6,6′-Bieckol suppresses inflammatory responses by down-regulating nuclear factor-κB activation via Akt, JNK, and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated microglial cells

References

• Meda L, Cassatella MA, Szendrei GI, et al. Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma. Nature 1995;374:647–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielasek J, Hartung HP. Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation. Adv Neuroimmunol 1996;6:191–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonaiuto C, McDonald PP, Rossi F, Cassatella MA. Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B by beta-amyloid peptides and interferon-gamma in murine microglia. J Neuroimmunol 1997;77:51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996;19:312–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dheen ST, Kaur C, Ling EA. Microglial activation and its implications in the brain diseases. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:1189–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Scarano F, Baltuch G. Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Annu Rev Neurosci 1999;22:219–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teismann P, Tieu K, Cohen O, et al. Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2003;18:121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Acquisto F, Iuvone T, Rombola L, et al. Involvement of NF-κB in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages. FEBS Lett 1997;418:175–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahan K, Sheikh FG, Liu X, et al. Induction of nitric-oxide synthase and activation of NF-kappaB by interleukin-12 p40 in microglial cells. J Biol Chem 2001;276:7899–7905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen-Heininger YM, Poynter ME, Baeuerle PA. Recent advances towards understanding redox mechanisms in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1317–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden Berghe W, Plaisance S, Boone E, et al. p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are required for nuclear factor-κB p65 transactivation mediated by tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:3285–3290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha M, Mackman N. LPS induction of gene expression in human monocytes. Cell Signal 2001;13:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Regulation of autoimmune inflammation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunol Lett 2008;120:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh YT, Lee JY, Lee J, et al. Oleic acid reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in BV2 murine microglial cells: possible involvement of reactive oxygen species, p38 MAPK, and IKK/NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Neurosci Lett 2009;464:93–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim AR, Lee MS, Choi JW, et al. Phlorofucofuroeckol A suppresses expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases, and Akt in microglial cells. Inflammation 2013;36:259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Lee MS, Lee B, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of sargachromenol-rich ethanolic extract of Myagropsis myagroides on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Lee MS, Choi HJ, et al. Hexane fraction from Laminaria japonica exerts anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages via inhibiting NF-kappaB pathway. Eur J Nutr 2013;52:409–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joung EJ, Lee MS, Choi JW, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorofucofuroeckol B-rich ethyl acetate fraction obtained from Myagropsis myagroides on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse edema. Int Immunopharmacol 2012;14:471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joung EJ, Lee MS, Choi JW, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract from Myagropsis myagroides on murine macrophages and mouse ear edema. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salih SA, Kim HR. Anti-inflammatory effect of an ethanolic extract of Myagropsis yendoi in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. Fish Aquat Sci 2014;17:27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Yang YI, Shin HC, Kim SH, et al. 6,6′-Bieckol, isolated from marine alga Ecklonia cava, suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide and PGE2 production and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages: The inhibition of NF-κB. Int Immunopharmacol 2012;12:510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Shin T, Utsuki T, et al. Isolation and identification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in tacrine-treated HepG2 cells. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:5340–5349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei K, Siepl C, Groscurth P, et al. Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon-gamma-treated microglial cells. Eur J Immunol 1987;17:1271–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Li G, Qian X, et al. Interactive role of the toll-like receptor 4 and reactive oxygen species in LPS-induced microglia activation. Glia 2005;52:78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon JS, Kasin Yadunandam A, Kim SJ, et al. Dieckol, isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera, induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. J Nat Med 2013;67:519–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim AR, Shin TS, Lee MS, et al. Isolation and identification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:3483–3489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Kwon MS, Choi JW, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanol extract of Ecklonia stolonifera in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:9120–9129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon HE, Islam N, Ahn BR, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory phlorotannins from edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia bicyclis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011;75:1472–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yayeh T, Im EJ, Kwon TH, et al. Hemeoxygenase 1 partly mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2014;22:51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung WK, Heo SJ, Jeon YJ, et al. Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanism of dieckol isolated from marine brown alga on COX-2 and iNOS in microglial cells. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:4439–4446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minghetti L, Walsh DT, Levi G, Perry VH. 1999. In vivo expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat brain following intraparenchymal injection of bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999;58:1184–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebire G, Emilie D, Wallon C, et al. In vitro production of IL-6, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human embryonic microglial and neural cells. J Immunol 1993;150:1517–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giulian D, Li J, Li X, et al. The impact of microglia-derived cytokines upon gliosis in the CNS. Dev Neurosci 1994;16:128–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram K, O’Callaghan JP. Divergent roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007;2:140–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie QW, Whisnant R, Nathan C. Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 1993;177:1779–1784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks-Konczalik J, Chu SC, Moss J. Cytokine-mediated transcriptional induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene requires both activator protein 1 and nuclear factor κB-binding sites. J Biol Chem 1998;273:22201–22208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang BC, Paik JH, Kim SP, et al. Catalase induced expression of inflammatory mediators via activation of NF-kappaB, PI3K/AKT, p70S6K, and JNKs in BV2 microglia. Cell Signal 2005;17:625–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaper SD. The brain as a target for inflammatory processes and neuroprotective strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1122:23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung WK, Lee DY, Park C, et al. Cilostazol is anti-inflammatory in BV2 microglial cells by inactivating nuclear factor-kappaB and inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases. Br J Pharmacol 2010;159:1274–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Jhun BS, Oh YT, et al. Activation of adenosine A3 receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α production through inhibition of PI3-kinase/Akt and NF-κB activation in murine BV2 microglial cells. Neurosci Lett 2006;396:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar