REFERENCES
- Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL, 3rd. Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(12):1632–1639.
- Shih YF, Chiang TH, Lin LL. Lens thickness changes among schoolchildren in Taiwan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(6):2637–2644.
- Saw SM, Chan YH, Wong WL, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1713–1719.
- Dirani M, Chan YH, Gazzard G, et al. Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(3):1348–355.
- Liang YB, Wong TY, Sun LP, et al. Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(11):2119–2127.
- Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(9):2486–2494.
- Hosaka A. Population studies—myopia experience in Japan. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl. 1988;185:37–40.
- Lin LL, Chen CJ, Hung PT, Ko LS. Nation-wide survey of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan, 1986. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl. 1988;185:29–33.
- Lin LL, Shih YF, Tsai CB, et al. Epidemiologic study of ocular refraction among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76(5):275–281.
- Lin LL, Shih YF, Hsiao CK, et al. Epidemiologic study of the prevalence and severity of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 2000. J Formos Med Assoc. 2001;100(10):684–691.
- Gwiazda J, Hyman L, Dong LM, et al. Factors associated with high myopia after 7 years of follow-up in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007;14(4):230–237.
- Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH, et al. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(1):51–57.
- Rose KA, Morgan IG, Smith W, et al. Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(4):527–530.
- Kleinstein RN, Jones LA, Hullett S, et al. Refractive error and ethnicity in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(8):1141–1147.
- Pointer JS. A 6-year longitudinal optometric study of the refractive trend in school-aged children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2001;21(5):361–367.
- Adams AJ BW, Biederman I, Curtin BJ, Ebenholtz SM, Goss DA, Seddon JM, Wallman J, eds. Myopia: Prevalence and Progression. In. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
- Tan NW, Saw SM, Lam DS, et al. Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year. Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77(9):465–472.
- Goss DA, Winkler RL. Progression of myopia in youth: age of cessation. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1983;60(8):651–658.
- Braun CI, Freidlin V, Sperduto RD, et al. The progression of myopia in school age children: data from the Columbia Medical Plan. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1996;3(1):13–21.
- Jensen H. Myopia in teenagers. An eight-year follow-up study on myopia progression and risk factors. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73(5):389–393.
- Liang CL, Yen E, Su JY, et al. Impact of family history of high myopia on level and onset of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(10):3446–3452.
- Pruett RC. Complications associated with posterior staphyloma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1998;9(3):16–22.
- Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC, Chua WH. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25(5):381–391.
- Saw SM. How blinding is pathological myopia? Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(5):525–526.
- Prabakaran S, Dirani M, Chia A, et al. Cycloplegic refraction in preschool children: comparisons between the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor and retinoscopy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2009;29(4):422–426.
- Zhan MZ, Saw SM, Hong RZ, et al. Refractive errors in Singapore and Xiamen, China—a comparative study in school children aged 6 to 7 years. Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77(6):302–308.
- Garner LF, Owens H, Kinnear RF, Frith MJ. Prevalence of myopia in Sherpa and Tibetan children in Nepal. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76(5):282–285.
- Ip JM, Rose KA, Morgan IG, et al. Myopia and the urban environment: findings in a sample of 12-year-old Australian school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(9):3858–3863.
- Saw SM, Chia SE, Chew SJ. Relation between work and myopia in Singapore women. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76(6):393–396.
- Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, et al. Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children’s refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(12):3633–3640.
- Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(2):332–339.
- Guggenheim JA, Pong-Wong R, Haley CS, et al. Correlations in refractive errors between siblings in the Singapore Cohort Study of Risk factors for Myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(6):781–784.
- Jones LA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, et al. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(8):3524–3532.
- Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(8):1279–1285.
- Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, et al. Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(8):997–1000.
- Deng L, Gwiazda J, Thorn F. Children’s Refractions and Visual Activities in the School Year and Summer. Optom Vis Sci. 2010;in press.
- Khader YS, Batayha WQ, Abdul-Aziz SM, Al-Shiekh-Khalil MI. Prevalence and risk indicators of myopia among schoolchildren in Amman, Jordan. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12(3–4):434–439.
- Onal S, Toker E, Akingol Z, et al. Refractive errors of medical students in Turkey: one year follow-up of refraction and biometry. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(3):175–180.
- Ashby R, Ohlendorf A, Schaeffel F. The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(11):5348–5354.
- Lu B, Congdon N, Liu X, et al. Associations between near work, outdoor activity, and myopia among adolescent students in rural China: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study report no. 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(6):769–775.
- Ling SL, Chen AJ, Rajan U, Cheah WM. Myopia in ten year old children—a case control study. Singapore Med J. 1987;28(4):288–292.
- Qiang M, Zhao R. [A logistic regression analysis of relations between juvenile myopia and TV-watching, trace elements, and psychological characteristics]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1991;25(4):222–224.
- Gwiazda J, Deng L. Hours Spent on Visual Activities Differ Between Myopic and Non-Myopic Children. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(1):52.