Beyond the first episode: Candidate factors for a risk prediction model of schizophrenia

References

• Addington J, Van Mastrigt S, Addington D. Patterns of premorbid functioning in first-episode psychosis: Initial presentation. Schizophrenia Research 2003; 62: 23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addington J, Van Mastrigt S, Addington D. Duration of untreated psychosis: Impact on 2-year outcome. Psychological Medicine 2004; 34: 277–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleman A, Kahn RS, Selten J-P. Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: Evidence from meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 565–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amminger GP, McGorry PD, Berger GE, Wade D, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, et al. Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 2007; 61: 1215–1217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amminger GP, Schäfer M, Papageorgiou K, Harrigan S, Cotton S, McGorry P, et al. Indicated prevention of psychotic disorders with long-chainomega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 102: S252
   Google Scholar
• Amore M, Balista C, McCreadie RG, Cimmino C, Pisani F, Bevilacqua G, et al. Can breast-feeding protect against schizophrenia?. Biology of the Neonate 2003; 83: 97–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, Perto G, Munk-Jørgensen P. Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 187: 510–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: Examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 184: 110–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher-Svanum H, Faries DE, Zhu B, Ernst FR, Swartz MS, Swanson JW. Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashdown H, Dumont Y, Ng M, Poole S, Boksa P, Luheshi GN. The role of cytokines in mediating effects of prenatal infection in the fetus: Implications for schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 2006; 11: 47–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atladóttir HO, Pedersen MG, Thorsen P, Mortensen PB, Deleuran B, Eaton WW, et al. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 687–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Schroder J. Neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia: A follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2337–2343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailer J, Bräuer W, Rey ER. Premorbid adjustment as predictor of outcome in schizophrenia: Results of a prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1996; 93: 368–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes TRE, Mutsatsa SH, Hutton SB, Watt HC, Joyce EM. Comorbid substance abuse and age of onset of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett JH, Werners U, Secher SM, Hill KE, Brazil R, Masson K, et al. Substance use in a population-based clinic sample of people with first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 190: 515–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer TA, Falkai P, Maier W. Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: The basis of the ‘two-hit hypothesis’. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1999; 33: 543–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennouna M, Greene VB, Defranoux L. Cholinergic hypothesis in psychosis following traumatic brain injury and cholinergic hypothesis in schizophrenia: A link?. Encephale 2007; 33: 616–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger GE, Proffitt TM, McConchie M, Yuen H, Wood SJ, Amminger GP, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007; 68: 1867–1875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman SM, Kuczenski R, McCracken JT, London ED. Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: A review. Molecular Psychiatry 2009; 14: 123–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Øhlenschlaeger J, Le Quach P, et al. Course of illness in a sample of 265 patients with first-episode psychosis–five-year follow-up of the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophrenia Research 2009; 107: 173–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchwood M, McGorry P, Jackson H. Early intervention in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 2–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C. Early intervention in psychosis: The critical period hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: S33, 53–59
   Google Scholar
• Bodén R, Sundström J, Lindström E, Lindström L. Association between symptomatic remission and functional outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2009; 107: 232–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boks PM, Russo S, Knegtering R, van den Bosch RJ. The specificity of neurological signs in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Research 2000; 43: 109–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boks MP, Selten JP, Leask S, Castelein S, van den Bosch RJ. Negative association between a history of obstetric complications and the number of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenic disorder. Psychiatry Research 2007; 149: 273–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bombin I, Arango C, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia: Two decades later. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 962–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouras N, Martin G, Leese M, Vanstraelen M, Holt G, Thomas C, et al. Schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses in people with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2004; 48: 548–555
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bow-Thomas CC, Velligan DI, Miller AL, Olsen J. Predicting quality of life from symptomatology in schizophrenia at exacerbation and stabilization. Psychiatric Research 1999; 86: 131–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boydell J, van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: Ecological study into interactions with the environment. British Medical Journal 2001; 323: 1336–1338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier A, Buchanan RW, Irish D, Carpenter WT, Jr. Clozapine treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: Outcome and long-term response patterns. Psychiatric Services 2000; 51: 1249–1253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breier AF, Malhotra AK, Su TP, Pinals DA, Elman I, Adler CM, et al. Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: Effects on symptoms, Parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 294–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breunis MN, Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Suppes T, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, et al. High numbers of circulating activated T cells and raised levels of serum IL-2 receptor in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 53: 157–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Begg MD, Gravenstein S, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ, Bresnahan M, et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004; 61: 774–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Bottiglieri T, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP, Jr, Liu L, Bresnahan M, et al. Elevated prenatal homocysteine levels as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007; 64: 31–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Cohen P, Greenwald S, Susser E. Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 438–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP, Jr, Liu L, Babulas VP, Susser ES. Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 767–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Vinogradov S, Kremen WS, Poole JH, Deicken RF, Penner JD, et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal infection and executive dysfunction in adult schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 66: 683–690
   Google Scholar
• Butzlaff RL, Hooley JM. Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998; 55: 547–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bühler B, Hambrecht M, Löffler W, an der Heiden W, Häfner H. Precipitation and determination of the onset and course of schizophrenia by substance abuse–a retrospective and prospective study of 232 population-based first illness episodes. Schizophrenia Research 2002; 54: 243–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buka SL, Tsuang MT, Torrey EF, Klebanoff MA, Bernstein D, Yolken RH. Maternal infections and subsequent psychosis among offspring. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 1032–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Agerbo E, Bennedsen B, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: A Danish national register based study. Schizophrenia Research 2007; 97: 51–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Agerbo E, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia–A Danish national register based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004; 39: 87–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Agerbo E, Ewald H, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: A case-control study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 673–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne M, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB. Family history of psychiatric disorders and age at first contact in schizophrenia: An epidemiological study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; S43: 19–25
   Google Scholar
• Byrne A, Kirby B, Zibin T, Ensminger S. Psychiatric and neurological effects of chronic solvent abuse. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 36: 735–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn W, Rais M, Stigter FP, van Haren NE, Caspers E, Hulshoff Pol HE, et al. Psychosis and brain volume changes during the first five years of schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 19: 147–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn W, van Haren NE, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Caspers E, Laponder DA, et al. Brain volume changes in the first year of illness and 5-year outcome of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 189: 381–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM. Obstetrical complications and schizophrenia: Historical and meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1080–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon-Spoor HE, Potkin SG, Wyatt RJ. Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1982; 8: 470–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor-Grae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 12–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantwell R, Brewin J, Glazebrook C, Dalkin T, Fox R, Medley I, et al. Prevalence of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 74: 150–153
   Google Scholar
• Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, et al. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: The Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 162–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter WT, Strauss JS. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: IV. Eleven-year follow-up of the Washington IPSS cohort. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1991; 179: 517–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll LS, Owen MJ. Genetic overlap between autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genome Medicine 2009; 1: 102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarti A. Population genetics–Making sense out of sequence. Nature Genetics 1999; 21: S56–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, Yu. Y, Gong QY. Neurological soft signs in non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2009a, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19925825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, Yu Y, Wang W. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009b, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19377058
   Google Scholar
• Chen CK, Lin SK, Sham PC, Ball D, Loh EW, Hsiao CC, et al. Pre-morbid characteristics and co-morbidity of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33: 1407–1414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton MT, Bollini AM, McKenzie , Mack L, Kryda AD, Rutland J, et al. Neurological soft signs and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, their first-degree biological relatives, and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophrenia Research 2007a; 94: 64–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Compton MT, Carter T, Bergner E, Franz L, Stewart T, Trotman H, et al. Defining, operationalizing and measuring the duration of untreated psychosis: Advances, limitations and future directions. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007b; 1: 236–250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton MT, Kelley ME, Ramsay CE, Pringle M, Goulding SM, Esterberg ML, et al. Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009a; 166: 1251–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton MT, Walker EF. Physical manifestations of neurodevelopmental disruption: Are minor physical anomalies part of the syndrome of schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009b; 35: 425–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conus P, Cotton S, Schimmelmann BG, McGorry PD, Lambert M. Pretreatment and outcome correlates of sexual and physical trauma in an epidemiological cohort of first-episode psychosis patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19386579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper C, Morgan C, Byrne M, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Hutchinson G, et al. Perceptions of disadvantage, ethnicity and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 192: 185–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran CM, Kimhy D, Stanford A, Khan S, Walsh J, Thompson J, et al. Temporal association of cannabis use with symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 106: 286–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craddock N, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ. The genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Dissecting psychosis. Journal of Medical Genetics 2005; 42: 193–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig TK, Garety P, Power P, Rahaman N, Colbert S, Fornells-Ambrojo M, et al. The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. British Medical Journal 2004; 329: 1067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow TJ. Genetic hypotheses for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 191: 180–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crumlish N, Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, Kamali M, Gervin M, et al. Beyond the critical period: Longitudinal study of 8-year outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 194: 18–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullberg J, Mattsson M, Levander S, Holmqvist R, Tomsmark L, Elingfors C, et al. Treatment costs and clinical outcome for first episode schizophrenia patients: A 3-year follow-up of the Swedish ‘Parachute Project’ and two comparison groups. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006; 114: 274–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalman C, Allebeck P, Gunnell D, Harrison G, Kristensson K, Lewis G, et al. Infections in the CNS during childhood and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness: A cohort study of more than one million Swedish subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 165: 59–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGratm J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of northern hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia. Bulletin 2003; 29: 587–593
   Google Scholar
• Dazzan P, Lloyd T, Morgan KD, Zanelli J, Morgan C, Orr K, et al. Neurological abnormalities and cognitive ability in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 193: 197–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dazzan P, Murray RM. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 181: 50–57, Supplement
   Google Scholar
• de Haan L, Linszen DH, Lenior ME, de Win ED, Gorsira R. Duration of untreated psychosis and outcome of schizophrenia: Delay in intensive psychosocial treatment versus delay in treatment with antipsychotic medication. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2003; 29: 341–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis?. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 51: 556–565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeLisi LE. The significance of age of onset for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1992; 18: 209–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi LE. The concept of progressive brain change in schizophrenia: Implications for understanding schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 312–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi LE, Boccio AM, Riordan H, Hoff AL, Dorfman A, McClelland J, et al. Familial thyroid disease and delayed language development in first admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 1991; 38: 39–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva MJ, McKenzie K, Harpham T, Huttly SR. Social capital and mental illness: A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005; 59: 619–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Boronow J, Stallings C, Origoni AE, Ruslanova I, Yolken RH. Association of serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus 1 with cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 466–472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson FB, Ringel N, Parente F. Predictors of residential independence among outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1999; 50: 515–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Shrout PE, Schwartz S, Naveh G, Link BG, et al. Socioeconomic status, psychiatric disorders and causation-selection issue. Science 1992; 255: 946–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Done DJ, Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Golding J, Shepherd PM, Crow TJ. Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: Data from the British perinatal mortality survey sample. British Medical Journal 1991; 202: 1576–1580
   Google Scholar
• Dosseter DR. ‘All that glitters is not gold’: Misdiagnosis of psychosis in pervasive developmental disorders–A case series. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007; 12: 537–548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake RJ, Dunn G, Tarrier N, Bentall RP, Haddock G, Lewis SW. Insight as a predictor of the outcome of first-episode nonaffective psychosis in a prospective cohort study in England. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007; 68: 81–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drukker M, Buka SL, Kaplan C, McKenzie K, van Os J. Social capital and young adolescents, perceived health in different sociocultural settings. Social Science and Medicine 2005; 61: 185–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drukker M, Kaplan C, Feron F, van Os J. Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital: A contextual analysis. Social Science and Medicine 2003; 57: 825–841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, et al. Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: Linkage of Danish national registers. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 521–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Hayward C, Ram R. Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: A review. Schizophrenia Research 1992; 6: 181–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Agerbo. E, Byrne M, Mors O, Ewald H. Coeliac disease and schizophrenia: Population based case control study with linkage of Danish national registers. British Medical Journal 2004; 7437: 438–439
   Google Scholar
• Edwards J, McGorry PD, Wadell FM, Harrigan SM. Enduring negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis: Comparison of six methods using follow-up data. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 40: 147–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers S, Gillberg C. The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 1993; 34: 1327–1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Chiliza B, Schoeman R. Predictors of long-term outcome in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008; 21: 173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Oosthuizen PP, Kidd M, Koen L, Niehaus DJ, Turner HJ. Remission in first-episode psychosis: Predictor variables and symptom improvement patterns. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1707–1712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etain B, Henry C, Bellivier F, Mathieu F, Leboyer M. Beyond genetics: Childhood affective trauma in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2008; 10: 867–876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney GO. Juvenile onset diabetes and schizophrenia. Lancet 1989; 8673: 1214–1215
   Google Scholar
• Fisher HL, Craig TK, Fearon P, Morgan K, Dazzan P, Lappin J, et al. Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients’ retrospective reports of childhood abuse. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19776204
   Google Scholar
• Fleminger S. Long-term psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2008; S42: 123–130
   Google Scholar
• Flyckt L, Mattsson M, Edman G, Carlsson R, Cullberg J. Predicting 5-year outcome in first-episode psychosis: Construction of a prognostic rating scale. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67: 916–924
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Hultman CM. Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1034–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguli R, Rabin BS, Kelly RH, Lyte M, Ragu U. Clinical and laboratory evidence of autoimmunity in acute schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1987; 496: 676–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattaz WF, Abrahao AL, Foccacia R. Childhood meningitis, brain maturation and the risk of psychosis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2004; 254: 23–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes J, Mercer G, Frith CD, Macmillan F, Owens DGC, Johnstone EC. Prediction of outcome following a first episode of schizophrenia: A follow-up study of Northwick Park first episode study subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 165: 664–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilvarry CM, Sham PC, Jones PB, Cannon M, Wright P, Lewis SW, et al. Family history of autoimmune diseases in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 19: 33–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff DC, Sullivan LM, McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA, Daumit GL, et al. Association between psychotic disorder and urban place of birth is not mediated by obstetric complications or childhood socio-economic position: A cohort study. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33: 723–731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. C. Goff, Cather, C., Evins, A. E., Henderson, D. C., Freudenreich, O., Copeland, P. M., et al. (2005). Medical morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia: guidelines for psychiatrists. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 183–194.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg EM, Morrison SL. Schizophrenia and social class. British Journal of Psychiatry 1963; 109: 785–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourion D, Goldberg C, Bourdel M-C, Bayle. FJ, Loo H, Krebs M-O. Minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia and their parents: Prevalence and pattern of craniofacial abnormalities. Psychiatry Research 2004; 125: 21–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gourion D, Goldberg C, Bourdel M-C, Bayle. FJ, Millet B, Olie J-P, et al. Neurological soft-signs and minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: Differential transmission within families. Schizophrenia Research 2003; 63: 181–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goswami U, Sharma A, Khastigir U, Ferrier IN, Young AH, Gallagher P, et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction, soft neurological signs and social disability in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 366–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green AI, Tohen MF, Hamer RM, Strakowski SM, Lieberman JA, Glick I, et al. First episode schizophrenia-related psychosis and substance use disorders: Acute response to olanzapine and haloperidol. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 66: 125–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafner H, an der Heiden W. The course of schizophrenia in the light of modern follow-up studies: The ABC and WHO studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1999; 249: S4, 14–26
   Google Scholar
• Hafner H, Maurer K, Loffler W, Riecher-Roessler A. The influence of age and sex on the response and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 162: 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrecht M, Häfner H. Cannabis, vulnerability, and the onset of schizophrenia: An epidemiological perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: 468–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare E, Glahn DC, Dassori A, Raventos H, Nicolini H, Ontiveros A, et al. Heritability of age of onset of psychosis in schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2009, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19350535
   Google Scholar
• Harris D, Batki SL. Stimulant psychosis: Symptom profile and acute clinical course. American Journal on Addictions 2000; 9: 28–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris MG, Henry LP, Harrigan SM, Purcell R, Schwartz OS, Farrelly SE, et al. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome: An eight-year prospective study. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 79: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison G, Croudace T, Mason P, Glazebrook C, Medley I. Predicting the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 1996; 26: 697–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkilä J, Karlsson H, Taiminen T, Lauerma H, Ilonen T, Leinonen KM, et al. Expressed emotion is not associated with disorder severity in first-episode mental disorder. Psychiatry Research 2002; 111: 155–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. British Medical Journal 2005; 330: 11–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesdroffer DC, Rauch SL, Tamminga CA. Long-term psychiatric outcomes following traumatic brain injury: A review of the literature. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2009; 24: 452–459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hickie IB, Banati R, Stewart CH, Lloyd AR. Are common childhood or adolescent infections risk factors for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?. Medical Journal of Australia 2009; 190: S4, 17–21
   Google Scholar
• Hickling FW, McKenzie K, Mullen R, Murray R. A Jamaican psychiatrist evaluates diagnoses at a London psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 175: 283–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofvander B, Delorme R, Chaste P, Nydén A, Wentz E, Ståhlberg O, et al. Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9: 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 30: 193–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel BJ, Schaefer CA, McKeague IW, Susser ES, Brown AS. Maternal iron deficiency and the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1136–1144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009; 460: 748–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: Cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2000; 34: 45–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, et al. Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychological Medicine 1992; 992: 1–97
   Google Scholar
• Job DE, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Owens DG, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Grey matter changes can improve the prediction of schizophrenia in subjects at high risk. BMC Medicine 2006; 4: 29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P, Done DJ. From birth to onset: A developmental perspective of schizophrenia in two national birth cohorts. Neurodevelopmental models of psychopathology, MS Keshaven, RM Murray. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997; 119–136
   Google Scholar
• Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398–1402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongbloet PH, van Soestbergen M, van der Veen EA. Month-of-birth distribution of diabetics and ovopathy: A new aetiological view. Diabetes Research 1988; 9: 51–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juvonen H, Reunanen A, Haukka J, Muhonen M, Suvisaari J, Arajärvi R, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia in a nationwide cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007; 64: 894–899
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane J, Marder SR, Schooler NR, Wirshing WC, Umbricht D, Baker RW, et al. Clozapine and haloperidol in moderately refractory schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 965–972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karetkin C, White T, Bingham CJ. Shared and nonshared symptoms in youth-onset psychosis and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2009, Epub ahead of print: PMID: 19805623
   Google Scholar
• Kelleher I, Harley M, Lynch F, Arseneault L, Fitzpatrick C, Cannon M. Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 193: 378–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly BD, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL, Feeney L, Browne S, Scully PJ, et al. Schizophrenia and the city: A review of literature and prospective study of psychosis and urbanicity in Ireland. Schizophrenia Research 2010; 116: 75–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, O’Hare A, Spellman M, Walsh D. The Roscommon family study. 1. Methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 527–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khashan AS, Abel KM, McNamee R, Pedersen MG, Webb RT, Baker PN, et al. Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal exposure to serious adverse life events. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 146–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim E. Does traumatic brain injury predispose individuals to develop schizophrenia?. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008; 21: 286–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter WT, Jr. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 165–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Herrera Castanedo S, Vazquez-Barquero JL. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia: Cantabria, Spain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002a; 190: 526–532
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Messias E, LaPorte D. Schizoid-like features and season of birth in a nonpatient sample. Schizophrenia Research 2008; 103: 151–155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Ram R, Amador XF, Buchanan RW, McGlashan T, Tohen M, et al. Summer birth and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1221–1226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Tek C, Allardyce J, Morrison G, McCreadie R. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway, southwestern Scotland. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002b; 159: 1382–1387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight J, Knight A, Ungvari G. Can autoimmune mechanisms account for the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 533–540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight JG, Menkes DB, Highton J, Adams DD. Rationale for a trial of immunosuppressive therapy in acute schziophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 2007; 12: 424–431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koponen H, Rantakallio P, Veijola J, Jones P, Jokelainen J, Isohanni M. Childhood central nervous system infections and risk for schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2004; 254: 9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krabbendam L, van Os J. Schizophrenia and urbanicity: A major environmental influence–conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 795–799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kringlen E. Twin studies in schizophrenia with special emphasis on concordance figures. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2000; 97: 4–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Post RM, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Denicoff KD, et al. High rate of autoimmune thyroiditis in bipolar disorder: Lack of association with lithium exposure. Biological Psychiatry 2002; 51: 305–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert TJ. The medical care of people with psychosis. Medical Journal of Australia 2009; 190: 171–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen TK, Moe LC, Vibe-Hansen L, Johannessen JO. Premorbid functioning versus duration of untreated psychosis in 1 year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2000; 45: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson K, Elding-Larsson H, Cederwall E, Kockum K, Neiderud J, Sjöblad S, et al. Genetic and perinatal factors as risk for childhood type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2004; 20: 429–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrie SM, Byrne M, Miller P, Hodges A, Clafferty RA, Cunningham Owens DG, et al. Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 524–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Hall J, Owens DG, Johnstone EC. Brain structure and function changes during the development of schizophrenia: The evidence from studies of subjects at increased genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 330–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leask SJ, Done DJ, Crow TJ. Adult psychosis, common childhood infections and neurological soft signs in a national birth cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 181: 387–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leask SJ, Done DJ, Crow TJ, Richards M, Jones PB. No association between breast-feeding and adult psychosis in two national birth cohorts. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 218–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecrubier Y, Azorin M, Bottai T, Dalery J, Garreau G, Lemperiere T, et al. Consensus on the practical use of amisulpride, an atypical antipsychotic, in the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2001; 44: 41–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeson VC, Barnes TR, Hutton SB, Ron MA, Joyce EM. IQ as a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal, four-year study of first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2009; 107: 55–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leff J, Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G. The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: 5-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine 1992; 22: 131–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencz T, Smith CW, Auther A, Correll CU, Cornblatt B. Nonspecific and attenuated negative symptoms in patients at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 68: 37–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenoir P, Bodier C, Desombre H, Malvy J, Abert B, Ould Taleb M, et al. Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders. A Review. Encephale 2009; 35: 36–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenior ME, Dingemans PM, Schene AH, Linszen DH. Predictors of the early 5-year course of schizophrenia: A path analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 781–791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester H, Birchwood M, Bryan S, England E, Rogers H, Sirvastava N. Development and implementation of early intervention services for young people with psychosis: Case study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 194: 446–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. Efficacy and extrapyramidal side-effects of the new antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional antipsychotics and placebo: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 35: 51–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene JE, Lancee W, Seeman MV, Skinner H, Freeman SJ. Family and patient predictors of symptomatic status in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 54: 446–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Koethe D, Klosterkötter J, Ruslanova I, Krivogorsky B, et al. Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2004; 254: 4–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis DA, Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annual Review of Neurosciences 2002; 25: 409–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis G, David A, Andreasson S, Allebeck P. Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 1992; 340: 137–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, et al. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: A population-based study. Lancet 2009; 373: 234–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle PK. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine 1987a; 17: 49–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle PK. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987b; 151: 145–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle PJ, Barnes TRE. Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 151: 145–151
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA. A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 80: 45–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Safferman Z, Pollack S, Szymanski S, Johns C, Howard A, et al. Clinical effects of clozapine in chronic schizophrenia: Response to treatment and predictors of outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1744–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd T, Dazzan P, Dean K, Park SB, Fearon P, Doody GA, et al. Minor physical anomalies in patients with first-episode psychosis: Their frequency and diagnostic specificity. Psychological Medicine 2008; 38: 71–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacSweeney D, Timms P, Johnson A. Thryo-endocrine pathology, obstetric morbidity and schizophrenia: Survey of a hundred families with a schizophrenic proband. Psychological Medicine 1978; 8: 151–155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maki P, Veijola J, Jones PB, Murray GK, Koponen H, Tienari P, et al. Predictors of schizophrenia–a review. British Medical Bulletin 2005; 73/74: 1–15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makikyro T, Isohanni M, Moring J, Oja H, Hakko H, Jones P, et al. Is a child's risk of early onset schizophrenia increased in the highest social class?. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 23: 245–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malama IM, Papaioannou DJ, Kaklamani EP, Katsouyanni KM, Koumantaki IG, Trichopoulos DV. Birth order, sibship size and socio-economic factors in risk of schizophrenia in Greece. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 152: 482–486
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malaspina D, Harlap S, Fennig S, Heiman D, Nahon D, Feldman D, et al. Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 361–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malla A, Norman R, Bechard-Evans L, Schmitz N, Manchanda R, Cassidy C. Factors influencing relapse during a 2-year follow-up of first-episode psychosis in a specialized early intervention service. Psychological Medicine 2008; 38: 1585–1593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, Ahmed MR, Scholten D, Harricharan R, et al. One year outcome in first episode psychosis: Influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophrenia Research 2002; 54: 231–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malla A, Norman R, Schmitz N, Manchanda R, Béchard-Evans L, Takhar J, et al. Predictors of rate and time to remission in first-episode psychosis: A two-year outcome study. Psychological Medicine 2006; 36: 649–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: A systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005; 62: 975–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason P, Rimmer M, Richman A, Garg G, Johnson J, Mottram PG. Middle-ear disease and schizophrenia: Case-control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 193: 192–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason PR, Winton FE. Ear disease and schizophrenia: A case control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995; 91: 217–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathias S, Lubman D, Hides L. Substance-induced psychosis: A diagnostic conundrum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008; 69: 358–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy SE, Makarov V, Kirov G, Addington AM, McClellan. J, Yoon S, et al. Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature Genetics 2009; 41: 1223–1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson M, Topor A, Cullberg J, Forsell Y. Association between financial strain, social network and five-year recovery from first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008; 43: 947–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellan J, Susser E, King M-C. Schizophrenia: A common disease caused by multiple rare alleles. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 190: 194–199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCreadie RG. The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys. 16. Breast-feeding and schizophrenia: Preliminary results and hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 334–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan TH. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: Marker or determinant of course?. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 46: 899–907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan TH. Is active psychosis neurotoxic?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2006; 32: 609–613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGlashan TH. Premorbid adjustment, onset types, and prognostic scaling: Still informative?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008; 34: 801–805
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGorry P. Preventive strategies in early psychosis: Verging on reality. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: S1–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung AR. Early intervention in psychotic disorders: Detection and treatment of the first episode and the critical early stages. Medical Journal of Australia 2007; 187: S7, 8–10
   Google Scholar
• McGrath JJ, Welham JL. Season of birth and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 35: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D. A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: The distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Medicine 2004; 2: 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKetin R, McLaren J, Lubman DI, Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction 2006; 101: 1473–1478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mednick, S. A., Machon, R. A., Huttunen, M. O. & Bonett, D. (1988). Adult schizophrenia following exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 189–192.
   Google Scholar
• Mechri A, Gassab L, Slama H, Gaha L, Saoud M, Krebs MO. Neurological soft signs and schizotypal dimensions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2010; 175: 22–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Sommers AA, Luchins DJ. The effect of neuroleptics and other psychotropic drugs on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986; 6: 329–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes NM, Malla AM, Norman RM, Archie S, Roy P, Zipursky RB. A multi-site Canadian perspective: Examining the functional outcome from first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009; 120: 138–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes PR, Lewis G, Rasmussen F, Zammit S, Sipos A, Harrison GL, et al. Paternal and maternal ages at conception and risk of bipolar affective disorder in their offspring. Psychological Medicine 2009; 23: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Messias E, Kirkpatrick B. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in the epidemiological catchment area study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2001; 189: 608–612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messias E, Kirkpatrick B, Bromet E, Ross D, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Jr, et al. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia: A pooled analysis from 6 countries. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004; 61: 985–989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messias EL, Chen CY, Eaton WW. Epidemiology of schizophrenia: Review of findings and myths. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2007; 30: 323–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer U, Yee BK, Feldon J. The neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal infections at different times in pregnancy: The earlier the worse. Neuroscientist 2007; 13: 241–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihalopoulos C, McGorry PD, Carter RC. Is phase-specific, community-oriented treatment of early psychosis an economically viable method of improving outcome?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999; 100: 47–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milev P, Ho B-C, Arndt S, Noupolos P, Andreasen NC. Initial magnetic resonance imaging volumetric brain measurements and outcome in schizophrenia: A prospective longitudinal study with 5-year follow-up. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54: 608–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milev P, Ho B-C, Arndt S, Noupolos P, Andreasen NC. Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 495–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore PB, El Badri SM, Cousins D, Shepherd DJ, Young AH, McAllister VL, et al. White matter lesions and season of birth of patients with bipolar affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1521–1524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet 2007; 370: 319–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C, Fisher H. Environmental factors in schizophrenia: Childhood trauma–a critical review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007; 33: 3–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C, Kirkbride J, Hutchinson G, Craig T, Morgan K, Dazzan P, et al. Cumulative social disadvantage, ethnicity and first-episode psychosis: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine 2008b; 38: 1701–1715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C, Kirkbride J, Leff J, Craig T, Hutchinson G, McKenzie K, et al. Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine 2007; 37: 495–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan VA, Castle DJ, Jablensky AV. Do women express and experience psychosis differently from men? Epidemiological evidence from the Australian National Study of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2008a; 42: 74–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mors O, Mortensen PB, Ewald H. A population-based register study of the association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 40: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Eaton WW. Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 237–238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Mors O, Frydenberg M, Ewald H. Head injury as a risk factor for bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 2003; 76: 79–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sørensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: Analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biological Psychiatry 2007; 61: 688–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H. Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1209–1215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, Phelan K, Johann-Liang R. Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 611–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulvany F, O’Callaghan E, Takei N, Byrne M, Fearon P, Larkin C. Effect of social class at birth on risk and presentation of schizophrenia: Case-control study. British Medical Journal 2001; 323: 1398–1401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy BP, Chung Y-C, Park T-W, McGorry PD. Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 88: 5–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy BP, Simms C, Dowling R-M, Graham A, Doherty A, Meadows GN. On giant's shoulders: The development of the Recovery and Prevention of Psychosis Service (RAPPS) in Melbourne, Australia. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009; 3: 94–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy BP, Stuart AH, McGorry PD. Duration of untreated negative symptoms and duration of active negative symptoms: Proof of concepts. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2008; 2: 27–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray RM, van Os J. Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 18: S2–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettelbladt P, Göth M, Bogren M, Mattisson C. Risk of mental disorders in subjects with intellectual disability in the Lundby cohort 1947–97. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 63: 316–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman RMG, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: A critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological Medicine 2001; 31: 381–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylander L. Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders–Is there a connection? A literature review and some suggestions for future clinical research. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2008; 5: 43–54
   Google Scholar
• Norman RM, Malla AK, Manchanda R, Harricharan R, Takhar J, Northcott S. Social support and three-year symptom and admission outcomes for first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 80: 227–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odegaard O. Emigration and insanity. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 1932; S4: 1–206
   Google Scholar
• O'Donovan MC, Kirov G, Owen MJ. Phenotypic variations on the theme of CNVs. Nature Genetics 2008; 40: 1392–1393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dwyer JM. Schizophrenia in people with intellectual disability: The role of pregnancy and birth complications. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1997; 41: 238–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oken RJ, Schulzer M. At issue: Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: The negative association revisited. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999; 25: 625–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmos RC, Bekris L, Knijff EM, Tiemeier H, Kupka RW, Cohen D, et al. A high prevalence of organ-specific autoimmunity in patients with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2004; 56: 476–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Yücel M, Wood SJ, Velakoulis D, Sun D, Berger G, et al. Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 672–696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Evidence of a dose–response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 1039–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen CB, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hertel O, Mortensen PB. Air pollution from traffic and schizophrenia risk. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 66: 83–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M. Eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia and depression: Rationale and preliminary double-blind clinical trial results. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 2003; 69: 477–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Stokes C. Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Drugs 2005; 65: 1051–1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Poole J, Laugharne J. Infant feeding and the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 24: 255–256
   Google Scholar
• Penner JD, Brown AS. Prenatal infectious and nutritional factors and risk of adult schizophrenia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2007; 7: 797–805
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, Lieberman JA. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A critical review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1785–1804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin MC, Opler MG, Harlap S, Harkavy-Friedman J, Kleinhaus K, Nahon D, et al. Tetrachloroethylene exposure and risk of schizophrenia: Offspring of dry cleaners in a population birth cohort, preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Research 2007; 90: 251–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, D., Lieberman, J., Gu, H., Tohen, M., McEvoy, J., Green, A., et al. (2004). HGDH Research Group. Predictors of antipsychotic treatment response in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Thorup A, Abel MB, Øhlenschlaeger J, Christensen TØ, et al. A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. British Medical Journal 2005; 331: 602–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen L, Thorup A, Øqhlenschlaeger J, Christensen TØ, Jeppesen P, Krarup G, et al. Predictors of remission and recovery in a first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder sample: 2-year follow-up of the OPUS trial. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 53: 660–670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KM, Sahni SD, Rohm BR, Keshavan MS. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex morphology and short-term outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2005; 140: 147–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Häfner H. A population based elaboration of the role of age of onset on the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 88: 96–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez N, Arranz B, Salavert J, Alvarez E, Corripio I, Dueñas RM, et al. Predictors of schizophrenia in patients with a first episode of psychosis. Psychiatry Research 2010; 175: 11–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA. Childhood trauma, psychosis, and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica. Scandinavica. 2005; 112: 330–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberg A. Cognitive impairment as a risk factor for psychosis. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2005; 7: 31–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rapp MA, Rabinowitz J, Caspi A, Schmeidler J, et al. Premorbid intra-individual variability in intellectual performance and risk for schizophrenia: A population-based study. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 85: 49–57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Bilder R, Goldman R, Geisler S, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 241–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehr B. Half a million Americans use methamphetamine every week. British Medical Journal 2005; 331: 476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen K, Garety P. Predicting recovery from schizophrenia: A retrospective comparison of characteristics at onset of people with single and multiple episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005; 31: 735–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Bayer TA. Review of immunological and immunopathological findings in schizophrenia. Brain, Behaviour, and Immunity 2001; 15: 319–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy MA, Maziade M, Labbé A, Mérette C. Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 47: 141–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Veguilla M, Gurpegui M, Barrigón ML, Ferrín M, Marín E, Rubio JL, et al. Fewer neurological soft signs among first episode psychosis patients with heavy cannabis use. Schizophrenia Research 2009; 107: 158–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha S, Chant DC, Welham JL, McGrath JJ. The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006a; 114: 36–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha S, Welham J, Chant D, McGrath J. Incidence of schizophrenia does not vary with economic status of the country: Evidence from a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2006b; 41: 338–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Okazaki Y, Akaho R, Masui K, Harada S, Lee I, et al. Type of feeding during infancy and later development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2000; 42: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelmann BG, Huber CG, Lambert M, Cotton S, McGorry PD, Conus P. Impact of duration of untreated psychosis on pre-treatment, baseline, and outcome characteristics in an epidemiological first-episode psychosis cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2008; 42: 982–990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, Horwood J, Hollis C, Gunnell D, et al. Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009; 66: 527–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell RA, Ranganathan M, D’Souza DC. Cannabinoids and psychosis. International Review of Psychiatry 2009; 21: 152–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 49: 1–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd M, Watt D, Falloon I, Smeeton N. The natural history of schizophrenia: A five-year follow-up study of outcome and prediction in a representative sample of schizophrenics. Psychological Medicine 1989; 15: 1–46, Monograph suppl
   Google Scholar
• Shi J, Levinson DF, Duan J, Sanders AR, Zheng Y, Pe'er I, et al. Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature 2009; 460: 753–757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen E, Friis S, Haahr U, Johannessen JO, Larsen TK, Melle I, et al. Clinical epidemiologic first-episode psychosis: 1-year outcome and predictors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2007; 116: 54–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh SP. Outcome measures in early psychosis; relevance of duration of untreated psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; S50: 58–63
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Reinisch JM, Mednick SA. Do hypertension and diuretic treatment in pregnancy increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring?. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 464–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Reinisch JM, Mednick SA. Breastfeeding and risk of schizophrenia in the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2005; 112: 26–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Reinisch JM, Mednick SA. Association between prenatal exposure to bacterial infection and risk of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009; 35: 631–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spauwen J, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, van Os J. Early maternal stress and health behaviours and offspring expression of psychosis in adolescence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004; 110: 356–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clair D, Xu M, Wang P, Yu Y, Fang Y, Zhang F, et al. Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959–1961. Journal of the American Medical Association 2005; 294: 557–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 510–518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanis NC, Delespaul P, Smyrnis N, Lembesi A, Avramopoulos DA, Evdokimidis IK, et al. Is the excess risk of psychosis-like experiences in urban areas attributable to altered cognitive development?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004; 39: 364–368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, Andreassen OA, Cichon S, Rujescu D, et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009; 460: 744–747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: Evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1187–1192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser E, Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Brown AS, Lin S, Labovitz D, et al. Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Further evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 53: 25–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvisaari J, Haukka J, Tanskanen A, Hovi T, Lönnqvist J. Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1100–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvisaari J, Mautemps N, Haukka J, Hovi T, Lönnqvist J. Childhood central nervous system viral infections and adult schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1183–1185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamminga CA, Buchanan RW, Gold JM. The role of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia outcome. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 13: S3, 21–26
   Google Scholar
• Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah H. Schizophrenia, ‘just the facts’: What we know in 2008 part 1: Overview. Schizophrenia Research 2008a; 100: 4–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah H. Schizophrenia, ‘just the facts’: What we know in 2008 part 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophrenia Research 2008b; 102: 1–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tek C, Kirkpatrick B, Kelly C, McCreadie RG. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Scotland. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2001; 189: 613–617
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Nordentoft M. Frequency and predictive values of first rank symptoms at baseline among 362 young adult patients with first-episode schizophrenia results from the Danish OPUS study. Schizophrenia Research 2007c; 97: 60–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Ohlenschlaeger J, Christensen T, Krarup G, et al. Gender differences in young adults with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2007b; 195: 396–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorup A, Waltoft BL, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M. Young males have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia: A Danish register study. Psychological Medicine 2007a; 37: 479–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tienari P, Wynne LC, Läksy K, Moring J, Nieminen P, Sorri A, et al. Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: Evidence from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1587–1594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, Lahti I, Läksy K, Moring J, et al. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 184: 216–222
   Google Scholar
• Tiffin P, Glover G. From commitment to reality: Early intervention in psychosis services in England. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007; 1: 104–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torrey EF, Bartko JJ, Lun ZR, Yolken RH. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007; 33: 729–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Buka S, Cannon TD, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Liu T, et al. Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: How important is it?. Schizophrenia Research 2009; 114: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH. Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 28: 1–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Rawlings RR, Ennis JM, Merrill DD, Flores DS. Birth seasonality in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and stillbirths. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 21: 141–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Haren NE, Chan W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Caspers E, Lemstra A, et al. Brain volumes as predictor of outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia: A multi-center MRI study. Schizophrenia Research 2003; 64: 41–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lieshout RJ, Voruganti LP. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring: A review of the evidence and putative mechanisms. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 2008; 33: 395–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os J. Does the urban environment cause psychosis?. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 184: 287–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 156: 319–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Winkel R, Myin-Germeys I, De Hert M, Delespaul P, Peuskens J, van Os J. The association between cognition and functional outcome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: Mystery resolved?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2007; 116: 119–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Winkel R, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Peuskens J, De Hert M, van Os J. Premorbid IQ as a predictor for the course of IQ in first onset patients with schizophrenia: A 10-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 88: 47–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veling W, Hoek HW, Mackenbach JP. Perceived discrimination and the risk of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities: A case-control study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008a; 43: 953–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veling W, Selten JP, Susser E, Laan W, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW. Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. International Journal of Epidemiology 2007; 36: 761–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veling W, Susser E, van Os J, Mackenbach JP, Selten JP, Hoek HW. Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008b; 165: 66–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND. Substance use disorders in schizophrenia–clinical implications of comorbidity. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009; 35: 469–472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonk R, van der Schot AC, Kahn RS, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. Is autoimmune thyroiditis part of the genetic vulnerability (or an endophenotype) for bipolar disorder?. Biological Psychiatry 2007; 62: 135–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddington JL. Neuroimaging and other neurobiological indices in schizophrenia: Relationship to measurement of functional outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; S50: 52–57
   Google Scholar
• Wade D, Harrigan S, Edwards J, Burgess PM, Whelan G, McGorry PD. Patterns and predictors of substance use disorders and daily tobacco use in first-episode psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 39: 892–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D, Harrigan S, Edwards J, Burgess PM, Whelan G, McGorry PD. Course of substance misuse and daily tobacco use in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2006a; 81: 145–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D, Harrigan S, Edwards J, Burgess PM, Whelan G, McGorry PD. Substance misuse in first-episode psychosis: 15-month prospective follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006b; 189: 229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welham J, Chant D, Saha S, McGrath J, Kirkpatrick B, Castle D. No association between the deficit syndrome in psychosis and summer birth in a Southern hemisphere country. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 40: 935–936
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welham J, Isohanni M, Jones P, McGrath J. The antecedents of schizophrenia: A review of birth cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009; 35: 603–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White C, Stirling J, Hopkins R, Morris J, Montague L, Tantam D, et al. Predictors of 10-year outcome of first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine 2009; 39: 1447–1456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitty P, Clarke M, McTigue O, Browne S, Gervin M, Kamali M, et al. Diagnostic specificity and predictors of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses over the first 4 years of illness. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 86: 110–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersma D, Giel R, De Jong A, Slooff CJ. Social class and schizophrenia in a Dutch cohort. Psychological Medicine 1983; 13: 141–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersma D, Nienhuis FJ, Slooff CJ, Giel R. Natural course of schizophrenic disorders: A 15-year followup of a Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 75–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieselgren IM, Lindstrom LH. A prospective 1-5 year outcome study in first-admitted and readmitted schizophrenic patients; Relationship to heredity, premorbid adjustment, duration of disease and education level at index admission and neuroleptic treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1996; 93: 9–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox JA, Nasrallah HA. Childhood head trauma and psychosis. Psychiatry Research 1987; 21: 303–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl M, Gorwood P. Paternal ages below or above 35 years old are associated with a different risk of schizophrenia in the offspring. European Psychiatry 2007; 22: 22–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Yung AR, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD. Brain changes during the onset of schizophrenia: Implications for neurodevelopmental theories. Medical Journal of Australia 2009; 190: S4, 10–13
   Google Scholar
• Woodberry KA, Giuliano AJ, Seidman LJ. Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 165: 579–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright P, Donaldson PT, Underhill JA, Choudhuri K, Doherty DG, Murray RM. Genetic association of the HLA DRB1 gene locus on chromosome 6p21.3 with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996b; 153: 1530–1533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright P, Sham PC, Gilvarry CM, Jones PB, Cannon M, Sharma T, et al. Autoimmune diseases in the pedigrees of schizophrenic and control subjects. Schizophrenia Research 1996a; 20: 261–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991; 17: 325–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu MQ, Sun WS, Liu BX, Feng GY, Yu L, Yang L, et al. Prenatal malnutrition and adult schizophrenia: Further evidence from the 1959–1961 Chinese famine. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009; 35: 568–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry 2008; 5: 470–479
   Google Scholar
• Yuii K, Suzuki M, Kurachi M. Stress sensitization in schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007; 1113: 276–290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yun Y, Phillips LJ, Cotton S, Yung AR, Francey SM, Yuen HP, et al. Obstetric complications and transition to psychosis in an ‘ultra’ high risk sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 39: 460–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first episode psychosis: Past and current conceptualisations. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1996; 22: 353–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: Historical cohort study. British Medical Journal 2002; 325: 1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, et al. A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004; 61: 354–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit S, Thomas K, Thompson A, Horwood J, Menezes P, Gunnell D, et al. Maternal tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of adolescent psychotic symptoms in offspring. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 195: 294–300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Q, Sachdev PS. Psychotic disorder and traumatic brain injury. Current Psychiatry Reports 2003; 5: 197–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar