References
- Akdis CA, Akdis M, Bieber T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2006;61:969–87
- Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis 2.0: from the clinical phenotype to the molecular taxonomy and stratified medicine. Allergy. 2013;67:1475–82
- Parker CW, Kennedy S, Eisen AZ. Leukocyte and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responses in atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol. 1977;68:302–6
- Grewe SR, Chan SC, Hanifin JM. Elevated leukocyte cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase in atopic disease: a possible mechanism for cyclic AMP-agonist hyporesponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982;70:452–7
- Chan SC, Reifsnyder D, Beavo JA, Hanifin JM. Immunochemical characterization of the distinct monocyte cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91:1179–88
- Hanifin JM, Chan SC. Monocyte phosphodiesterase abnormalities and dysregulation of lymphocyte function in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;105(Suppl):84S–8
- Calverley PMA, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, et al. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:154–61
- Papp KA, Kaufmann R, Thaçhi D, et al. Efficacy and safety of apremilast in subjects with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: results from a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-comparison study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:e376–83
- Galvaldá A, Roberts RS. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: a review of current developments (2010–2012). Expert Opin Ther Patents. 2013;23:997–1016
- Pagés L, Gavaldá A, Lehner MD. PDE4 inhibitors: a review of current developments (2005–2009). Expert Opin Ther Patents. 2009;19:1501–19
- Ishii N, Shirato M, Wakita H, et al. Anti-pruritic effect of the topical phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor E6005 ameliorates skin lesions in a mouse atopic dermatitis model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;346:105–12
- Furue M, Kitahara Y, Akama H, et al. Safety and efficacy of topical E6005, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in Japanese adult patients with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. J Dermatol. 2014;41:577–85
- Saeki H, Furue M, Furukawa F, et al. Guidelines for management of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2009;36:563–77
- Wahlberg JE, Lindberg M. Patch testing. In Frosch PJ, Menne T, Lepoittevin JP, eds. Contact Dermatitis. 4th ed. Berlin: Springer, 2006. p 366–90
- Irie S, Tsukikawa H, Nabeshima T, et al. Skin tests of a novel nicotine patch, PHK-301p, in healthy male volunteers: phase I, placebo-controlled study. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006;102:72–6
- Palmer RA, White IR. Photopatch testing. In Frosch PJ, Menne T, Lepoittevin JP, eds. Contact Dermatitis. 4th ed. Berlin: Springer, 2006 p 433–40
- Nakagawa H. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Drug Invest. 2006;26:235–46
- Robichaud A, Stamatiou PB, Jin SLC, et al. Deletion of phosphodiesterase 4D in mice shortens α2-adrenoceptor-mediated anesthesia, a behavioral correlate of emesis. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:1045–52
- Robichaud A, Tattersall FD, Choudhury I, et al. Emesis induced by inhibitors of type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in the ferret. Neuropharmacology. 1999;38:289–97