Seasonal variation in chemical composition of size-segregated urban air particles and the inflammatory activity in the mouse lung

References

• Becker, S., Dailey, L. A., Soukup, J. M., Grambow, S. C., Devlin, R. B., and Huang, Y. C. 2005. Seasonal variations in air pollution particle-induced inflammatory mediator release and oxidative stress. Environ. Health. Perspect. 113:1032–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S., Soukup, J. M., Sioutas, C., and Cassee, F. R. 2003. Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine and coarse urban air pollution particles. Exp Lung Res. 29:29–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett, R. T., Brook, J., Dann, T., Delocla, C., Philips, O., Goldberg, M. S., and Krewski, D. 2000. Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal. Toxicol. 12(suppl. 4):15–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy, L., Goodman, P., Sinclair, H., and Dockery, D. W. 2002. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: An intervention study. Lancet 360:1210–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, D. L., Lehmann, J. R., Winsett, D., Richards, J., Ledbetter, A. D., and Dreher, K. L. 2006. Comparative pulmonary toxicological assessment of oil combustion particles following inhalation or instillation exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 91:237–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, K. E., Costa, D. L., Hatch, G., Henderson, R., Oberdörster, G., Salem, H., and Schlesinger, R. B. 2000. Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: uses and limitations. Toxicol. Sci. 55:24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye, J. A., Lehmann, J. R., McGee, J. K., Winsett, D. W., Ledbetter, A. D., Everitt, J. I., Ghio, A. J., and Costa, D. L. 2001. Acute pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter filter extracts in rats: Coherence with epidemiological studies in Utah valley residents. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2005. Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Official Journal L 23, 26/01/2005.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee of Standardization. 2003. SFS-EN 14031:2003, Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents. Workplace atmospheres—Determination of airborne endotoxins. European committee of Standardization CEN/TC 137, 30/06/2003. http://www.sfs.fi/luettelo/sfs.php?standard=SFS-EN%2014031%3Aen.
   Google Scholar
• Frampton, M. W., Ghio, A. J., Samet, J. M., Carson, J. L., Carter, J. D., and Devlin, R. B. 1999. Effects of aqueous extracts of PM10 filters from the Utah Valley on human airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Mol. Physiol. 277:L960–L967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghio, A. J. 2004. Biological effects of Utah Valley ambient air particles in humans: A review. J. Aerosol. Med. 17:157–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghio, A. J., and Devlin, R. B. 2001. Inflammatory lung injury after bronchial instillation of air pollution particles. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164:704–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmour, M. I., McGee, J., Duvall, R. M., Dailey, L., Daniels, M., Boykin, E., Cho, S. H., Doerfler, D., Gordon, T., and Devlin, R. B. 2007. Comparative toxicity of size-fractioned airborne particulate matter obtained from different cities in the United States. Inhal. Toxicol. 19(Suppl. 1):7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happo, M. S., Salonen, R. O., Hälinen, A. I., Jalava, P. I., Pennanen, A. S., Kosma, V. M., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Brunekreef, B., Katsouyanni, K., Sunyer, J., and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2007. Dose and time dependency of inflammatory responses in the mouse lung to urban air coarse, fine and ultrafine particles from six European cities. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:227–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happo, M. S., Hirvonen, M.-R., Hälinen, A. I., Jalava, P. I., Pennanen, A. S., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., and Salonen, R. O. 2008. Chemical compositions responsible for inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung by coarse and fine particulate samples from contrasting air pollution in Europe. Inhal. Toxicol. 20:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, J., Pitz, M, Bischof, W., Krug, N., and Borm, P. J. A. 2003. Endotoxin in fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particle mass of ambient aerosols. A temporo-spatial analysis. Atmos. Environ. 37:3659–3667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetland, R. B., Cassee, F. R., Låg, M., Refsnes, M., Dybing, E, and Schwarze, P. E. 2005. Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter: Heterogeneity in relation to size, city and season. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 2:4. http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/2/1/4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortenkrans, D. S. T., Bergback, B. G., and Haggerud, A. V. 2007. Metal emissions from brake linings and tires: Case studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environ. Sci. Tech. 41:5224–5230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Goldbohm, S., Fischer, P., and van den Brandt, P. A. 2002. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in Netherlands: A cohort study. Lancet 360:1203–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosiokangas, J., Vallius, M., Ruuskanen, J., Mirme, A., and Pekkanen, J. 2004. Resuspended dust episodes as an urban air-quality problem in subarctic regions. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 30(suppl. 2):28–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchison, G. R., Brown, D. M., Hibbs, L. R., Heal, M. R., Donaldson, K., Maynard, R. L., Monaghan, M., Nicholl, A., and Stone, V. 2005. The effect of refurbishing a UK steel plant on PM10 metal composition and ability to induce inflammation. Respir. Res. 6:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalava, P., Salonen, R. O., Hälinen, A. I., Sillanpää, M., Sandell, E., and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2005. Effects of sample preparation on chemistry, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory responses induced by air particulate matter. Inhal. Toxicol. 17:107–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalava, P. I., Salonen, R. O., Hälinen, A. I., Penttinen, P., Pennanen, A. S., Sillanpää, M., Sandell, E., Hillamo, R.,and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2006. In vitro inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of size-segregated particulate samples collected during long-range transport of wildfire smoke to Helsinki. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 215:341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalava, P. I., Salonen, R. O., Pennanen, A. S., Sillanpää, M., Hälinen, A. I., Happo, M. S., Hillamo, R., Brunekreef, B., Katsouyanni, K., Sunyer, J., and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2007. Heterogeneities in inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line to urban air coarse, fine and ultrafine particles from six European sampling campaigns. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:213–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalava, P. I., Salonen, R. O., Pennanen, A. S., Happo, M. S., Penttinen, P., Hälinen, A. I., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2008. Effects of solubility of urban air fine and coarse particles on cytotoxic and inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 229(2):146–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jalava, P. I., Hirvonen, M.-R., Sillanpää, M., Pennanen, A. S., Happo, M. S., Hillamo, R., Cassee, F. R., Gerlofs-Nijland, M., Borm, P. J. A., Schins, R. P. F., Janssen, N. A. H., and Salonen, R. O. 2009. Associations of urban air particulate composition with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in RAW 264.7 cell line. Inhal. Toxicol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, N. A. H., Brunekreef, B., van Vliet, P., Aarts, F., Meliefste, K., Harssema, H.,,and Fischer, P. 2003. The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1512–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. M., and Harrison, R. M., 2004. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—A review. Sci. Total Environ. 326:151–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jussila, J., Komulainen, H., Huttunen, K., Roponen, M., Hälinen, A., Hyvärinen, A., Kosma, V.-M., Pelkonen, J., and Hirvonen, M.-R. 2001. Inflammatory responses in mice after intratracheal instillation of spores of Streptomyces californicus isolated from indoor air of moldy building. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171:61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaarakainen, P., Meklin, T., Rintala, H., Hyvärinen, A., Kärkkäinen, P., Vepsäläinen, A., Hirvonen, M.-R., and Nevalainen, A. 2008. Seasonal variation in airborne microbial concentrations and diversity at landfill, urban and rural sites. Clean Soil Air Water 36:556–563.
   Google Scholar
• Katsouyanni, K., Touloumi, G., Samoli, E., Gryparis, A., Le Tertre, A., Monopolis, Y., Rossi, G., Zmirou, D., Ballester, F., Boumghar, A., Anderson, H. R., Wojtyniak, B., Paldy, A., Braunstein, R., Pekkanen, J., Schindler, C., and Schwartz, J. 2001. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: Results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project. Epidemiology 12:521–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerminen, V.-M., Teinilä, K., Hillamo, R., and Pakkanen, T. 1998. Substitution of chloride in sea-salt particles by inorganic and organic anions. J. Aerosol Sci. 29:929–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettunen, J., Lanki, T., Tiittanen, P., Aalto, P. P., Koskentalo, T., Kulmala, M., Salomaa, V., and Pekkanen, J. 2007. Associations of fine and ultrafine particulate air pollution with stroke mortality in an area of low air pollution levels. Stroke 38:918–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, L.-Y., Luster, M. I., Dixon, D., O’Grady, J., and Rosenthal, G. J. 1994. Inhibition of lung immunity after intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:1123–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooter, I. M., Boere, A. J. F., Fokkens, P. H. B., Leseman, D. L. A. C., Dormans, J. A. M. A., and Cassee, F. R. 2006. Response of spontaneously hypertensive rats to inhalation of fine and ultrafine particles from traffic: experimental controlled study. Part. Fibre. Toxicol. 3:7. http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/3/1/7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanki, T., de Hartog, J. J., Heinrich, J., Hoek, G., Janssen, N. A. H., Peters, A., Stölzel, M., Timonen, K. L., Vallius, M., Vanninen, E., and Pekkanen, J. 2006. Can we identify sources of fine particles responsible for exercise-induced ischemia on days with elevated air pollution? The ULTRA study. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger, K. M., Tolbert, P. E., Klein, M., Peel, J. L., Flanders, W. D., Todd, K., Mulholland, J. A., Ryan, P. B., and Frumkin H. 2004. Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits. Epidemiology 15:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrot, T. S., Torfs, R., Fierens, F., De Henauw, S., Hoet, P. H., Van Kersschaever, G., De Backer, G.,,and Nemery, B. 2007. Stronger associations between daily mortality and fine particulate air pollution in summer than in winter: Evidence from a heavily polluted region in western Europe. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 61:146–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakkanen, T. A., Loukkola, K., Korhonen, C. H., Aurela, M., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R. E., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Kousa, A., and Maenhaut, W. 2001. Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area. Atmos. Environ. 35:5381–5391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, R. D., Dominici, F., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Zeger, S. L., and Samet, J. M. 2005. Seasonal analyses of air pollution and mortality in 100 US cities. Am. J. Epidemiol. 161:585–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennanen, A. S., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Quass, U., John, A. C., Branis, M., Hůnová, I., Meliefste, K., Janssen, N. A. H., Koskentalo, T., Castaño-Vinyals, G., Bouso, L., Chalbot, M.-C., Kavouras, I. G., and Salonen, R. O. 2007. Performance of a high-volume cascade impactor in six European urban environments: Mass measurement and chemical characterization of size-segregated particulate samples. Sci. Total. Environ. 374:297–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penttinen, P., Vallius, M., Tiittanen, P., Ruuskanen, J., and Pekkanen, J. 2006. Source-specific fine particles in urban air and respiratory function among adult asthmatics. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevedouros, L., Brorström-Lunden, E., Halsall, C. J., Jones, K. C., Lee, R. G. M., and Sweetman, A. J. 2004. Seasonal and long-term trends in atmospheric PAH concentrations: Evidence and implications. Environ. Pollut. 128:17–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saarikoski, S. K., Sillanpää, M. K., Saarnio, K. M., Hillamo, R. E., Pennanen A. S., and Salonen, R. O. 2008. Impact of biomass combustion on urban fine particulate matter in central and northern Europe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 191:265–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarnio, K., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Sandell, E., Pennanen, A. S., and Salonen, R. O. 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated particulate matter from six urban sites in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 42:9087–9097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen R. O., Hälinen, A. I., Pennanen, A. S., Hirvonen, M.-R., Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Shi, T., Borm, P., Sandell, E., Koskentalo, T., andAarnio, P. 2004. Chemical and in vitro toxicologic characterization of wintertime and springtime urban-air particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm in Helsinki. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 2:80–90.
   Google Scholar
• Samoli, E., Analitis, A., Toulomi, G., Schwartz, J., Anderson, H. R., Sunyer, J., Bisanti, L., Zmirou, D., Vonk, J. M., Pekkanen, J., Goodman, P., Paldy, A., Schindler, C., and Katsouyanni, K. 2005. Estimating the exposure-response relationships between particulate matter and mortality within the APHEA multicity project. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandell, E., Kiviranta, A., Tuominen, J., and Aarnio, P. 1999. Concentration levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air in Finland. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 8:567–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schins, R. P. F., Lightbody, J. H., Borm, P. J. A., Shi, T., Donaldson, K., and Stone, V. 2004. Inflammatory effects of coarse and fine particulate matter in relation to chemical and biological constituents. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 195:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, R. B., and Cassee F. 2003. Atmospheric secondary inorganic particulate matter: The toxicological perspective as a basis for health effects risk assessment. Inhal. Toxicol. 15:197–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H., and Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric chemistry and physics—From air pollution to climate change. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sevastyanova, O., Novakova, Z., Hanzalova, L., Binkova, B., Stram, R. J., and Topinka, J. 2008. Temporal variation in the genotoxic potential of urban air particulate matter. Mutat. Res. 649:179–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Mäkelä, T., Pennanen, A. S., and Salonen, R. O. 2003. Field and laboratory tests of a high volume cascade impactor. J. Aerosol. Sci. 34:485–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillanpää, M., Saarikoski, S., Hillamo, R., Pennanen, A., Makkonen, U., Spolnik, Z., Van Grieken, R., Koskentalo, T., and Salonen R. O. 2005. Chemical composition, mass size distribution and source analysis of long-range transported wildfire smokes in Helsinki. Sci. Total Environ. 350:119–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillanpää, M., Hillamo, R., Saarikoski, S., Frey, A., Pennanen, A., Makkonen, U., Spolnik, Z., Van Grieken, R., Braniš,, M., Brunekreef, B., Chalbot, M.-C., Kuhlbusch, T., Sunyer, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., and Salonen, R. O. 2006. Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 40:S212–S223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steerenberg, P. A., Withagen, C. E. T., van Daalen W.J., Dormans, J. A. M. A., Cassee, F. R., Heisterkamp, S. H., and van Loveren H. 2004. Adjuvant activity of ambient particulate matter of different sites, sizes, and seasons in a respiratory allergy mouse model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 200:186–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steerenberg, P. A., van Amelsvoort, L., Lovik, M., Hetland, R. B., Alberg, T., Halatek, T., Bloemen, H. J. T., Rydzynski, K., Swaen, G., Schwarze, P., Dybing, E., and Cassee, F. R.2006 Relation between sources of particulate air pollution and biological effect parameters in samples from four European cities: An exploratory study. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:333–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teinilä, K., Kerminen, V.-M., and Hillamo, R. 2000. A study of size-segregated aerosol chemistry in the Antarctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105:3893–3904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Publication EPA/600/P-99/002aF. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment–RTP Office.
   Google Scholar
• Vallius, M., Lanki, T., Tiittanen, P., Koistinen, K., Ruuskanen, J., and Pekkanen, J. 2003. Source apportionment of urban ambient PM2.5 in two successive measurement campaigns in Helsinki, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 27:615–623.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, International Program of Chemical Safety. 1998. Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Health Criteria 202. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2003. Review of health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Report EUR/03/5042688 of working group, Bonn, Germany, 13–15 January 2003. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Yli-Tuomi, T., Aarnio, P., Pirjola, L., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., and Jantunen, M. 2005. Emissions of fine particles, NOx, and CO from on-road vehicles in Finland. Atmos. Environ. 39: 6696–6706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeka, A., Zanobetti, A., and Schwartz, J. 2006. Short term effects of particulate matter on cause spesific mortality: Effects of lags and modification by city characteristics. Occup. Environ. Med. 62:718–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar