Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 23, 2011 - Issue 1
514
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

A review of controlled human SO2 exposure studies contributing to the US EPA integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides

&
Pages 33-43 | Received 21 Sep 2010, Accepted 08 Nov 2010, Published online: 12 Jan 2011

References

  • Amdur MO, Melvin WW Jr, Drinker P. 1953. Effects of inhalation of sulphur dioxide by man. Lancet 265:758–759.
  • ATS (American Thoracic Society). 2000. What constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:665–673.
  • Balmes JR, Fine JM, Sheppard D. 1987. Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulfur dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1117–1121.
  • Barthélemy P, Badier M, Jammes Y. 1988. Interaction between SO2 and cold-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized rabbits. Respir Physiol 71:1–10.
  • Bedi JF, Folinsbee LJ, Horvath SM, Ebenstein RS. 1979. Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and ozone: absence of a synergistic effect. Arch Environ Health 34:233–239.
  • Bell KA, Linn WS, Hazucha M, Hackney JD, Bates DV. 1977. Respiratory effects of exposure to ozone plus sulfur dioxide in Southern Californians and Eastern Canadians. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38:696–706.
  • Bethel RA, Erle DJ, Epstein J, Sheppard D, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1983a. Effect of exercise rate and route of inhalation on sulfur-dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:592–596.
  • Bethel RA, Epstein J, Sheppard D, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1983b. Sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in freely breathing, exercising, asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:987–990.
  • Bethel RA, Sheppard D, Epstein J, Tam E, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1984. Interaction of sulfur dioxide and dry cold air in causing bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 57:419–423.
  • Bethel RA, Sheppard D, Geffroy B, Tam E, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1985. Effect of 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide on airway resistance in freely breathing, heavily exercising, asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:659–661.
  • Bigby B, Boushey H. 1993. Effects of nedocromil sodium on the bronchomotor response to sulfur dioxide in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 92:195–197.
  • Chadha TS, Birch S, Sackner MA. 1987. Oronasal distribution of ventilation during exercise in normal subjects and patients with asthma and rhinitis. Chest 92:1037–1041.
  • Devalia JL, Rusznak C, Herdman MJ, Trigg CJ, Tarraf H, Davies RJ. 1994. Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation. Lancet 344:1668–1671.
  • Field PI, Simmul R, Bell SC, Allen DH, Berend N. 1996. Evidence for opioid modulation and generation of prostaglandins in sulphur dioxide (SO)2-induced bronchoconstriction. Thorax 51:159–163.
  • Frank NR, Amdur MO, Worcester J, Whittenberger JL. 1962. Effects of acute controlled exposure to SO2 on respiratory mechanics in healthy male adults. J Appl Physiol 17:252–258.
  • Frank NR, Yoder RE, Brain JD, Yokoyama E. 1969. SO2 (35S labeled) absorption by the nose and mouth under conditions of varying concentrations and flow. Arch Environ Health 18:315–322.
  • Gong H Jr, Lachenbruch PA, Harber P, Linn WS. 1995. Comparative short-term health responses to sulfur dioxide exposure and other common stresses in a panel of asthmatics. Toxicol Ind Health 11:467–487.
  • Gong H Jr, Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Anderson KR, Nugent CA, Clark KW, Lin AE. 1996. Effect of inhaled salmeterol on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Chest 110:1229–1235.
  • Gong H Jr, Linn WS, Terrell SL, Anderson KR, Clark KW. 2001. Anti-inflammatory and lung function effects of montelukast in asthmatic volunteers exposed to sulfur dioxide. Chest 119:402–408.
  • Goodman JE, Dodge DG, Bailey LA. 2010. A framework for assessing causality and adverse effects in humans with a case study of sulfur dioxide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 58:308–322.
  • Hackney JD, Linn WS, Bailey RM, Spier CE, Valencia LM. 1984. Time course of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics exposed to sulfur dioxide. Environ Res 34:321–327.
  • Hazucha M, Bates DV. 1975. Combined effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide on human pulmonary function. Nature 257:50–51.
  • Heath SK, Koenig JQ, Morgan MS, Checkoway H, Hanley QS, Rebolledo V. 1994. Effects of sulfur dioxide exposure on African-American and Caucasian asthmatics. Environ Res 66:1–11.
  • Horstman D, Roger LJ, Kehrl H, Hazucha M. 1986. Airway sensitivity of asthmatics to sulfur dioxide. Toxicol Ind Health 2:289–298.
  • Horstman DH, Seal E Jr, Folinsbee LJ, Ives P, Roger LJ. 1988. The relationship between exposure duration and sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 49:38–47.
  • Jaeger MJ, Tribble D, Wittig HJ. 1979. Effect of 0.5 ppm sulfur dioxide on the respiratory function of normal and asthmatic subjects. Lung 156:119–127.
  • Johns DO, Svendsgaard D, Linn WS. 2010. Analysis of the concentration-respiratory response among asthmatics following controlled short-term exposures to sulfur dioxide. Inhal Toxicol 22:1184–1193.
  • Jörres R, Magnussen H. 1990. Airways response of asthmatics after a 30 min exposure, at resting ventilation, to 0.25 ppm NO2 or 0.5 ppm SO2. Eur Respir J 3:132–137.
  • Kehrl HR, Roger LJ, Hazucha MJ, Horstman DH. 1987. Differing response of asthmatics to sulfur dioxide exposure with continuous and intermittent exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:350–355.
  • Kirkpatrick MB, Sheppard D, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1982. Effect of the oronasal breathing route on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in exercising asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:627–631.
  • Kleinman MT, Bailey RM, Chang YT, Clark KW, Jones MP, Linn WS, Hackney JD. 1981. Exposures of human volunteers to a controlled atmospheric mixture of ozone, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 42:61–69.
  • Koenig JQ, Pierson WE, Horike M, Frank R. 1981. Effects of SO2 plus NaCl aerosol combined with moderate exercise on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents. Environ Res 25:340–348.
  • Koenig JQ, Pierson WE, Horike M, Frank R. 1983. A comparison of the pulmonary effects of 0.5 ppm versus 1.0 ppm sulfur dioxide plus sodium chloride droplets in asthmatic adolescents. J Toxicol Environ Health 11:129–139.
  • Koenig JQ, Morgan MS, Horike M, Pierson WE. 1985. The effects of sulfur oxides on nasal and lung function in adolescents with extrinsic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 76:813–818.
  • Koenig JQ, Marshall SG, Horike M, Shapiro GG, Furukawa CT, Bierman CW, Pierson WE. 1987. The effects of albuterol on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in allergic adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 79:54–58.
  • Koenig JQ, Marshall SG, van Belle G, McManus MS, Bierman CW, Shapiro GG, Furukawa CT, Pierson WE. 1988. Therapeutic range cromolyn dose-response inhibition and complete obliteration of SO2-induced bronchoconstriction in atopic adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81:897–901.
  • Koenig JQ, Covert DS, Hanley QS, van Belle G, Pierson WE. 1990. Prior exposure to ozone potentiates subsequent response to sulfur dioxide in adolescent asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:377–380.
  • Koenig JQ, Dumler K, Rebolledo V, Williams PV, Pierson WE. 1992. Theophylline mitigates the bronchoconstrictor effects of sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 89:789–794.
  • Kreisman H, Mitchell CA, Hosein HR, Bouhuys A. 1976. Effect of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide on respiratory function in man. Lung 154:25–34.
  • Lawther PJ. 1955. Effect of inhalation of sulphur dioxide on respiration and pulse-rate in normal subjects. Lancet 269:745–748.
  • Lazarus SC, Wong HH, Watts MJ, Boushey HA, Lavins BJ, Minkwitz MC. 1997. The leukotriene receptor antagonist zafirlukast inhibits sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1725–1730.
  • Linn WS, Jones MP, Bailey RM, Kleinman MT, Spier CE, Fischer DA, Hackney JD. 1980. Respiratory effects of mixed nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in human volunteers under simulated ambient exposure conditions. Environ Res 22:431–438.
  • Linn WS, Bailey RM, Shamoo DA, Venet TG, Wightman LH, Hackney JD. 1982. Respiratory responses of young adult asthmatics to sulfur dioxide exposure under simulated ambient conditions. Environ Res 29:220–232.
  • Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Spier CE, Valencia LM, Anzar UT, Venet TG, Hackney JD. 1983a. Respiratory effects of 0.75 ppm sulfur dioxide in exercising asthmatics: influence of upper-respiratory defenses. Environ Res 30:340–348.
  • Linn WS, Venet TG, Shamoo DA, Valencia LM, Anzar UT, Spier CE, Hackney JD. 1983b. Respiratory effects of sulfur dioxide in heavily exercising asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:278–283.
  • Linn WS, Avol EL, Shamoo DA, Venet TG, Anderson KR, Whynot JD, Hackney JD. 1984a. Asthmatics’ responses to 6-hr sulfur dioxide exposures on two successive days. Arch Environ Health 39:313–319.
  • Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Venet TG, Spier CE, Valencia LM, Anzar UT, Hackney JD. 1984b. Combined effects of sulfur dioxide and cold in exercising asthmatics. Arch Environ Health 39:339–346.
  • Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Venet TG, Bailey RM, Wightman LH, Hackney JD. 1984c. Comparative effects of sulfur dioxide exposures at 5°C and 22°C in exercising asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:234–239.
  • Linn WS, Fischer DA, Shamoo DA, Spier CE, Valencia LM, Anzar UT, Hackney JD. 1985a. Controlled exposures of volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to sulfur dioxide. Environ Res 37:445–451.
  • Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Anderson KR, Whynot JD, Avol EL, Hackney JD. 1985b. Effects of heat and humidity on the responses of exercising asthmatics to sulfur dioxide exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:221–225.
  • Linn WS, Avol EL, Peng RC, Shamoo DA, Hackney JD. 1987. Replicated dose-response study of sulfur dioxide effects in normal, atopic, and asthmatic volunteers. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1127–1134.
  • Linn WS, Avol EL, Shamoo DA, Peng RC, Spier CE, Smith MN, Hackney JD. 1988. Effect of metaproterenol sulfate on mild asthmatics’ response to sulfur dioxide exposure and exercise. Arch Environ Health 43:399–406.
  • Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Peng RC, Clark KW, Avol EL, Hackney JD. 1990. Responses to sulfur dioxide and exercise by medication-dependent asthmatics: effect of varying medication levels. Arch Environ Health 45:24–30.
  • Linn WS, Gong H Jr, Shamoo DA, Anderson KR, Avol EL. 1997. Chamber exposures of children to mixed ozone, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid. Arch Environ Health 52:179–187.
  • Magnussen H, Jörres R, Wagner HM, von Nieding G. 1990. Relationship between the airway response to inhaled sulfur dioxide, isocapnic hyperventilation, and histamine in asthmatic subjects. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62:485–491.
  • McManus MS, Koenig JQ, Altman LC, Pierson WE. 1989. Pulmonary effect of sulfur dioxide exposure and ipratropium bromide pretreatment in adults with nonallergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 83:619–626.
  • Myers DJ, Bigby BG, Calvayrac P, Sheppard D, Boushey HA. 1986a. Interaction of cromolyn and a muscarinic antagonist in inhibiting bronchial reactivity to sulfur dioxide and to eucapnic hyperpnea alone. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:1154–1158.
  • Myers DJ, Bigby BG, Boushey HA. 1986b. The inhibition of sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects by cromolyn is dose-dependent. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:1150–1153.
  • Nadel JA, Salem H, Tamplin B and Tokiwa Y. 1965a. Mechanisms of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of sulfur dioxide; reflexes involving vagus nerves. Arch Environ Health 10: 175–178.
  • Nadel JA, Salem H, Tamplin B, Tokiwa Y. 1965b. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of sulfur dioxide. J Appl Physiol 20:164–167.
  • Niinimaa V, Cole P, Mintz S, Shephard RJ. 1980. The switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing. Respir Physiol 42:61–71.
  • Nowak D, Jörres R, Berger J, Claussen M, Magnussen H. 1997. Airway responsiveness to sulfur dioxide in an adult population sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1151–1156.
  • Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, Boulet LP, Boushey HA, Busse WW, Casale TB, Chanez P, Enright PL, Gibson PG, de Jongste JC, Kerstjens HA, Lazarus SC, Levy ML, O’Byrne PM, Partridge MR, Pavord ID, Sears MR, Sterk PJ, Stoloff SW, Sullivan SD, Szefler SJ, Thomas MD, Wenzel SE; American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force on Asthma Control and Exacerbations. 2009. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:59–99.
  • Reichel G. 1972. The effect of sulfur dioxide on the airway resistance of man. Report on the 12th annual meeting of the German Society for Industrial Medicine, Dortmund, Germany, October 25–28.
  • Roger LJ, Kehrl HR, Hazucha M, Horstman DH. 1985. Bronchoconstriction in asthmatics exposed to sulfur dioxide during repeated exercise. J Appl Physiol 59:784–791.
  • Routledge HC, Manney S, Harrison RM, Ayres JG, Townend JN. 2006. Effect of inhaled sulphur dioxide and carbon particles on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation and coagulation in human subjects. Heart 92:220–227.
  • Rubinstein I, Bigby BG, Reiss TF and Boushey HA. 1990. Short-term exposure to 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide does not potentiate responsiveness to sulfur dioxide in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Resp Dis 141:381–385.
  • Rusznak C, Devalia JL, Davies RJ. 1996. Airway response of asthmatic subjects to inhaled allergen after exposure to pollutants. Thorax 51:1105–1108.
  • Schachter EN, Witek TJ Jr, Beck GJ, Hosein HB, Colice G, Leaderer BP, Cain W. 1984. Airway effects of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide: dose-response characteristics. Arch Environ Health 39:34–42.
  • Sheppard D, Wong WS, Uehara CF, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1980. Lower threshold and greater bronchomotor responsiveness of asthmatic subjects to sulfur dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:873–878.
  • Sheppard D, Saisho A, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1981. Exercise increases sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 123:486–491.
  • Sheppard D, Epstein J, Bethel RA, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. 1983. Tolerance to sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma. Environ Res 30:412–419.
  • Sheppard D, Eschenbacher WL, Boushey HA, Bethel RA. 1984. Magnitude of the interaction between the bronchomotor effects of sulfur dioxide and those of dry (cold) air. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:52–55.
  • Sim VM, Pattle RE. 1957. Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects. J Am Med Assoc 165:1908–1913.
  • Speizer FE, Frank NR. 1966a. The uptake and release of SO2 by the human nose. Arch Environ Health 12:725–728.
  • Speizer FE, Frank NR. 1966b. A comparison of changes in pulmonary flow resistance in healthy volunteers acutely exposed to SO2 by mouth and by nose. Br J Ind Med 23:75–79.
  • Stacy RW, House D, Friedman M, Hazucha M, Green J, Raggio L, Roger LJ. 1981. Effects of 0.75 ppm sulfur dioxide on pulmonary function parameters of normal human subjects. Arch Environ Health 36:172–178.
  • Trenga CA, Koenig JQ, Williams PV. 1999. Sulphur dioxide sensitivity and plasma antioxidants in adult subjects with asthma. Occup Environ Med 56:544–547.
  • Trenga CA, Koenig JQ, Williams PV. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with asthma. Arch Environ Health 56:242–249.
  • Tunnicliffe WS, Hilton MF, Harrison RM, Ayres JG. 2001. The effect of sulphur dioxide exposure on indices of heart rate variability in normal and asthmatic adults. Eur Respir J 17:604–608.
  • Tunnicliffe WS, Harrison RM, Kelly FJ, Dunster C, Ayres JG. 2003. The effect of sulphurous air pollutant exposures on symptoms, lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, and nasal epithelial lining fluid antioxidant concentrations in normal and asthmatic adults. Occup Environ Med 60:e15.
  • US EPA. 2008. Integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides — health criteria. EPA/600/R-08/047F, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=198843.
  • Wang AL, Blackford TL, Lee LY. 1996. Vagal bronchopulmonary C-fibers and acute ventilatory response to inhaled irritants. Respir Physiol 104:231–239.
  • Weir FW, Bromberg PA. 1972. Further investigation of the effects of sulfur dioxide on human subjects, Project No. CAWC S-15, American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC. http://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?MID=W097&input_doc_number=API%2026-60022.
  • Weir FW, Bromberg PA. 1973. Effects of sulfur dioxide on human subjects exhibiting peripheral airway impairment, Project No. CAWC S-15, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. http://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?MID=W097&input_doc_number=API%2026-60023.
  • Wiebicke W, Jörres R, Magnussen H. 1990. Comparison of the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on the airway response to histamine, methacholine, hyperventilation, and sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86:915–923.
  • Winterton DL, Kaufman J, Keener CV, Quigley S, Farin FM, Williams PV, Koenig JQ. 2001. Genetic polymorphisms as biomarkers of sensitivity to inhaled sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 86:232–238.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.