286
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A comprehensive evaluation of selected components and processes used in the manufacture of cigarettes: approach and overview

, &
Pages 1-5 | Received 18 Sep 2013, Accepted 08 Oct 2013, Published online: 17 Dec 2013

References

  • AALAS. (1991). American Association for Laboratory Animals Science policy on the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Lab Anim Sci 41:528
  • Baker RR. (1999). Smoke chemistry. In: Davis DL, Nielsen MT. (eds.) Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 398–439
  • Baker RR. (2002). The development and significance of standards for smoking-machine methodology. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International 20:23–41
  • Bates C, McNeill A, Jarvis M, Gray N. (1999). The future of tobacco product regulation and labelling in Europe: implications for the forthcoming European Union directive. Tob Control 8:225–35
  • Benowitz NL. (2001). Compensatory smoking of low-yield cigarettes. Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 02-5074, October 2001, 39–63
  • Borgerding M, Klus H. (2005). Analysis of complex mixtures – cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57:43–73
  • Browne CL. (1990). The design of cigarettes, 3rd ed. Charlotte, NC: Hoechst Celanese Corporation
  • Bundesgesetzblatt 1. (1994). Grundsaetzeder Guten Laborpraxis (GLP). Anhang 1 (zu 19a Abs.1) der Neufassung des Chemikaliengesetzes vom 25 Juli 1993
  • Burns DM, Dybing E, Gray N, et al. (2008). Mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke: a description of the World Health Organization TobReg proposal. Tob Control 17:132–41
  • Carmines E, Lemus R, Gaworski C. (2005). Toxicologic evaluation of licorice extract as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1303–22
  • Carmines EL. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1: cigarette design, testing approach, and review of results. Food Chem Toxicol 40:77–91
  • Carmines EL, Gaworski CL. (2005). Toxicological evaluation of glycerin as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1521–39
  • Coggins CRE, Edmiston JT, Jerome AM, et al. (2011a). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: essential oils and resins. Inhal Toxicol 23:41–69
  • Coggins CRE, Fisher MT, Smith DC, Oldham MJ. (2011b). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: cocoa derived ingredients. Inhal Toxicol 23:70–83
  • Coggins CRE, Frost-Pineda K, Smith DC, Oldham MJ. (2011c). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aromatic and aliphatic alcohol compounds. Inhal Toxicol 23:141–56
  • Coggins CRE, Jerome AM, Edmiston JS, Oldham MJ. (2011d). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aliphatic carbonyl compounds. Inhal Toxicol 23:102–18
  • Coggins CRE, Liu J, Merski JA, et al. (2011e). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Inhal Toxicol 23:119–40
  • Coggins CRE, Merski JA, Oldham MJ. (2011f). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Inhal Toxicol 23:84–9
  • Coggins CRE, Sena EJ, Langston TB, Oldham MJ. (2011g). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aromatic carbonyl compounds. Inhal Toxicol 23:90–101
  • Coggins CRE, Sena EJ, Oldham MJ. (2011h). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: inorganic compounds. Inhal Toxicol 23:157–71
  • Coggins CRE, Wagner KA, Werley MS, Oldham MJ. (2011i). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products. Inhal Toxicol 23:13–40
  • Dempsey R, Coggins CRE, Roemer E. (2011). Toxicological assessment of cigarette ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 61:119–28
  • Diana JN, Vaught A. (1990). Research cigarettes. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Printing Services
  • Djordjevic MV, Stellman SD, Zang E. (2000). Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:106–11
  • Dube MF, Green CR. (1982). Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes. Rec Adv Tob Sci 8:42–102
  • Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE. (2010). Toxicological considerations on the use of propylene glycol as a humectant in cigarettes. Toxicology 269:54–66
  • Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Wagner KA, et al. (2011a). A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of 95 ingredients added individually to experimental cigarettes: approach and methods. Inhal Toxicol 23:1–12
  • Gaworski CL, Wagner KA, Morton MJ, Oldham MJ. (2011b). Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity. Inhal Toxicol 23:172–83
  • Hammond D, Fong G, Cummings K, et al. (2006). Cigarette yields and human exposure: a comparison of alternative testing regimens. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1495–501
  • Institute of Medicine. (2001). Clearing the smoke. Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1985). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Volume 37. Tobacco habits other than smoking; betel-quid and areca-nut chewing; and some related nitrosamines. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1999). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 60. Some Industrial Chemicals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2004). Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1191–413
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. (1995a). Guideline on the need for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals: S1A. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; 2009. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Harmonisation
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. (1995b). Guidance on specific aspects of regulatory genotoxicity tests for pharmaceuticals: S2A. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Harmonisation
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. (1997). Genotoxicity: a standard battery for genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals: S2B. International Conference on Harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for clinical use; 1997. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Harmonisation
  • International Organization for Standardization. (1991a). ISO 3308. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Definitions and standard conditions. Amended 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization
  • International Organization for Standardization. (1991b). ISO 3402. Tobacco and tobacco products – atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Revised 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2000a). ISO 4387. Cigarettes -- determination of total and nicotine free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine. Amended 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2000b). ISO 10315. Cigarettes – determination of nicotine in smoke condensates – gas chromatographic method. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2008). Elaboration of guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Progress report of the working group. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
  • Lee PN, Forey BA, Fry JS, et al. (2009). Does use of flue-cured rather than blended cigarettes affect international variation in mortality from lung cancer and COPD? Inhal Toxicol 21:404–30
  • Lemus R, Carmines EL, Van Miert E, et al. (2007). Toxicological comparisons of cigarettes containing different amounts of vanillin. Inhal Toxicol 19:683–99
  • Life Sciences Research Office. (2004). Review of ingredients added to cigarettes. Phase two: scientific criteria for the evaluation of ingredients added to cigarettes. Bethesda, MD: LSRO
  • McKenzie JL, Crawley C. (1999). Cigarette production and quality assurance. In: Davis DL, Nielsen MT. (eds.) Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., 388–97
  • Norman A. (1999). Cigarette design and materials. In: Davis DL, Nielsen MT. (eds.) Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 353–87
  • Oldham MJ, Haussmann HJ, Gomm W, et al. (2012). Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 62:49–61
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1981). No. 413. Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals. Paris, France: OECD
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1997). No. 471. Bacterial reverse mutation test. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Paris, France: OECD
  • Rodgman A, Perfetti TA. (2009). The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
  • Rodgman A. (2011). Problems with the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) list of harmful or potentially harmful tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International 24:258–76
  • Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, et al. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:105–11
  • Roemer E, Stabbert R, Rustemeier K, et al. (2004). Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions. Toxicology 195:31–52
  • Roemer E, Ottmueller T, Zenzen V, et al. (2009). Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of mainstream smoke from three reference cigarettes machine-smoked to the same yields of total particulate matter per cigarette. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1810–18
  • Roemer E, Carchman R. (2011). Limitations of cigarette machine smoking regimens. Toxicol Lett 203:20–7
  • Roemer E, Schorp MK, Piadé J-J, et al. (2012). Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: a review of published and other publicly available studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 42:244–78
  • Rustemeier K, Stabbert R, Haussmann H-J, et al. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 40:93–104
  • Shields PG. (2002). Tobacco smoking, harm reduction, and biomarkers. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:1435–44
  • Shields PG, Connolly GN, Cummings KM, et al. (2011). Providing a science base for the evaluation of tobacco products. Washington, DC: Tobacco Product Assessment Consortium
  • Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Calle EE. (2002). Tobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists. Oncogene 21:7307–25
  • U.S. Congress. (2009). Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act. 123 Stat. 1776. Public Law 111-31-June 22, 2009
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). Toxicity testing plan for low ignition-potential cigarettes. Washington, DC: Consumer Product Safety Commission
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Good laboratory practice for nonclinical laboratory studies. 21 C.F.R. 58. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=58. [Last accessed: 17 Oct 2012]
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011a). Draft guidance for industry and FDA staff. Section 905(j) reports: demonstrating substantial equivalence for tobacco products. Food and Drug Administration. January 5. Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM239021.pdf. [Last accessed: 17 Oct 2012]
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011b). Draft guidance for industry and FDA staff. Demonstrating the substantial equivalence of a new tobacco product: responses to frequently asked questions. Food and Drug Administration. September 22. Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/ResourcesforYou/ForIndustry/UCM271239.pdf. [Last accessed: 17 Oct 2012]
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Draft guidance for industry: reporting harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke under Section 904(a)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Food and Drug Administration. Docket FDA-2012-D-0049. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm297752.htm. [Last accessed: 17 Oct 2012]
  • Vanscheeuwijck PM, Teredesai A, Terpstra PM, et al. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:113–31

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.