The impact of the conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan: A UK perspective

References

• Adler, A.B., Huffman, A.H., Bliese, P.D., Castro, C.A. (2005). The impact of deployment length and experience on the well-being of male and female soldiers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 121–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basoglu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobaric, C., Franciskovic, T., Suljic, E., Duric, D., Vranesic, M. (2005). Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia: Association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 580–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, T., Hull, L., Horn, O., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Fear, N.T., …Hotopf, M. (2007). Explanations for the increase in mental health problems in UK reserve forces who have served in Iraq. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, T., Iversen, A., Hull, L., Workman, L., Barker, C., Horn, O., …Fear, N.T. (2008). How do experiences in Iraq affect alcohol use amongst male UK Armed Forces personnel? Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 65, 628–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckman, J.E., Sundin, J., Greene, T., Fear, N.T., Dandeker, C., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S. (2011). The impact of deployment length on the health and well-being of military personnel: A systematic review of the literature. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 68, 69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbeck, R., Coomber, S., Robinson, S.M., Todd, C. (2002). Occupational stress in consultants in accident and emergency medicine: A national survey of levels of stress at work. Emergency Medicine Journal, 19, 234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P.A., Gibbs, A.C. (2003). Stress in police officers: A study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force. Occupational Medicine, 53, 256–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandeker, C., Eversden-French, C., Greenberg, N., Hatch, S., Riley, P., van Staden, L., Wessely, S. (2010). Laying down their rifles: The changing influences on the retention of volunteer British Army reservists returning from Iraq, 2003–2006. Armed Forces & Society, 36, 264–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedert, E.A., Green, K.T., Calhoun, P.S., Yoash-Gantz, R., Taber, K.H., Mumford, M. M., …Beckham, J.C. (2009). Association of trauma exposure with psychiatric morbidity in military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 830–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DASA (Defence Analytical Services and Advice) (2009a). UK Armed Forces psychiatric morbidity report: Annual Summary 2007. Available from http://www.dasa.mod.uk/applications/newWeb/www/index.php?page = 48&thiscontent = 1290&pubType = 0&date = 2009-03-23&disText = 2007%20Summary&from = historic&topDate = 2010-04-28&PublishTime = 09:30:00 (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• DASA (Defence Analytical Services and Advice) (2009b). UK Armed Forces psychiatric morbidity report: Annual Summary 2008. Available from http://www.dasa.mod.uk/applications/newWeb/www/index.php?page = 48&thiscontent = 1290&pubType = 0&date = 2009-09-30&disText = 2008%20Summary&from = historic&topDate = 2010-04-28&PublishTime = 09:30:00 (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• DASA (Defence Analytical Services and Advice) (2010). UK Armed Forces psychiatric morbidity report: Annual Summary 2009. Available from http://www.dasa.mod.uk/applications/newWeb/www/index.php?page = 48&pubType = 0&thiscontent = 1290&PublishTime = 09:30:00&date = 2010-04-28&disText = 2009%20Summary&from = listing&topDate = 2010-04-28 (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Defence Policy and Business News (2010a). Review of Reserve Forces gets underway. Available from http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/ReviewOfReserveForcesGetsUnderway.htm (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Defence Policy and Business News (2010b). New healthcare package for military veterans. Available from http://webarchive.nation alarchives.gov.uk/ + /http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Defence News/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/NewHealthcarePackage ForMilitaryVeterans.htm (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Dikel, T.N., Engdahl, B., Eberly, R. (2005). PTSD in former prisoners of war: Prewar, wartime, and postwar factors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Directorate of Reserve Forces and Cadets (2005). Future use of the UK's Reserve Forces. Available from http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3EB3D827-C128-4824-81BB-5DD4D7D88A5A/0/FutureReserveForcesFINAL31Jan05.pdf (accessed 8 March 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend, B.P., Turner, J.B., Turse, N.A., Adams, B.G., Koenen, K.C., Marshall, R. (2006). The psychological risks of Vietnam for US veterans: A revisit with new data and methods. Science, 313, 979–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear, N.T., Iversen, A., Meltzer, H., Workman, L., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., …Wessely, S (2007). Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces. Addiction, 102, 1749–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear, N.T., Jones, E., Groom, M., Greenberg, N., Hull, L., Hodgetts, T.J., Wessely, S. (2009a). Symptoms of post- concussional syndrome are non-specifically related to mild traumatic brain injury in UK Armed Forces personnel on return from deployment in Iraq: an analysis of self-reported data. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1379–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear, N.T., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Hull, L., Iversen, A.C., Coker, B., …Hotopf, M., Wessely, S. (2010). What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet, 375, 1783–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear, N.T., Rubin, G.J., Hatch, S., Hull, L., Jones, M., Hotopf, M., …Rona, R.J. (2009b). Job strain, rank, and mental health in the UK Armed Forces. International Journal of Occupational & Environmental Health, 15, 291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, M., Adler, A., Zamorski, M., Castro, C., Hanily, N., Steele, N., …Greenberg, N. (2010). Do stigma and other perceived barriers to mental health care differ across Armed Forces? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 103, 148–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger, T.A., Cozza, S.J., Ursano, R.J., Hoge, C., Martinez, P.E., Engel, C.C., Wain, H.J. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle-injured soldiers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1777–1783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker Hughes, J., Cameron, F., Eldridge, R., Devon, M., Wessely, ., Greenberg, . (2005). Going to war does not have to hurt: preliminary findings from the British deployment to Iraq. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 536–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoge, C.W., Castro, C.A., Messer, S.C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D.I., Koffman, R.L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C.W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J.L., Cox, A.L., Engel, C.C., Castro, C.A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in US soldiers returning from Iraq. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm, L., Cassidy, J.D., Carroll, L.J., Borg, . (2005). Summary of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Neurotrauma Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37, 137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, O., Hull, L., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Browne, T., Fear, N.T., …Wessely, S. (2006). Is there an Iraq war syndrome? Comparison of the health of UK service personnel after the Gulf and Iraq wars. Lancet, 367, 1742–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Fear, N.T., Browne, T., Horn, O., Iversen, A., …Wessely, S. (2006). The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: A cohort study. Lancet, 367, 1731–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House of Commons Defence Committee (2004). Lessons of Iraq. Third Report of Session 2003–2004. Available from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmdfence/57/57.pdf (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, A., Fear, N.T., Ehlers, A., Hacker Hughes, J., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., …Hotopf, M. (2008). Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychological Medicine, 38, 511–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen, A., van Staden, L., Hughes, J.H., Browne, T., Hull, L., Hall, J., …Fear, N.T.. (2009). The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: Using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E., Fear, N.T., Wessely, . (2007). Shell shock and mild traumatic brain injury: A historical review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1641–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H.K., Hyams, K.C. (2005). Mental health care needs among recent war veterans. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, ., Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston, V., Gould, M., Greenberg, N. (2007). Culture: What is its Effect on Stress in the Military? Military Medicine, 172 , 931–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston, V., Greenberg, N., Fear, N., Iversen, A., French, ., Wessely, . (2010). Stigma and mental health in the Royal Navy: A mixed methods paper. Journal of Mental Health, 19, 8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken, C.S., Auchterlonie, J.L., Hoge, C.W. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq War. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2141–2148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, K., Jones, N., Woodhead, C., Davies, M., Wessely, ., Greenberg, . (2010). Mental health of UK military personnel while on deployment in Iraq. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Audit Office. (2006). Ministry of Defence. Recruitment and retention in the Armed Forces. Report by the Controller and Auditor General; HC 1633-I session 2005–20061; 3 November 2006.
   Google Scholar
• NCCMH/NICE (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 26. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Royal College of Psychiatrists and the British Psychological Society. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/10966/29772/29772.pdf (accessed 2 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, M.A., DiGrande, L., Wheeler, K., Thorpe, L., Farfel, ., Brackbill, . (2007). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1385–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rona, R.J., Fear, N.T., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Earnshaw, M., Hotopf, ., Wessely, . (2007). Mental health consequences of overstretch in the UK Armed Forces: First phase of a cohort study. British Medical Journal, 335, 603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rona, R.J., Hooper, R., Jones, M., Hull, L., Browne, T., Horn, O., …Wessely, S. (2006). Mental health screening in armed forces before the Iraq war and prevention of subsequent psychological morbidity: Follow-up study. British Medical Journal, 333, 991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rona, R.J., Hooper, R., Jones, M., Iversen, A.C., Hull, L., Murphy, D., …Wessely, S. (2009). The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin, J., Fear, N.T., Hull, L., Jones, N., Dandeker, C., Hotopf, M., …Rona, R.J. (2010a). Rewarding and unrewarding aspects of deployment to Iraq and its association with psychological health in UK military personnel. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 83, 653–663.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundin, J., Fear, N.T., Iversen, A., Rona, R.J., Wessely, . (2010b). PTSD after deployment to Iraq: Conflicting rates, conflicting claims. Psychological Medicine, 40, 367–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin, J., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Rona, R.J., Hotopf, M., Wessely, ., Fear, N.T. (2010c). Mental health among commando, airborne and other UK infantry personnel. Occupational Medicine, 60, 552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, M. (2007). Army shakes up recruitment. Guardian, 5 April 2007. Available from from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/apr/05/advertising (accessed 4 March 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J.L.P., Wilk, J.E.P., Riviere, L.A.P., McGurk, D.P., Castro, C.A.P., Hoge, C.W.M.D. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M.A., Kiernan, M.D., McKechanie, A.G., Finch, P.J., McManus, F.B., Neal, L.A. (2005). Acute military psychiatric casualties from the war in Iraq. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 476–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unwin, C., Blatchley, N., Coker, W., Ferry, S., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., …Wessely, S. (1999). Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet, 353, 169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling, J.J., Proctor, S.P., Friedman, M.J., Hoge, C.W., Heeren, T., King, L.A., King, D.W. (2010). PTSD symptom increases in Iraq-deployed soldiers: Comparison with nondeployed soldiers and associations with baseline symptoms, deployment experiences, and postdeployment stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar