143
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Generalized anxiety disorder

&
Pages 215-229 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1968, DSM-II
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1980, DSM-III
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1987, (DSM-III-R)
  • Anderson D. J., Noyes R., Crowe R. R. A comparison of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 572–575
  • Andrews G. Stressful life events and anxiety. Handbook of Anxiety, Vol 2: classification, etiological factors and associated disturbances, R. Noyes, M. Roth, G. D. Burrows. El-sevier Science, Amsterdam 1988; 163–173
  • Andrews G., Moran C. The treatment of agoraphobia with panic attacks: are drugs essential?. Panic and Phobias 2: treatments and variables affecting course and outcome, I. Hand, H.-U. Wittchen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988; 47–53
  • Andrews G., Stewart G., Morris-Yates A., Holt P., Henderson S. Evidence for a general neurotic syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990a; 157: 6–12
  • Andrews G., Stewart G., Allen R., Henderson A. S. The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. Journal of Affective Disorders 1990b; 19: 23–29
  • Angst J., Vollrath M., Merikangas K. R., Ernst C. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, J. D. Maser, C. R. Cloninger. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1990; 123–137
  • Barlow D. H. Anxiety and its Disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guilford Press, New York 1988
  • Barlow D. H., Blanchard E. B., Vermilyea J. A., Vermilyea B. B., Dinardo P. A. Generalized anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: description and reconceptualization. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986a; 143: 40–44
  • Barlow D. H., Dinardo P. A., Vermilyea B. B., Vermilyea J., Blanchard E. B. Co-morbidity and depression among the anxiety disorders: issues in diagnosis and classification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1986b; 174: 63–72
  • Beck A. T., Emery G., Greenberg R. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: a cognitive perspective. Basic Books, New York 1985
  • Blazier D., Hughes D., George L. K. Stressful life events and the onset of a generalized anxiety syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1178–1183
  • Blowers C., Cobb J., Mathews A. Generalized anxiety: a controlled treatment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987; 25: 493–502
  • Borden J. W., Turner S. M. Is panic a unique emotional experience?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989; 27: 263–268
  • Borkovec T. D., Inz J. The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: a predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 153–158
  • Borkovec T. D., Robinson E., Pruzinsky T., Depree J. A. Preliminary exploration of worry: some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983a; 21: 9–16
  • Borkovec T. D., Wilkinson L., Folensbee R., Lerman C. Stimulus control applications to the treatment of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983b; 21: 247–251
  • Bouton M. E., Kenney F. A., Rosengard C. State-dependent fear extinction with two benzodiazep-ine tranquilizers. Behavioural Neuroscience 1990; 104: 44–55
  • Breier A., Charney D. S., Heninger G. R. The diagnostic validity of anxiety disorders and their relationship to depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 787–797
  • Breslau N., Davtes G. C. DSM-III generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical investigation of more stringent criteria. Psychiatry Research 1985a; 14: 231–238
  • Breslau N., Davis G. C. Further evidence on the doubtful validity of generalized anxiety disorder (letter). Psychiatry Research 1985b; 16: 177–179
  • Breslau N., Davis G. C., Prabucki K. Searching for evidence on the validity of generalized anxiety disorder: psychopathology in children of anxious mothers. Psychiatry Research 1987; 20: 285–297
  • Brooks R. B., Baltazar P. L., Munjack D. J. Co-occurrence of personality disorders with panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: a review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1989; 3: 259–285
  • Burvill P. W. The epidemiology of psychological disorders in general medical settings. Psychological disorders in general medical settings, N. Sartorius, D. Goldberg, G. De Girolamo, J. Costa, E. Silva, Y. Lecrubier, U. Wittchen. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto 1990; 9–20
  • Butler G., Fennell M., Robson P., Gelder M. Comparison of behaviour therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991; 59: 167–175
  • Butler G., Gelder M., Hibbert G., Cullington A., Klimes I. Anxiety management: developing effective strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987; 25: 517–522
  • Cameron O. G., Thyer B. A., Nesse R. M., Curtis G. C. Symptom profiles of patients with DSM-III anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 143: 1132–1137
  • Casacchia M., Bolino F., Ecari U. Etizolam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind study versus placebo. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1990; 12: 215–223
  • Catalan J., Gath D., Edmonds G., Ennis J. The effects of non-prescribing of anxiolytics in general practice: I. Controlled evaluation of psychiatric and social outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 593–602
  • Cerny J. A., Himadi W. G., Barlow D. H. Issues in diagnosing anxiety disorders. Journal of Behavioural Assessment 1984; 6: 301–329
  • Chambless D. L., Gracely E. J. Fear of fear and the anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1989; 13: 9–20
  • Cohn J. B., Rickels K., Steege J. F. A pooled, double-blind comparison of the effects of buspirone, diazepam and placebo in women with chronic anxiety. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1989; 11: 304–320
  • Copp J. E., Schwiderski U. E., Robinson D. S. Symptom comorbidity in anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1990; 10(3, Suppl.)52S–60S
  • Cowley D. S., Dager S. R., Foster S. I., Dunner D. L. Clinical characteristics and response to sodium lactate of patients with infrequent panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 795–798
  • Cowley D. S., Dager S. R., McClellan J., Roy-Byrne P. P., Dunner D. L. Response to lactate infusion in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1988; 24: 409–414
  • Craske M. G., Rapee R. M., Jackel L., Barlow D. H. Qualitative dimensions of worry in DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder subjects and non anxious controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989; 27: 397–402
  • Crowe R. R., Noyes R., Pauls D. L., Slymen D. A family study of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983; 40: 1065–1069
  • Da Roza Davis J., Gelder M. Long-term management of anxiety states. International Review of Psychiatry 1991; 3: 5–17
  • Dubovsky S. L. Generalized anxiety disorder: new concepts and psychopharmacologic therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1990; 51: 3–10, Suppl.
  • D'zurilla T. J. Problem-solving therapy: a social competence approach to clinical intervention. Springer, New York 1986
  • Eison A. S., Temple D. L. Buspirone: review of its pharmacology and current perspectives on its mechanism of action. American Journal of Medicine 1986; 80(Suppl. 3B.)1–9
  • Feighner J. P., Boyer W. F. Serotonin-1A anxiolytics: an overview. Psychopathology 1989; 22(Suppl. 1)21–26
  • Garvey M. J., Cook B., Noyes R. The occurrence of a prodrome of generalized anxiety in panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988; 29: 445–449
  • Glass G. V., McGaw B., Smith M. L. K. Meta-analysis in Social Research. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 1981
  • Gorman J. M., Papp L. A. Chronic anxiety: deciding the length of treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1990; 51: 11–15, Suppl.
  • Gross P. R., Eifert G. H. Components of generalized anxiety: the role of intrusive thoughts vs worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 421–428
  • Hayes P. E., Dommisse C. S. Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: anxiety disorders, part 1. Clinical Pharmacy 1987; 6: 140–147
  • Hedges L. V., Olkjn I. Statistical Methods for Meta-analysis. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida 1985
  • Hibbert G. A. Ideational components of anxiety: their origin and content. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 618–624
  • Hoehn-Saric R. Characteristics of chronic anxiety patients. Anxiety: new research and changing concepts, D. F. Klein, J. Rabkin. Raven Press, New York 1981; 399–409
  • Hoehn-Saric R. Comparison of generalized anxiety disorder with panic disorder patients. Psycho-pharmacology Bulletin 1982; 18: 104–108
  • Hoehn-Saric R., Masek B. J. Effects of naloxone on normals and chronically anxious patients. Biological Psychiatry 1981; 16: 1041–1050
  • Hoehn-Saric R., McCleod D. R. Generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1985; 8: 73–88
  • Holt P. E., Andrews G. Provocation of panic: three elements of the panic reaction in four anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989a; 27: 253–261
  • Holt P. E., Andrews G. Hyperventilation and anxiety in panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder and normal controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989b; 27: 453–460
  • Hunt C. J., Andrews G. Measuring personality disorder: the use of self-report questionnaires. Journal of Personality Disorders 1991, in press
  • Kahn R. J., McNair D. M., Frankenthaler L. M. Tricyclic treatment of GAD. Journal of Affective Disorders 1987; 13: 145–151
  • Kahn R. J., McNair D. M., Lipman R. S., Covi L., Rickels K., Downing R., Fisher S., Franken-Thaler L. M. Imipramine and chlordiazepoxide in depressive and anxiety disorders: II. Efficacy in anxious outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 79–85
  • Klein D. F. Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes. Psychopharmacologia 1964; 5: 397–408
  • Klein D., Fink M. Psychiatric reaction patterns to imipramine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1962; 119: 432–438
  • Koehler K., Vartzopoulos D., Ebel H. The relationship of panic attacks to autonomically labile generalized anxiety. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988; 29: 91–97
  • Lapierre Y. D., Knott V. J., Gray R. Psychophysiological correlates of sodium lactate. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1984; 20: 50–57
  • Liebowitz M. R., Ballenger J., Barlow D. H., Davidson J., Foa E. B., Fyer A. New perspectives on anxiety disorders in DSM-IV and ICD-10. Drug Therapy 1990a; 20: 129–136, Suppl.
  • Liebowitz M. R., Hollander E., Schneier F., Cam-Peas R., Fallon B., Welkowitz L., Cloitre M., Davies S. Anxiety and depression: discrete diagnostic entities?. Journal of Clinical Psychopharma-cology 1990b; 10(3, Suppl.)61S–66S
  • Lindsay W. R., Gamsu C. V., McLaughlin E., Hood E. M., Espie C. A. A controlled trial of treatments for generalized anxiety. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1987; 26: 3–15
  • Mandos L. Treatment of generalized anxiety-disorder. American Druggist 1990; 202: 61–68
  • Marks M. Behavioural psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. International Review of Psychiatry 1989; 1: 235–244
  • Mattick R. P., Andrews G., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Christensen H. Treatment of panic and agoraphobia: an integrative review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1990; 178: 567–576
  • Meyer T. J., Miller M. L., Metzger R. L., Borkovec T. D. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 487–495
  • Newton R. E., Marunycz J. D., Alderdice M. T., Napoliello M. J. Review of the side-effect profile of buspirone. American Journal of Medicine 1986; 80(Suppl. 3B)17–21
  • Nisita C., Petracca A., Akiskal H. S., Galli L., Gepponi I., Cassano G. B. Delimitation of generalized anxiety disorder: clinical comparisons with panic and major depressive disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1990; 31: 409–415
  • Noyes R., Clancy J., Crowe R., Hoenk P. R., Slymen D. J. The familial prevalence of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978; 35: 1057–1059
  • Noyes R., Clarkson C., Crowe R. R., Yates W. R., McChesney C. M. A family study of generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1019–1024
  • Noyes R., Crowe R. R., Harris E. L., Hamra B. J., McChesney C. M., Chaudhry D. R. Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: a family study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 227–232
  • Oei T. P. S., Gross P. R., Evans L. Phobic disorders and anxiety states: how do they differ?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 23: 81–88
  • O'Neill G. W. Is worry a valuable concept?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985a; 23: 479–480
  • O'Neill G. W. Response to Dr. Borkovec. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985b; 23: 483
  • Pecknold J. C., Matas M., Howarth B. G., Ross C., Swinson R., Vezeau C., Ungar W. Evaluation of buspirone as an antianxiety agent: buspirone and diazepam versus placebo. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 34: 766–771
  • Pitts F., McClure J. Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1967; 277: 1329–1336
  • Power K. G., Jerrom D. W. A., Simpson R. J., Mitchell M. J., Swanson S. A controlled comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy, diazepam and placebo in the management of generalized anxiety. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1989; 17: 1–14
  • Power K. G., Simpson R. J., Swanson V., Wallace L. A. A controlled comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy, diazepam, and placebo, alone and in combination, for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1990; 4: 267–292
  • Quality Assurance Project (QAP). Treatment outlines for the anxiety states. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 19: 138–151
  • Rapee R. M. Distinctions between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: Clinical presentation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 19: 227–232
  • Rapee R. M. Differential response to hyperventilation in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986; 95: 24–28
  • Rapee R. M., Sanderson W. C., Barlow D. H. Social phobia features across the DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment 1988; 10: 287–299
  • Raskin M., Peeke H. V. S., Dickman W., Pinsker H. Panic and generalized anxiety disorders: developmental antecedents and precipitants. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 687–689
  • Regier D. A., Narrow W. E., Rae D. S. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1990; 24: 3–14
  • Rickels K. Antianxiety therapy: potential value of long-term treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1987; 48(12, Suppl.)7–11
  • Rickels K. Buspirone in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1990; 51(9, Suppl.)51–54
  • Rickels K., Schweizer E. The clinical course and long-term management of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1990; 10(3, SuppL)101S–110S
  • Roth M., Argyle N. Anxiety, panic and phobic disorders: an overview. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1988; 22(Suppl. 1)33–54
  • Sanderson W. C., Barlow D. H. A description of patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R GAD. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1990; 178: 588–591
  • Sartorius N., Goldberg D. Conclusions. Psychological Disorders in General Medical Settings, N. Sartorius, D. Goldberg, G. De Girolamo, J. Costa, E. Silva, Y. Lecrubier, U. Wittchen. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto 1990; 171–175
  • Sell H. L., Srinivasa Murthy R., Seshadri S., Kumar K., Srinivasan K. Appendix III. Recognition and management of patients with functional complaints (psychosocial problems, ill-defined somatic complaints): a training package for the primarycare physician. Psychological Disorders in General Medical Settings, N. Sartorius, D. Goldberg, G. De Girolamo, J. Costa, E. Silva, Y. Lecrubier, U. Wittchen. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto 1990; 189–200
  • Silverman W. K., Cerny J. A., Nelles W. B., Burke A. E. Behaviour problems in children of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988; 27: 779–784
  • Spitzer R. L., Endicott J., Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978; 35: 773–783
  • Teicher M. H. Biology of anxiety. Medical Clinics of North America 1988; 72: 791–814
  • Thyer B. A., Parrish R. T., Curtis G. C., Nesse R. M., Cameron O. G. Ages of onset of DSM-III anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1985; 26: 113–122
  • Torgersen S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983; 40: 1085–1089
  • Torgersen S. Childhood and family characteristics in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 143: 630–632
  • Tweed J. L., Schoenbach V. J., George L. K., Blazer D. G. The effects of childhood parental death and divorce on six-month history of anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 154: 823–828
  • Tyrer P. Classification of anxiety disorders: a critique of DSM-III. Journal of Affective Disorders 1986; 11: 99–104
  • Tyrer P., Seivewright N., Ferguson B., Murphy S., Darling C., Brothwell J., Kingdon D., Johnson A. L. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: relationship between personality status and symptoms. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 423–431
  • Weissman M. M. Panic and generalized anxiety: are they separate disorders?. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1990; 24: 157–162
  • Westenberg H. G. M., Den Boer J. A., Verhoeven W. M. A. Biological aspects of anxiety disorders: a concise review. European Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 2: 197–210
  • White J., Keenan M. Stress control: A pilot study of large group therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1990; 18: 143–146
  • Wittchen H.-U., Essau C. A. Assessment of symptoms and psychosocial disabilities in primary care. Psychological Disorders in General Medical Settings, N. Sartorius, D. Goldberg, G. De Girolamo, J. Costa, E. Silva, Y. Lecrubier, U. Wittchen. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto 1990; 111–136
  • World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders (including disorders of psychological development): Diagnostic criteria for research May 1990 draft for field trials). WHO, Geneva 1990

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.