoto H. Roles of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in diabetes-induced vascular injury. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;97(3):305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGroot J. (2004). The AGE of the matrix: Chemistry, consequence and cure. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 4(3):301–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartog JWL, Voors AA, Bakker SJL, Smit AJ, van Veldhuisen DJ. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and heart failure: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(12):1146–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Q, Kobayashi M, Yamashita M, Candesartan reduced advanced glycation end-products accumulation and diminished nitro-oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic KK/Ta mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(12): 3012–3021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihara Y, Egashira, K, Nakano K, Upregulation of the ligand-RAGE pathway via the angiotensin II type I receptor is essential in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007;43(4):455–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassila M, Seah KK, Allen T, Accelerated nephropathy in diabetic apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse: Role of advanced glycation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(8):2125–2138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Iwamoto H, Onuma T, Kawamori R. Inhibitory effect of metformin on formation of advanced glycation end products. Curr Therapeutic Res. 1997;58(10): 693–697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahbar S, Figarola JL. Novel inhibitors of advanced glycation end-products. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;419(1):63–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Kang KS, Yamabe N, Nagai R, Yokozawa T. Protective effect of heat-processed American ginseng against diabetic renal damage in rats. J Agri Food Chem. 2007; 55(21):8491–8497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirasathien L, Pengsuparp T, Suttisri R. Ueda H, Moriyasu M, Kawanishi K. Inhibitors of aldose reductase and advanced glycation end-products formation from the leaves of Stelechocarpus cauliflorus R.E. Fr. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(7–8):546–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent AM, Russell JW, Low P, Feldman EL. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Endocr Rev. 2004;25(4):612–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop M. Aldose reductase and the role of the polyol pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl. 2000; 77:S3–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzi M. The polyol pathway as a mechanism for diabetic retinopathy: Attractive, elusive, and resilient. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:61038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei-ha L, Zi-qing H, Hong N, Berberine ameliorates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppression of both oxidative stress and aldose reductase. Chin Medical J. 2008;121(8):706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evcimen ND, King GL. The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes. Pharmacol. Res. 2007;55:408–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP. The potential role of PKC in diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47 (Suppl. 2):S263–S269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan ZA, Chakrabarti S. Cellular signalling and potential new treatment targets in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:31867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganz MB, Saksa B, Saxena R, Sedor JR. PDGF and IL-1 induce and activate specific protein kinase C isoforms in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol. 1996;40:F108–F113.
   Google Scholar
• Feng W, Ding W, Qian Q, Chai Z. Use of the enriched stable isotope Cr-50 as a tracer to study the metabolism of chromium (III) in normal and diabetic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998;63(2):129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita H, Omori S, Ishikura K, Hida M, Awazu M. ERK and p38 mediate high-glucose induced hypertrophy and TGF-beta expression in renal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;286(1):F120–F126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh H, King GL. The role of protein kinase C in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl. 2007;106:S49–S53.
   Google Scholar
• Ganz MB, Hawkins K, Reilly RF. High glucose induces the activity and expression of Na+/H+ exchange in glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;278: F91–F96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishi H, Jirousek MR, Koya D, Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by oral PKC ß inhibitor. Science. 1996;272(5562):728–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Toto RD, McGill JB, Hu K, Anderson PW. The effect of ruboxistaurin on nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(11):2686–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lôpez-Franco O, Suzuki Y, Sanju8n G, Nuclear factor KB inhibitors as potential novel anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of immune glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(4):1497–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häkkinen SH, Kärenlampi SO, Heinonen IM, Mykkänen HM, Törrönen AR. J Agri Food Chem. 1999;47(6):2274–2279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts IC, van de Putte B, Hollman PC. Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in The Netherlands. 1. Fruits, vegetables, staple foods, and processed foods. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(5):1746–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varadkar P, Dubey P, Krishna M, Verma, N. Modulation of radiation-induced protein kinase C activity by phenolics. J Radiol Pro. 2001;21(4):361–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kandaswami C, Lee LT, Lee LP, The antitumor activities of flavinoids. In Vivo. 2005;19(5):895–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover JK, Rathi SS, Dawar R. Traditional Indian anti-diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 76(3):233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musabayane CT, Xozwa K, Ojewole JAO. Effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) [Hypoxidaceae] corm (African Potato) aqueous extract on renal electrolyte and fluid handling in the rat. Renal Failure. 2005;27(5):763–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong ES. Extraction methods and chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations. J Chromatogr B. 2004; 812:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Guan S, Liu R, HPLC determination of four triterpenoids in rat urine after administration of total triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;43:1185–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Shin YG, Levine BS, Smith AC, Tomaszewsk JE, van Breemen RB. Qualitative analysis of betulininc acid in mouse, rat and dog plasma using electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17:2089–2092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musabayane CT, Mahlalela N, Shode FO, Ojewole JAO. Effects of Syzygium cordatum (Hochst.)[Myrtaceae] leaf extract on plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(3): 485–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor R, Srivastava S, Kakkar P. (2009). Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;27(1):62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokozawa T, Yamabe N, Ki HY, Protective effects of morroniside isolated from Corni fructus against renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(7):1422–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugochukwu NH, Cobourne MK. Modification of renal oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with extracts from Gongronema latifolium leaves. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;336(1–2):78–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam MM, Javedi K, Jafri MA. Effect of Rheum emodi (Revandi Hindi) on renal functions in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96:121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S, Yamate J, Hori Y, Hatai A, Nozawa M, Sagai M. Protective effect of polyphenol-containing azuki bean (Vigna angularis) seed coats on the renal cortex in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2005;16(9): 547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musabayane CT, Munjeri O, Mdege ND. Effects of Helichrysum ceres on renal function and blood pressure in the rat. Renal Failure. 2003;25(1):5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mapanga RF, Tufts MA, Shode FO, Musabayane CT. Renal effects of plant-oleanolic acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Renal Failure. 2009;31(6): 481–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondwe M, Kamadyaapa DR, Tufts MA, Chuturgoon AA, Ojewole JAO, Musabayane CT. Effects of Persea americana (Mill) [Lauraceae] [“Avocado”] ethanolic extract on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and on kidney cell lines of the proximal (LLC-PK1) and distal tubules (MDBK). Methods Find Expl Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 30(1):25–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afzal M, Khan NA, Ghufran A, Iqbal A, Inamuddin M. Diuretic and nephroprotective effect of Jawarish Zarooni Sada—a polyherbal unani formulation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91:219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamabe N, Kang KS, Goto E, Tanaka T, Yokozawa T. Beneficial effect of Corni fructus, a constituent of hachimi-jio-gan on advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(3):520–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu J, Khan ZA, Farhangkhoee H, Chakrabarti S. Curcumin prevents diabetes-associated abnormalities in the kidneys by inhibiting p300 and nuclear factor-κβ. Nutrition. 2009; 25(9):964–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Qattan K, Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) attenuate structural nephropathy progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur e-J Clin Nutr Metab. 2008;3:e62–e71.
   Google Scholar
• Bwititi PT, Machakaire T, Nhachi CFB, Musabayane CT. Effects of Opuntia megacantha leaves extract on renal electrolyte and fluid handling in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Renal Failure. 2001;23(2):49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar