Metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: an intriguing overlapping

References

• Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006;23:469–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2745–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:629–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008;29:777–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley N. How does the African–American culture affect the body image perception of its African–American women? Health Psychology, Vanderbilt University. 2009. Available from http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/2009/AfricanAmericanBodyImage.htm [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Differences in prevalence of obesity among black, white, and Hispanic adults – United States, 2006–2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:740–4. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5827a2.htm [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Millstein RA, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, et al. Relationships between body satisfaction and weight control practices among US adults. Medscape J Med 2008;10:119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rideout V, Hamil E. The media family: electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006. Available from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7500.pdf [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Hillsberg A. Obesity and the Black American: causes, culture, consequences, and cost. Available from: http://financesonline.com/obesity-and-the-black-american-causes-culture-consequences-and-cost/ [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Geloneze B, Vasques AC, Stabe CF, et al. HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome – Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS). Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009;53:281–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeira IR, Carvalho CN, Gazolla FM, et al. Cut-off point for Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index established from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve in the detection of metabolic syndrome in overweight pre-pubertal children. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2008;52:1466–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1415–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca C, Olefsky JM. Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett 2008;582:97–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt B, Bochud M, Burnier M. The association of aldosterone with obesity-related hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Semin Nephrol 2007;27:529–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cersosimo E, DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: the road map to cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:423–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healthy Weight – it’s not a diet, it’s a lifestyle! About BMI for Adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Overweight and Obesity. Basics About Childhood Obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Biro FM, Wien M. Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1499S–505S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen J, Hansen TW, Rasmussen S, et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2112–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fux Otta C, Fiol de Cuneo M, Szafryk de Mereshian P. Polycystic ovary syndrome: physiopathology review. Rev Fac Cien Med 2013;70:27–30
   Google Scholar
• The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41--7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer S, Li TC, Bygrave C, et al. An evaluation of the inter-observer and intra-observer variability of the ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovaries. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1616e22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandaraki E, Christakou C, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome… and vice versa. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009;53:227–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG, Kandarakis SA, Chrousos GP. Pathophysiology and types of dyslipidemia in PCOS. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18:280–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Palioniko G, Alexandraki K, et al. The prevalence of 4G5G polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene in polycystic ovarian syndrome and its association with plasma PAI-1 levels. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:793–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González F, Rote NS, Minium J, Kirwan JP. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:336–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Katsikis I, Piperi C, et al. Increased serum advanced glycation end products is a distinct finding in lean women with PCOS. Clin Endocrinol 2008;69:634–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Paterakis T, Kandarakis HA. Indices of low-grade inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1092:175–86. Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber-Buchholz MM, Carey DG, Norman RJ. Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1470--4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips G, Jing T, Heymsfield S. Does insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, or a sex hormone alteration underlie the metabolic syndrome? Studies in women. Metabolism 2008;57:838–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4237–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, et al. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:883–96
   Google Scholar
• Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Lord J, Moran LJ. The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002;13:251–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, de Simone G, Mancini M. Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001;11:401–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzo A, Amato MC, Giordano C. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:511–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell K, Antoni MH. Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1565–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndefo UA, Eaton A, Green MR. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of treatment options with a focus on pharmacological approaches. Pharm Ther 2013;38:336–55
   Google Scholar
• Yates T, Khunti K, Bull F, et al. The role of physical activity in the management of impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabetologia 2007;50:1116–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen N, Goodyear LJ Contraction signaling to glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:330–7
   Google Scholar
• Holloszy JO. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:338–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:493–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise, lipids, and lipoproteins in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol 2005;8:206–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendall D, Vail A, Amin R, et al. Metformin in obese children and adolescents: the MOCA trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:322–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MH, Kinra S, Ward KJ, et al. Metformin in obesity for children and adolescents: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1743–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin RJ. Thiazolidinedione therapy in the prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:280–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1096–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143–421
   Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao L, Zhao FL, Li SC. Statin is a reasonable treatment option for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120:357–75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaszewska B, Pawelczyk L, Spaczynski RZ, et al. Comparison of simvastatin and metformin in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: prospective randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:4938–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villines TC, Kim AS, Gore RS, Taylor AJ. Niacin: the evidence, clinical use, and future directions. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:49–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori TA. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:842–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao LG, Cao J, Mao QX, et al. Influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplementation on platelet aggregation in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2013;226:328–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meydani M. Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heart disease patients. Nutr Rev 2000;58:56–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1952--61
   Google Scholar
• Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2005;293:1724--37
   Google Scholar
• Mattar SG, Velcu LM, Rabinovitz M, et al. Surgically-induced weight loss significantly improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Surg 2005;242:610–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal M, Gunay Y, Capper A, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome and dramatically improves conception rates: a 9-year analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2012;8:440–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clomid (Clomiphene), prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis U.S.; 2006. Available from: http://products.sanofi.us/clomid/clomid.pdf [last accessed 11 Nov 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011;3:25–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farquhar C, Brown J, Marjoribanks J. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD001122
   Google Scholar