REFERENCES
- Drug Information Online [homepage on the Internet]. New Zealand: Drugsite Trust; c2012 [actualized october 10th 2012; cited May 2013]. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/pro/pentoxifylline.html.
- Marteau P, Ballet F, Chrétien Y, Effect of vasodilators on hepatic microcirculation: a study of the inhibition of Norepinephrine. Induced vasoconstriction on isolated perfused rat liver. Hepatology 1988;8:228–231.
- Wang P, Ba ZF, Zhou M, Pentoxifylline restores cardiac output and tissue perfusion after trauma-hemorrhage and decreases susceptibility to sepsis. Surgery 1993;114:352–359.
- Ellermann J, David H, Lüning M, Effect of pentoxiphylline on the recovery of the preserved rat liver: 31P NMR and ultrastructural studies. NMR Biomed. 1991;4(6):286–293.
- Bachmann S, Caldwell-Kenkel JC, Currin RT, Ultraestructural correlates of liver graft failure from storage injury: studies of graft protection by Carolina rinse solution and pentoxifylline. Transplant Proc. 1993;25:1620–1624.
- Astarcioglu H, Karademir S, Unek T, Beneficial effects of pentoxifylline pretreatment in non-heart-beating donors in rats. Transplantation. 2000;69(1):93–98.
- Fabia R, Travis DL, Levy MF, Effect of pentoxifylline on hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Surgery. 1997;121(5):520–525.
- Vardareli E, Saricam T, Koken T, The effect of alpha-tocopherol and pentoxyfilline on ischemia-reperfusion induced liver injury in rats. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998; 45(23):1505–1508.
- Ernest E. 20 years pentoxifylline: a part of recent angiology history. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1992;142(19):433–437.
- Porter JM, Cutler BS, Lee BY, Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J. 1982;104(1):66–72.
- Buhl MR. Purine metabolism in ischemic kidney tissue. p.12. Laegeforeningens, Copenhagen. 1981.
- Van Waarde A, Stromski M, Thulin G, Protection of kidney against ischemic injury by inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase. 7th Annual meeting of the society of magnetic resonance in medicine. Abstr. 628(1988).
- Bolling SF, Olszanski DA, Bove EL, Enhanced myocardial protection during global ischemia with 5′-nucleotidase inhibitors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103(1):73–77.
- Hanazawa S, Prewitt RL, Terzis JK. The effect of pentoxifylline on ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat cremaster muscle. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1994;10(1):21–26.
- Peng XX, Currin RT, Thurman RG, Protection by pentoxifylline against normothermic liver ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Transplantation. 1995;59(11): 1537–1541.
- Ratia Giménez T, Navidad Novalvos R, Martínez Onturbe P, Liver damage due to normothermic ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. The effects of pentoxifylline pretreatment. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1995;87(7):509–515.
- Demir S, Inal-Erden M. Pentoxifylline and N-acetylcysteine in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Chim Acta. 1998;275(2):127–135.
- Aslan A, Karagüzel G, Celik M, Pentoxifylline contributes to the hepatic cytoprotective process in rats undergoing hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Eur Surg Res. 2001;33(4):285–290.
- Romanque P, Uribe M, Videla L. Molecular mechanisms in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury and ischemic preconditioning. Rev Med Chile. 2005; 133: 469–476.
- Jaesche H. Molecular mechanism of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003;284:G15–G26.
- Idelfonso JA, Arias-Diaz J. Pathophysiology of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cir Esp. 2010;87(4):202–209.
- Collard CD, Lekowski R, Jordan JE, Complement activation following oxidative stress. Mol Immunol. 1999;36:941–948.
- CutrínJC, Perrelli MG, Cavalieri B, Microvascular disfunc- tion induced by reperfusion injury and protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Free Radical Biol Med. 2002;33:1200–1208.
- Jaeschke H, Farhood A. Neutrophil and Kupffer cell-induced oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:G355–G362.
- Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:365–76.
- Jaeschke H. Reactive oxygen and mechanisms of inflamma- tory liver injury. [Resumen] [86 refs]. J Gastroentero- logy Hepatol. 2000;15:718–24.
- Lichtman SN, Lemasters JJ. Role of cytokines and cytokine-producing cells in reperfusion injury to the liver. Sem Liver Dis. 1999;19: 171–204.
- Toledo-Pereyra LH. Organ Preservation for Transplantation. 3rd ed. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience; 2010.
- Zhang M, Xu YJ, Mengi SA, Therapeutic potentials of pentoxifylline for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004;9(2):103–111.
- Green RM, McNamara J. The effects of pentoxifylline on patients with intermitent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7:356–362.
- Badger AM, Olivera DL, Esser KM. Beneficial effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors BRL 61063, pentoxifylline, and rolipram in a murine model of endotoxin shock. Circ Shock. 1994;44:188.
- Barton MH, Moore JN. Pentoxifylline inhibits mediator synthesis in an equine in vitro whole blood model of endotoxemia. Circ Shock. 1994;44:216.
- Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34:50.
- Mollitt DL, Poulos ND. The role of pentoxifylline in endotoxin-induced alterations of red blood cell deformability and whole blood viscosity in the neonate. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:572.
- Müller JM, Brigitte Vollmar, Michael Menger. Pentoxifylline reduces venular leukocyte adherence (“Reflow Paradox”) but not microvascular “No Reflow” in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. J Surg Res. 1997;71:1–6.
- Colletti LM, Remick DG, Burtch GD, Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathophysiologic alterations after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1936–1943.
- Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Guzmán de la Garza FJ, Alarcón-Galván G, Effects of thalidomide and pentoxyphylline over local and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(5):1624–1626.
- Semmler J, Gebert U, Eisenhut T, Xanthine derivatives: comparison between suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. Immunology 1993;78:520–525.
- Xiaoyan Zhang, Sharma RK, Ashok A, Effect of pentoxifylline in reducing oxidative stress-induced embryotoxicity. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2005;22:415–417.
- Trajkovic V, Badovinac V, Popadic D, Cell-specific effects of pentoxifylline on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Immunology. 1997;92:402–406.
- Jaeschke H, Bautista AP, Spolarics Z, Superoxide generation by Kupffer cells and priming of neutrophils during reperfusion after hepatic ischemia. Free Radic Res Commun. 1991;15:277–284.
- Crouch SPM, Fletcher J. Effect of ingested pentoxifylline on neutrophil superoxide anion production. Infect Immun. 1992;60:4504–4509.
- Meguro M, Katsuramaki T, Nagayama M, A novel inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (ONO-1714) prevents critical warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in the pig liver. Transplantation. 2002;73:1439–1446.
- Hsu G-M, Wang J-S, Liu CH, Kupffer cells protect liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury by an inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Shock. 2002;17:280–285.
- Hines IN, Kawachi S, Harada H, Role of nitric oxide in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;234–235:229–237.
- Liu P, Xu B, Spokas E, Role of endogenous nitric oxide in TNF-α and IL-1β generation in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Shock. 2000;13:217–223.
- Selzner M, Selzner N, Chen L, Exaggerated up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent apoptosis in the older mouse liver following reperfusion injury: targeting liver protective strategies to patient age. Transpl. 2009; 15(11):1594–1604
- Perry BC, Soltys D, Toledo AH, Tumor necrosis factor-α in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Invest Surg. 2011;24:178–188.
- Tacke F, Luedde T, Trautwein C. Inflammatory pathways in liver homeostasis and liver injury. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 2009;36:4–12.
- Ding W, In X. Dissection of the multiple mechanism of TNF-α-induced apoptosis in liver injury. J Cell Mol Med. 2004;8:445–454.
- Llacuna L, Marí M, García-Ruiz C, Critical role of acidic sphingomyelinase in murine hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatology. 2006;44:561–572.
- Nishizawa H, Egawa H, Inomata Y, Efficiency of pentoxifylline in donor pretreatment in rat liver transplantation. J Surg Res. 1997;72(2):170–176.
- Brass CA, Crawford JM, Narciso JP, Evaluation of university of wisconsin cold-storage solution in warm hypoxic perfusion of rat liver: the addition of fructose reduces injury. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1455–1463.
- Mack VE, Marsh DC, Mack JE, Comparison of cold and warm ischemic injury in hepatocytes from the rat liver. Transplant Proc. 1993;25:1666–1669.
- Arnault I, Bao YM, Sebagh M, Beneficial effect of Pentoxifylline on microvesicular steatotic livers submitted to a prolonged cold ischemia. Transplantation. 2003;76(1):77–83.
- Helling TS, Hacker KA, Kragel PJ, Evidence for cytoprotection by prostaglandin EI with normothermic hepatic ischemia. J Surg Res. 1994;56:309–313.
- Yildirim S, Tok H, köksal H, Allopurinol plus pentoxifilline in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Asian J Surg 2002;25(2):149–153.
- Kaptanoglu L, Kapan M, Kapan S, Effects of nimodipine and pentoxyfylline in prevention of hepatic ischemic damage in rats at normal and hypothermic conditions. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;587(1–3):253–256.
- El-Ghoneimi A, Cursio R, Schimd-Alliana A, Pentoxifylline inhibits liver expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA following normothermic ischemia-reperfusion. HPB. 2007;9(2):112–119.
- Seifi B, Kadkhodaee M, Delavari F, Pretreatment with pentoxifylline and N-acetylcysteine in liverischemia reperfusion-induced renal injury. Ren Fail. 2012;34(5):610–615.
- Portakal O, Inal-Erden M. Effects of pentoxifylline and coenzyme Q10 in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Biochem. 1999;32(6):461–466.
- Qing DK, Dong JH, Han BL, Cold preservation of pig liver grafts with warm ischemia and pentoxifylline-UW solution. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(4):449–455.
- Mahmoud MF, El Shazly SM, Barakat W. Inhibition of TNF-α protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via NF-κB dependent pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2012;385(5):465–471.
- Vician M, Olejnik J, Michalka P, Warm liver ischemia in experiment and lysosomal markers. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2009;110(10):587–591.