2,460
Views
145
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

First episode psychosis and employment: A review

, , , , &
Pages 148-162 | Published online: 26 May 2010

References

  • Addington J. The promise of early intervention. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007; 1(4)294–307
  • Addington J, Addington D. Social and cognitive functioning in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 99: 176–181
  • Addington J, Young J, Addington D. Social outcome in early psychosis. Psychological Medicine 33 2003; 6: 1119–1124
  • Barnes TRE, Hutton SB, Chapman MJ, Mutsatsa S, Puri BK, Joyce EM. West London first-episode study of schizophrenia: Clinical correlates of duration of untreated psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 207–211
  • Bassett J, Lloyd C, Bassett H. Work issues for young people with psychosis: Barriers to employment. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001; 64: 66–72
  • Becker DR, Drake RE. A Working Life: The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) Program. New Hampshire-Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center, Concord, NH 1993
  • Becker D, Whitley R, Bailey E, Drake R. Long-term employment trajectories among participants with severe mental illness in supported employment. Psychiatric Services 2007; 58: 922–928
  • Beiser M, Bean G, Erickson D, Zhang J. Biological and psychosocial predictors of job performance following a first episode of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 857–863
  • Bell M, Bryson G, Wexler BE. Cognitive remediation of working memory deficits: Durability of training effects in severely impaired and less severely impaired schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 108: 101–109
  • Bell MD, Bryson GJ, Greig TC, Fiszdon JM, Wexler BE. Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy: Productivity outcomes at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2005; 42: 829–838
  • Bell MD, Fiszdon J, Greig T, Wexler BE, Bryson GJ. Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy in schizophrenia: 6-month followup of neuropsychological performance. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2007; 44(5)761–770
  • Bell MD, Zito W, Greig T, Wexler BE. Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with vocational services: Work outcomes at two-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 105: 18–29
  • Bell, R., Ohlsen, R. I., O’Toole, M. S., Purvis, R. G., Tom Burns, Jocelyn Catty, et al. (2003). Developing a job coaching programme for first onset psychosis patients in the Southwark first episode psychosis service. Abstract, International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, 332.
  • R. P. Bentall, Simpson, P. W., Lee, D. A., Williams, S., Elves, S., Brabbins, C. et al. (2010). Motivation and avolition in schizophrenia patients: The role of self-efficacy. Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 2(1), 12–22.
  • Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, et al. Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: The OPUS trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 762–771
  • Bertram M, Howard L. Employment status and occupational care planning for people using mental health services. Psychiatric Bulletin 2006; 30: 48–51
  • Bennett D. The value of work in psychiatric rehabilitation. Social Psychiatry 1970; 5: 224–230
  • BGW. Graduate student in peril: A first person account of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2002; 28: 4, 745–755
  • Birchwood M, Iqbal Z, Chadwick. P, Trower P. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis: I. Ontogeny of post-psychotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 516–528
  • Birchwood M, Iqbal Z, Jackson C, Hardy K. Cognitive therapy and emotional dysfunction in early psychosis. Psychological Interventions in Early Psychosis: A Treatment Handbook, JFM Gleeson, PD McGorry. John Wiley, Chichester 2004; 209–228
  • Birchwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F, Copestake S, Kucharska J, Carriss M. The influence of ethnicity and family structure on relapse in first-episode schizophrenia. A comparison of Asian, Afro-Caribbean, and white patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 783–790
  • Birchwood M, Fiorillo A. The critical period for early intervention. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills 2000; 4: 182–198
  • Boevink WA. From Being a Disorder to Dealing with Life: An Experiential Exploration of the Association Between Trauma and Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2006; 32: 17–19
  • Bond GR, Becker DR, Drake RE, Rapp CA, Meisler N, Lehman, et al. Implementing supported employment as an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Services 2001; 52: 313–322
  • Bond GR, Drake RE. Predictors of competitive employment among patients with schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008; 21: 362–369
  • Bond G. Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2004; 27: 345–359
  • Bond GR, Drake RE, Becker DR. An update on randomised controlled trials of evidence based supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008; 31: 280–290
  • Bond GR, Resnick SG, Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Bebout RR. Does competitive employment improve non-vocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001b; 69: 489–501
  • Bond GR, Dietzen LL, McGrew JH, Miller LD. Accelerating entry into supported employment for persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology 1995; 40: 91–111
  • Brabban A, Kelly M. A national survey of psychosocial intervention training and skills in early intervention services in England. Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 2008; 3: 15–22
  • Brady M. Beating the odds–Nothing is impossible, it's just a road less travelled. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 204–211
  • Burchardt T. Employment Retention and the Onset of Sickness or Disability: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey Longitudinal Datasets. Department for Work and Pensions, in-house report no.109, London 2003
  • Burke-Miller J, Cook J, Grey D, Razzano L, Blyler C, Leff, et al. Demographic characteristics and employment among people with severe mental illness in a multisite study. Community Mental Health Journal 2006; 42: 143–159
  • Burns T, Catty J, Becker T, Drake RE, Fioritti A, Knapp M, et al. The effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: A randomised controlled trail in six European countries. Lancet 2007; 370: 1146–1152
  • Burns, T., Catty, J., White, S., Becker, T., Koletsi, M., Fioritti, A. et al. (2008). The impact of supported employment and working on clinical and social functioning: Results of an international study of individual placement and support. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
  • Bush PW, Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Haslett WR. the long-term impact of employment on mental health service use and costs for persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2009; 60: 1024–1031
  • Campbell T. First person account: Falling on the pavement. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000; 26: 507–509
  • Caron J, Lecomte Y, Stip E, Renaud S. Predictors of quality of life in schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal 2005; 41: 339–417
  • Catty J, Lissouba P, White S, Becker T, Drake RE, Fioritti, et al. Predictors of employment for people with severe mental illness: Results of an international six-centre randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 192: 224–231
  • Chapman RK. First person account: Eliminating delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2002; 28: 545–553
  • Chovil I. First psychosis prodrome: Rehabilitation and recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005; 28: 407–410
  • D. Clarke, & Winsor, J. (2010). Perceptions and needs of parents during a young adult's first psychiatric hospitalization: “We're All on This Little Island and We're Going to Drown Real Soon”. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(4), 242–247.
  • Cohen M. Emerging From schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 406–407
  • Collis M, Ekdawi MY. Social adjustments in rehabilitation. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1984; 7: 259–272
  • Cook JA, Razzano LA. Vocational rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: Recent research and implications for practice. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000; 26: 87–103
  • Cougnard A, Goumilloux R, Monello F, Verdoux H. Time between schizophrenia onset and first request for disability status in France and associated patient characteristics. Psychiatric Services 2007; 58: 1427–1432
  • A. Cougnard, Goumilloux, R., Monello, F., & Verdoux, H. (2009). Characteristics associated with duration of employment of persons with schizophrenia after first contact with psychiatric services. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 34(3), 365–371.
  • Craig TJK, Garety P, Power P, Rahaman N, Colbert S, Fornells-Ambrojo M, et al. The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. British Medical Journal 2004; 329: 1067
  • Craig TJK. Recovery: Say what you mean and mean what you say. Journal of Mental Health 2008; 17: 125–128
  • Crowther, R., Marshall, M., Bond, G. & Huxley, P. (2001). Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
  • Davis G. Coping with mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005; 28: 299–302
  • de Haan L, Linszen DH, Lenior ME, Doberlein de Win E, Gorsira R. Duration of untreated psychosis and outcome of schizophrenia: Delay in intensive psychosocial treatment versus delay in treatment with medication. Schizophrenia. Bulletin 2003; 29: 341–348
  • Dickerson FB, Stallings C, Origoni A, Boronow JJ, Sullens A, Yolken R. Predictors of occupational status six months after hospitalization in persons with a recent onset of psychosis. Psychiatry Research 2008; 160: 278–284
  • Dooley D. Unemployment, underemployment and mental health: Conceptualizing employment status as a continuum. American Journal of Community Psychology 2003; 32: 9–20
  • Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Becker DR, Anthony WA, Clark RE. The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996; 64: 391–399
  • Drake R, Bond G. The future of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008; 31: 367–376
  • Drake RE, Becker DR, Bond GR, Mueser KT. A process analysis of integrated and non-integrated approaches to supported employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 2003; 18: 51–58
  • Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bebout RR, Becker DR, Harris M, Bond, et al. A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 627–633
  • Dunn EC, Wewiorski NJ, Rogers ES. The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: Results of a qualitative study. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008; 32: 59–62
  • Dykstra T. First person account: How I cope. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 697–699
  • Evans JD, Bond GR, Meyer PS, Kim HW, Lysaker PH, Gibson PJ, et al. Cognitive and clinical predictors of success in vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 70: 331–342
  • Fekete DJ. How I quit being a “mental patient” and became a whole person with a neuro- chemical imbalance: Conceptual and functional recovery from a psychotic episode. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2004; 28: 189–194
  • Fowler D, Hodgekins J, Painter M, Reilly T, Crane C, Macmillan, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for improving social recovery in psychosis: A report from the ISREP MRC trial platform study (improving social recovery in early psychosis). Psychological Medicine 2009; 39: 1627–1636
  • Fowler D, Hodgekins J, Howells L, Millward M, Ivins A, Gavin, et al. Can targeted early intervention improve functional recovery in psychosis? An historical control evaluation of the effectiveness of different models of early intervention service provision in Norfolk 1998–2007. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009; 3: 282–288
  • Fox V. First person account: Schizophrenia, medication, and outpatient commitment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001; 27: 177–178
  • Garety PA, Craig TKJ, Dunn G, Fornells-Ambrojo M, Colbert S, Rahaman, et al. Specialised care for early psychosis: Symptoms, social functioning and patient satisfaction. Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 37–45
  • Garety PA, Rigg A. Early psychosis in the inner city: A survey to inform service planning. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2001; 36: 1–8
  • Gilfedder F. Working with schizophrenia: Personal insights into working with a psychiatric disability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2007; 31: 161–163
  • Gioia D, Brekke JS. Knowledge and use of employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by young adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 2003; 54: 302–304
  • Gioia D. Examining work delay in young adults with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 2006; 9: 167–190
  • S. M. Goulding, Chien, V. H., & Compton, M. T. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of school drop-out prior to initial treatment of nonaffective psychosis: Further evidence suggesting a need for supported education. Schizophrenia Research, 116, 228–233.
  • Greig TC, Zito W, Wexler BE, Fiszdon J, Bell MD. Improved cognitive function in schizophrenia after one year of cognitive training and vocational services. Schizophrenia Research 2007; 96: 156–161
  • Greenblat L. First person account: Understanding health as a continuum. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000; 26: 243–245
  • Gunnell D, Platt S, Hawton K. The economic crisis and suicide. British Medical Journal 2009; 338: 1891
  • Gupta S, Anderson NC, Arndt S. The Iowa longitudinal study of recent onset psychoses one year follow-up of first episode patients. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 23: 1–13
  • Harris MG, Henry LP, Harrigan SM, Purcell R, Schwartz OS, Farrelly SE, et al. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome: An eight year prospective study. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 79: 85–93
  • Harvey PD, Green MF, Keefe RS, Velligan DI. Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: A consensus statement on its role in the definition and evaluation of effective treatments for the illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004; 65: 361–372
  • Harvey SB, Henderson M, Lelliot P, Hotopf M. Mental health and employment: Much work still to be done. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 194: 201–203
  • Holthausen EA, Wiersma D, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Dingemans PM, Schene, et al. Predictive value of cognition for different domains of outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2007; 149: 71–80
  • International First Episode Vocational Recovery Group (In Press). Meaningful lives supporting young people with psychosis in education, training and employment: An international consensus statement. Early Intervention in Psychiatry
  • Jahoda M. Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982
  • Jones PB, Bebbington P, Foerster A, Lewis SW, Murray RM, Russell A, et al. Premorbid social underachievement in schizophrenia. Results from the Camberwell Collaborative Psychosis Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 162: 65–71
  • Jones K. Addressing the needs of carers during early psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009; 3: S22–S26
  • Judge AM, Estroff SE, Perkins DO, Penn DL. Recognizing and responding to early psychosis: A qualitative analysis of individual narratives. Psychiatric Services 2008; 59(1)96–99
  • Kelly J, Wellman N, Sin J. HEART - the Hounslow Early Active Recovery Team: Implementing an inclusive strength-based model of care for people with early psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2009; 16(6)569–577
  • Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE. Social consequences of psychiatric disorders. I. Educational attainment. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1026–1031
  • Killackey E, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD. Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: Individual placement and support versus treatment as usual. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 193: 114–120
  • Killackey E, Jackson HJ, Gleeson J, Hickie IB, McGorry PD. Exciting career opportunity beckons! Early intervention and vocational rehabilitation in first-episode psychosis: Employing cautious optimism. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 40: 951–962
  • Lam, M. M. L., Pearson, V., Ng, R. M. K., Law, C. W., Chiu, C. P. Y. & Chen, E. Y. H. (in press). What does recovery from schizophrenia mean? Perceptions of young first episode patients (personal communication).
  • Latimer EA, Lecomte T, Becker DR, Duclos I, Lahaie N, Xie H. Generalisability of the individual placement and support model of supported employment: Results of a Canadian randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 189: 65–73
  • Lau, A., Black, A. & Sturdy, V. (2008). Delivering race equality: Improving BME outcomes in education and employment. A London survey of early intervention in psychosis teams and links with the further education system.
  • Lauber C. Commentary: Individual placement and support improves employment of young people with first episode psychosis. Evidence-Based Mental Health 2009; 12: 53
  • Lee PJ. Hearing voices and seeing pictures. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005; 29: 73–76
  • Leff JP, Warner R. Social Inclusion of People with Mental Illness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006
  • Lehman AR, Steinwacks DM. Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia: Initial results from the schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT) client survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 11–20
  • Lehman AF. Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1995; 28: 8–15
  • Lent RW, Brown SD, Hackett G. Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2000; 47(1)36–49
  • Lehtinen V, Aaltonen J, Koffert T, Räkköläinen V, Syvälahti E. Two-year outcome in first-episode psychosis treated according to an integrated model. Is immediate neuroleptisation needed?. European Psychiatry 2000; 15: 313–320
  • Lewine R. Social class of origin, lost potential, and hopelessness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 76: 329–335
  • Lindenmayer JP, McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Khan A, Wance D, Hoffman L, et al. Cognitive remediation in persistently mentally ill inpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services 2008; 59: 241–247
  • Lundin RK. The mind will follow. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 618–622
  • MacDonald-Wilson K, Rogers ES, Anthony WA. Unique issues in assessing work function among individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2001; 11: 217–232
  • Macmillan I, Howells L, Kale K, Hackmann C, Taylor G, Kill K, et al. Social and symptomatic outcomes of first-episode bipolar psychoses in an early intervention service. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007; 1: 79–87
  • Major, B. S., Hinton, M. F., Flint, A., Chalmers-Brown, A., McLoughlin, K. & Johnson, S. (2009). Evidence of the effectiveness of a specialist vocational intervention following first episode psychosis: A naturalistic prospective cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, ?.
  • Mason P, Harrison G, Medley C, Dalkin T, Croudace T. Characteristics of outcome in schizophrenia at 13 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 167: 596–603
  • Markwood B. Nowhere to go except home. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005; 28: 303–304
  • Martindale B, Chaves AC, Corcoran C, Cullberg J, Johannessen JO, McGorry P, et al. First-episode psychoses: Recommended roles for the psychiatrist: World Psychiatric Association Committee on Education. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009; 3: 239–242
  • Marwaha S, Johnson S. Schizophrenia and employment: A review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004; 39: 337–349
  • Marwaha S, Balachandra S, Johnson S. Clinicians attitudes to the employment of people with psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008; 44: 349–360
  • McCann, T. V., Lubmans, D. I., Clark, E. (2009). First-time primary caregivers’ experience of caring for young adults with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
  • McGorry P. ‘Every me and every you’: Responding to the hidden challenge of mental illness in Australia. Australasian Psychiatry 2005; 13: 3–15
  • McGurk SR, Mueser KT. Cognitive functioning, symptoms, and work in supported employment: A review and heuristic model. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 70: 147–174
  • McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Pascaris A. Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: One year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 898–909
  • McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A. Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 164: 437–441
  • McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., DeRosa, T. J. & Wolfe, R. (2009). Work, recovery, and comorbidity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
  • Miettunen J, Lauronen E, Veijola J, Koponen H, Saarento O, Taanila A, et al. Socio-demographic and clinical predictors of occupational status in schizophrenic psychoses–Follow-up within the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Psychiatry Research 2007; 150: 217–225
  • Mitchell DP, Betts A, Epling M. Youth employment, mental health and substance misuse: A challenge to mental health services. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 2002; 9: 191–198
  • Morgan C, Mallett R, Hutchinson G, Bagalkote H, Morgan K, Fearon P, et al. Pathways to care and ethnicity I. Sample characteristics and compulsory admission: A report from the ÆSOP study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 186: 281–289
  • Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Mueser PR. A prospective analysis of work in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001; 27: 281–296
  • Mueser KT, Clark RE, Haines M, Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bond GR, et al. The Hartford study of supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004; 72: 479–490
  • Murphy MA. First person account: Meaning of psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 541–543
  • Ng RMK, Pearson V, Chen EYH. What does recovery from schizophrenia mean? Perceptions of psychiatrists. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 2008; 1: 73–84
  • Norman RGM, Malla AK, Manchanda R, Windell D, Harricharan R, Takhar, et al. Does treatment delay predict occupational functioning in first-episode psychosis?. Schizophrenia Research 2007; 91: 259–262
  • Nuechterlein K, Subotnik K, Ventura J, Gitlin M, Gretchen-Doorly D, Green M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of supported employment and education and workplace skills training in recent onset schizophrenia: Notable improvements in work recovery. Schizophrenia Research 2008a; 102/1–3(2)1–279
  • Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL, Turner LR, Ventura J, Becker DR, Drake RE. Individual placement and support for individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia: Integrating supported education and supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2008b; 31: 340–349
  • D. C. Owens, Johnstone, E. C., Miller, P., Macmillan, J. F., & Crow, T. J. (2010). Duration of untreated illness and outcome in schizophrenia: test of predictions in relation to relapse risk. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 296–301.
  • Parlato P, Lloyd C, Bassett J. Young Occupations Unlimited: An early intervention pogramme for young people with psychosis. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 1999; 62: 113–116
  • Parker C. First person account: Landing a Mars Lander. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001; 27: 717–718
  • Parsonage, M. (2009). Commissioning what works: The economic and financial case for supported employment. Breifing paper 41. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health.
  • Perkins, R. & Goddard, K. (2009). Sharing responsibility for risk and risk-taking - Module 5. In Realising Recovery Learning Materials, NHS Scotland and the Scottish Recovery Network.
  • Perkins R, Farmer P, Litchfield P. Realising Ambitions: Better Employment Support for People with a Mental Health Condition. Department for Work and Pensions, London 2009
  • Perry BM, Taylor D, Shaw SK. ‘You’ve got to have a positive state of mind’: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of hope and first episode psychosis. Journal of Mental Health 2007; 16: 781–793
  • R. Popolo, Vinci, G., & Balbi, A. (2010). Cognitive function, social functioning and quality of life in first-episode psychosis: A 1-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 14, 33–40.
  • Porteous N, Waghorn G. Implementing evidence-based employment services in new zealand for young adults with psychosis: Progress during the first five years. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2007; 70: 521–526
  • Rector NA, Beck AT, Stolar N. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A cognitive perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 50: 247–257
  • C. Redmond, Larkin, M., & Harrop, C. (2010). The personal meaning of romantic relationships for young people with psychosis. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Doi: 10.1177/1359104509341447.
  • Reininghaus UA, Morgan C, Simpson J, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Doody GA, et al. Unemployment, social isolation, achievement–expectation mismatch and psychosis: Findings from the ÆSOP study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008; 43: 743–751
  • Rinaldi M, McNeil KM, Firn M, Kolesti M, Perkins R, Singh S. What are the benefits of evidence-based supported employment for patients with first episode psychosis?. Psychiatric Bulletin 2004; 28: 281–284
  • Rinaldi, M., Perkins, R., McNeil, K., Hickman, N. & Singh, S.P. (in press). The individual placement and support approach to vocational rehabilitation for young people with first episode psychosis in the UK. Journal of Mental Health.
  • Rinaldi M, Perkins R. Comparing employment outcomes for two vocational services: Individual placement and support and non-integrated prevocational services in the UK. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 2007; 27: 21–27
  • Rinaldi M, Perkins R, Glynn E, Montibeller T, Clenaghan M, Rutherford J. Individual placement and support: From research to practice. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2008; 13: 50–60
  • M. Rinaldi, Miller, L., & Perkins, R. (2010) Implementing the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach for people with mental health conditions in England. International Review of Psychiatry, 22, 163–172.
  • Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 161: 473–479
  • Roe, D. (2001). Progressing from patienthood to personhood across the multidimensional outcomes in Schizophrenia and related disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(10), 691–699.
  • Rosenheck R, Leslie D, Keefe R, et al. Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 411–417
  • Ryan M, Marshall T, Thorburn B, LeDrew K, Hogan K. Clients perceptions of factors related to finding and maintaining employment. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 86: S146, 0379
  • Sands JR, Harrow M. Depression During the Longitudinal Course of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999; 25: 157–172
  • Scotti P. Recovery as discovery. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009; 35: 844–846
  • Secker J, Grove B, Seebohm P. Challenging barriers to employment, training and education for mental health clients: The client's perspective. Journal of Mental Health 2001; 10: 395–404
  • Shepherd G. The value of work in the 1980s. Psychiatric Bulletin 1989; 13: 231–233
  • Shepherd G, Murray A, Muijen M. Perspectives on schizophrenia: The views of users, relatives and professionals. Journal of Mental Health 1995; 4: 403–422
  • Shepherd G, Boardman J, Slade M. Making Recovery a Reality. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, London 2008
  • A. Shrivastava, Johnston, M., Shah, N., & Bureau, Y. (2010). Redefining outcome measures in schizophrenia: integrating social and clinical parameters. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 120–126.
  • Sim K, Mahendran R, Siris SG, Heckers S, Chong SA. Subjective quality of life in first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders with comorbid depression. Psychiatry Research 2004; 129: 141–147
  • Singh SP, Croudace T, Amin S, Kwiecinski R, Medley I, Jones PB, et al. Three-year outcome of first-episode psychoses in an established community psychiatric service. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 176: 210–216
  • Singh SP, Grange T, Vijaykrishnan A, Francis S, White S, Disher H, et al. One-year outcome of an early intervention in psychosis service: A naturalistic evaluation. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007; 1: 282–287
  • Singh SP, Greenwood N, White S, Churchill R. Ethnicity and Detention under the Mental Health Act 1983: A Systematic Review. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 191: 99–105
  • Singh SP, Grange T. Measuring pathways to care in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 81: 75–82
  • Singh SP, Burns T. Race and mental health: There is more to race than racism. British Medical Journal 2006; 333: 648–651
  • Siris SG. Depression in schizophrenia: perspective in the era of ‘atypical’ antipsychotic agents. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1379–1389
  • P. S. K. Siu, Tsang, H. W. H., & Bond, G. R. (2010). Nonvocational outcomes for clients with severe mental illness. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(1), 15–24.
  • Stirling J, White C, Lewis S, Hopkins R, Tantam D, Huddy A, et al. Neurocognitive function and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A 10-year follow-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophrenia Research 2003; 65: 75–86
  • Swarbrick M. A wellness approach. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2006; 29: 311–314
  • Tirupati NS, Rangaswamy T, Raman P. Duration of untreated psychosis and treatment outcome in schizophrenia patients untreated for many years. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 38: 339–343
  • Tsang H, Lam P, Ng B, Leung O. Predictors of employment outcome for people with psychiatric disabilities: A review of the literature since the mid 80s. Journal of Rehabilitation 2000; 66: 19–31
  • Turnbull JE, George LK, Landerman R, Swartz MS, Blazer DG. Social outcomes related to age of onset among psychiatric disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58: 832–839
  • M. A. Turner, Boden, J. M., Smith-Hamel, C., & Mulder, R. T. (2009). Outcomes for 236 patients from a 2-year early intervention in psychosis service. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 120(2), 129–137.
  • Turner, N., Browne, S., Clarke, M., Gervin, M., Larkin, C., & Waddington, J.L. et al. (2009). Employment status amongst those with psychosis at first presentation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
  • Twamley EW, Jeste DV, Lehman AF. Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: A literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2003; 191: 515–523
  • United Nations (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • Vauth R, Corrigan PW, Clauss M, et al. Cognitive strategies versus self-management skills as adjunct to vocational rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 55–66
  • Warner, R. (1994). Recovery from Schizophrenia: Psychiatry and Political Economy, second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Warner R. Recovery from Schizophrenia and the Recovery Model. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2009; 22: 374–380
  • Weingarten R. Calculated risk-taking and other recovery processes for my psychiatric disability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005; 29: 77–80
  • Wewiorski NJ, Fabian ES. Association between demographic and diagnostic factors and employment outcomes for people with psychiatric disabilities: A synthesis of recent research. Mental Health Services Research 2004; 6: 9–21
  • Wing JK, Brown GW. Institutionalism and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Three Mental Hospitals. Cambridge University Press, London 1970
  • Wong KW, Chiu R, Tang B, Mak D, Liu J, Chiu SN. A randomized controlled trial of a supported employment program for persons with long-term mental illness in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Services 2008; 59: 84–90
  • Wong C, Davidson L, Anglin D, Link B, Gerson R, Malaspina D, et al. Stigma in families of individuals in early stages of psychotic illness: Family stigma and early psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009; 3: 108–115

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.