Differential Effects of Low- and High-dose Glucocorticoids on the Innate Immunity of Corneal Epithelium in Vitro

REFERENCES

• Kumar A, Yu FS. Toll-like receptors and corneal innate immunity. Curr Mol Med. 2006; 6: 327–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Xu K, Ambati B, et al. Toll-like receptor 5-mediated corneal epithelial inflammatory responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44: 4247–4254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Zhang J, Yu FS. Innate immune response of corneal epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus infection: role of peptidoglycan in stimulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004; 45: 3513–3522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song PI, Abraham TA, Park Y, et al. The expression of functional LPS receptor proteins CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 in human corneal cells, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001; 42: 2867–2877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AC, Heinzel FP, Diaconu E. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the mammalian cornea induces MyD88-dependent corneal inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell. 1997; 91: 295–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueta M, Hamuro J, Kiyono H, et al. Triggering of TLR3 by polyI:C in human corneal epithelial cells to induce inflammatory cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005; 331: 285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueta M, Nochi T, Jang MH, et al. Intracellularly expressed TLR2s and TLR4s contribution to an immunosilent environment at the ocular mucosal epithelium. J Immunol. 2004; 173: 3337–3347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-κB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression, Endocrine Rev. 2003; 24: 488–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibowitz HM, Kupferman A. Antiinflammatory medications. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1980; 20:117–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol. 2000; 109: 16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki-Sasaki K, Ohashi Y, Sasabe T, et al. An SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line and its characterization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 614–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Yin J, Zhang J, et al. Modulation of corneal epithelial innate immune response to pseudomonas infection by flagellin pretreatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48: 4664–4670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster CS. Immunologic disorders of the conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. Philadelphia:WB Saunders; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dana MR, Qian Y, Hamrah P. Twenty-five year panorama of corneal immunology. Cornea. 2000; 19: 625–643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverstein R, Johnson DC. Endogenous versus exogenous glucocorticoid responses to experimental bacterial sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2003; 73: 417–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imasato A, Desbois-Mouthon C, Han J, et al. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by glucocorticoids via induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 enhances nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced expression of Toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 47444–47450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuto T, Imasato A, Jono H, et al. Glucocorticoids synergistically enhance nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Toll-like receptor 2 expression via a negative cross-talk with p38 MAP kinase. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 17263–17270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma T, Hashimoto N, Kato A, et al. Synergistic effects of cytokines and corticosteroid on TLR2 expression in human respiratory epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111: S284.
   Google Scholar
• Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids—new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 1711–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton GM, Medzhitov R. Toll-Like receptor signaling pathways. Science. 2003; 300: 1524–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster AD. The role of chemokines in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002; 14: 129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin X, Lin Z, Xie X. The delayed response of TLRs may relate to P. aeruginosa keratitis exacerbates rapidly at the early stage of infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010; 29:231–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai N, Fukuda K, Fujitsu Y, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and chemokines in cultured human corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 114–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin X, Qin Q, Tu L, et al. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression and function in response to inactivate hyphae of Fusarium solani in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. Mol Vis. 2007; 13:1953–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Akira S. Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Immunol. 2000;165: 5392–5396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science. 1998;282:2085–2088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997;388:394–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma T, Kato A, Hashimoto N, et al. Corticosteroid and cytokines synergistically enhance toll-like receptor-2 expression in respiratory epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:463–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SakaiA, HanJ, Cato AC, et al. Glucocorticoids synergizewith IL-1beta to induce TLR2 expression via MAP kinase phosphatase-1-dependent dual inhibition of MAPK JNK and p38 in epithelial cells. BMC Mol Biol. 2004;5:2.
   Google Scholar
• Hermoso MA, Matsuguchi T, Smoak K, et al. Glucocorticoids and tumor necrosis factor alpha cooperatively regulate toll-like receptor-2 gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 24:4743–4756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozkova D, Horvath R, Bartunkova J, et al. Glucocorticoids severely impair differentiation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells despite upregulation of toll-like receptors. Clin Immunol. 2006; 120:260–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eicher SD,McMunn KA, Hammon HM, et al. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and acute phase cytokine gene expression in dexamethasone and growth hormone treated dairy calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004; 98:115–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazlett LD. Corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004;23:1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnapasart S, Kasetsuwan N, Puangsricharem V, et al. Infectious keratitis at King Chulalonghorn Memorial Hospital: a 12 year retrospective study of 391 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002;85:S217–S230
   Google Scholar
• Lee EJ, Truong TN, Mendoza MN, et al. A comparison of invasive and cytotoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain-induced corneal disease responses to therapeutics. Curr Eye Res. 2003; 27: 289–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu TG, Wilhelmus KR, Mitchell BM. Experimental keratomycosis in a mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44: 210–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Gordon YJ. Topical corticosteroids of limited potency promote adenovirus replication in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular model. Cornea. 2002; 21: 289–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellan K, Howard K, Niederkorn JY, et al. Effect of steroids on acanthamoeba cysts and trophozoites. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001; 42: 2885–2893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar