Cellular radiosensitivity: How much better do we understand it?

References

• Agrawal A, Kale RK. 2001. Radiation induced peroxidative damage: mechanism and significance. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 39:291–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahel I, Rass U, El-Khamisy SF, Katyal S, Clements PM, McKinnon PJ, Caldecott KW, West SC. 2006 The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates. Nature 443:713–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahnesorg P, Smith P, Jackson SP. 2006. XLF interacts with the XRCC4-DNA ligase IV complex to promote DNA nonhomologous end-joining. Cell 124:301–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali A, Zhang J, Bao S, Liu L, Otterness D, Dean NM, Abraham RT, Wang XF. 2004. Requirement of protein phosphatase 5 in DNA damage induced ATM activation. Genes and Development 18:249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RM, Marsden SJ, Paice SJ, Bristow AE, Kadhim MA, Griffin CS, Goodhead DT. 2003. Transmissible and nontransmissible complex chromosome aberrations characterized by three-color and mFISH define a biomarker of exposure to high-LET alpha particles. Radiation Research 159:40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awa AA, Honda T, Nerrishi S, Sufuni T, Shimba H, Ohtaki K, Nakano N, Kodama Y, Itoh N, Hamilton HB. 1987. Cytogenetic study of the offspring of atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In: Cytogenetics. G. Obe, A. Basler, editors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 166–183.
   Google Scholar
• Azzam, E.I., Little JB. 2004. The radiation-induced bystander effect: Evidence and significance. Human and Experimental Toxicology 23:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SM, Bedford JS. 2006. Studies on chromosome aberration induction: What can they tell us about DNA repair? DNA Repair (Amst) 5:1171–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakkenist CJ, Kastan MB. 2003. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421:499–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beamish H, Williams R, Chen P, Lavin MF. 1996. Defect in multiple cell cycle checkpoints in ataxia-telangiectasia postirradiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271:20486–20493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford JS. 1991. Sublethal damage, potentially lethal damage, and chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells exposed to ionizing radiations. International Journal of Radiation, Oncology, Biology, Physics 21:1457–1469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford JS, Mitchell JB. 1973. Dose-rate effects in synchronous mammalian cells in culture. Radiation Research 54:316–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender MA, Griggs HG, Bedford JS. 1974. Mechanisms of chromosomal aberration production. III. Chemicals and ionising radiation. Mutation Research 23:197–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkovich E, Monnat RJ Jr, Kastan MB. 2007. Roles of ATM and Nbs1 in chromatin structure modulation and DNA double-strand break repair. Nature Cell Biology 9:683–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedermann KA, Sun J, Giaccia AJ, Tosto LM, Brown JM. 1991. scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88:1394–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blunt T, Finnie NJ, Taccioli GE, Smith GCM, Demengeot J, Gottlieb TM, Mizuta R, Varghese AJ, Alt FW, Jeggo PA, Jackson SP. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine scid mutation. Cell 80:813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth C, Potten CS. 2000. Gut instincts: thoughts on intestinal epithelial stem cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 105:1493–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma GC, Custer RP, Bosma MJ. 1983. A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse. Nature 301:527–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslin C, Clements PM, El-Khamisy SF, Petermann E, Iles N, Caldecott KW. 2006. Measurement of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks and replication fork progression rates. Methods in Enzymology 409:410–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown JM. 1997. Correspondence re: M. Stephen Meyn, Ataxia telangiectasia and cellular responses to DNA damage. Cancer Research 55:5991–6001, 1995 (multiple letters). Cancer Research 57:2313–2315.
   Google Scholar
• Brown GL, Dale HH, Feldberg W. 1936. Reactions of the normal mammalian muscle to acetylcholine and to eserine. The Journal of Physiology 87:394–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buck D, Malivert L, de Chasseval R, Barraud A, Fondaneche MC, Sanal O, Plebani A, Stephan JL, Hufnagel M, le Deist F, Fischer A, Durandy A, de Villartay JP, Revy P. 2006. Cernunnos, a novel nonhomologous end-joining factor, is mutated in human immunodeficiency with microcephaly. Cell 124:287–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney JP, Maser RS, Olivares H, Davis EM, Le Beau M, Yates JR III, Hays L, Morgan WF, Petrini JHJ. 1998. The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage-syndrome: Linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response. Cell 93:477–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerosaletti K, Concannon P. 2004. Independent roles for nibrin and Mre11 - Rad50 in the activation and function of Atm. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279:38813–38819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerosaletti K, Wright J, Concannon P. 2006. Active role for nibrin in the kinetics of Atm activation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 26:1691–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DW, Chen BP, Prithivirajsingh S, Kurimasa A, Story MD, Qin J, Chen DJ. 2002. Autophosphorylation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is required for rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks. Genes and Development 16:2333–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan DW, Lees-Miller SP. 1996. The DNA-dependent protein kinase is inactivated by autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271:8936–8941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman JD, Reuvers AP, Borsa J, Greenstock CL 1973. Chemical radioprotection and radiosensitization of mammalian cells growing in vitro. Radiation Research 56:291–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, P.C., Lavin, M.F., Kidson, C., Moss, D. 1978. Identification of ataxia telangiectasia heterozygotes, a cancer prone population. Nature 274:484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements PM, Breslin C, Deeks ED, Byrd PJ, Ju L, Bieganowski P, Brenner C, Moreira MC, Taylor AM, Caldecott KW. 2004. The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4. DNA Repair 3:493–502.
   Google Scholar
• Cornforth MN. 2006. Perspectives on the formation of radiation-induced exchange aberrations. DNA Repair 5:1182–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth MN, Bedford JS. 1985. On the nature of a defect in cells from individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia. Science 227:1589–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth MN, Bedford JS. 1987. A quantitative comparison of potentially lethal damage repair and the rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks in low passage normal human fibroblasts. Radiation Research 111:385–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis SB. 1986. Lethal and potentially lethal lesions induced by radiation – a unified repair model. Radiation Research 106:252–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis ME, Cai H, Drummond GR, Harrison DG. 2001. Shear stress regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through c-Src by divergent signalling pathways. Circulation Research 89:1073–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans B, Griffin CS, Maconochie M, Thacker J. 2000. Xrcc2 is required for genetic stability, embryonic neurogenesis and viability in mice. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 19:6675–6685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jager M, van Noort J, van Gent DC, Dekker C, Kanaar R, Wyman C. 2001 Human Rad50/Mre11 is a flexible complex that can tether DNA ends. Molecular Cell 8:1129–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianor II, Bohr VA, Dianov GL. 2001. Interaction of human AP endonuclease 1 with flap endonuclease 1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen involved in long-patch base excision repair. Biochemistry 40:12639–12644.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding Q, Reddy YV, Wang W, Woods T, Douglas P, Ramsden DA, Lees-Miller SP, Meek K. 2003. Autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase is required for efficient end processing during DNA double-strand break repair. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23:5836–5848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dizdaroglu M, Nackerdien Z, Chao BC, Gajewski E, Rao G 1991. Chemical nature of in vivo DNA base damage in hydrogen peroxide-treated mammalian cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 285:388–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doil C, Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S, Menard P, Larsen DH, Pepperkok R, Ellenberg J, Panier S, Durocher D, Bartek J, Lukas J, Lukas C. 2009. RNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitn conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins. Cell 136:435–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khamisy SF, Hartsuiker E, Caldecott KW. 2007 TDP1 facilitates repair of ioning radiation-induced DNA single-strand breaks. DNA Repair 6:1495–1495.
   Google Scholar
• El-Khamisy SF, Saifi GM, Weinfeld M, Johansson F, Helleday T, Lupski JR, Caldecott KW. 2005. Defective DNA single-strand break repair in spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1. Nature 434:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmerson PT, West SC. 1977. Identification of protein X of Escherichia coli as the recA+/tif+ gene product. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 155:77–85.
   Google Scholar
• Falck J, Coates J, Jackson SP. 2005. Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage. Nature 434:605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck J, Petrini JH, Williams BR, Lukas S, Bartek J. 2002. The DNA damage-dependent intra-S phase checkpoint is regulated by parallel pathways. Nature Genetics 30:290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foray N, Arlett CF, Malaise EP. 1997. Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and the radiosensitivity of human cells: A closer look. Biochimie 79:567–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Game JC, Mortimer RR. 1974. A genetic study of X-ray sensitive mutants in yeast. Mutation Research 24:281–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Sun Y, Frank KM, Dikkes P, Fujiwara Y, Seidl KJ, Sekiguchi JM, Rathbun GA, Swat W, Wang J, Bronson RT, Malynn BA, Bryans M, Zhu C, Chaudhuri J, Davidson L, Ferrini R, Stamato T, Orkin SH, Greenberg ME, Alt FW. 1998. A critical role for DNA end-joining proteins in both lymphogenesis and neurogenesis. Cell 95:891–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti RA, Berkel I, Boder E, Braedt G, Charmley P, Concannon P, Ersoy F, Foroud T, Jaspers NG, Lange K. 1988. Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to chromosome 11q22-23. Nature 336:577–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakilas AG. 2008. Processing of DNA damage clusters in human cells: Current status of knowledge. Molecular Biosystems 4:30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germain M, Affar EB, D'Amours D, Dixit VM, Salvesen GS, Poirier GG. 1999. Cleavage of automodified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase during apoptosis. Evidence for involvement of caspases-7. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:28379–>28384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godthelp BC, Wiegant WW, van Duijn-Goedhart A, Scharer OD, van Buul PP, Kanaar R, Zdzienicka MZ. 2002. Mammalian Rad51C contributes to DNA crosslink resistance, sister chromatid cohesion and genomic stability. Nucleic Acids Research 30:2172–2182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman TE, Raubitschek A, Mitchell JB, Glatstein E. 1990. The emerging biology of modern radiation oncology. Cancer Research 50:7735–7744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman M. 1982. Ionizing radiation and its risks. The Western Journal of Medicine 137:540–547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein L, Murphy DP. 1929. Etiology of the ill-health in children born after maternal pelvic irradiation. II. Defective children born after postconception pelvic irradiation. American Journal of Roentgenology 22:322–331.
   Google Scholar
• Goodarzi AA, Jonnalagadda JC, Douglas P, Young D, Ye R, Moorhead GB, Lees-Miller SP, Khanna KK 2004. Autophosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 23:4451–4461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodarzi AA, Noon AT, Deckbar D, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, Lobrich M, Jeggo PA. 2008. ATM signaling facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks associated with heterochromatin. Molecular Cell 31:167–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhead DT. 1985. Saturable repair models of radiation action in mammalian cells. Radiation Research Suppl. 8:S58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Grawunder U, Zimmer D, Fugmann S, Schwarz K, Lieber MR. 1998. DNA ligase IV is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break repair in human precursor lymphocytes. Molecular Cell 2:477–484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Chen P, Howe O, Rudolph JH, Gatti R, Date H, Onodera O, Taucher-Scholz G, Lavin MF. (2004) Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress. Hum. Mol Genet 15:1081–1083.
   Google Scholar
• Gueven N, Chen P, Nakamura J, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Grattan-Smith P, Lavin MF. 2007. A subgroup of spinocerebellar ataxias defective in DNA damage responses. Neuroscience 145:1418–1425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gueven N, Luff J, Peng C, Hosokawa K, Bottle SE, Lavin MF. 2007. Dramatic extension of tumour latency and correction of neurobehavioral phenotype in Atm-mutant mice with a nitroxide antioxidant. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41:992–1000.
   Google Scholar
• Hirano M, Yamamoto A, Mori T, Lan L, Iwamoto TA, Aoki M, Shimada K, Furiya Y, Kariya S, Asai H, Yasui A, Nishiwaki T, Imoto K, Kobayashi N, Kiriyama T, Nagata T, Konishi N, Itoyama T, Ueno S. 2007. DNA single-strand break repair is impaired in aprataxin-related ataxia. Annals of Neurology 61:162–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho KS, Mortimer RK. 1975. Two mutations which confer temperature-sensitive radiation sensitivity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Mutation Research 33:157–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho KY. 1975. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by X-rays in a radiosensitive strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Mutation Research 30:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday R. 1964. A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi. Genetic Research 5:282–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfner KP, Putnam CD, Tainer JA. 2002. DNA double-strand break repair from head to tail. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 12:115–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houldsworth J, Lavin MF 1980. Effect of ionising radiation on DNA synthesis in ataxia-telangiectasia cells. Nucleic Acids Research 8:3709–3720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huen MS, Grant R, Manke I, Minn K, Yu X, Yaffe MB, Chen J. 2007. RNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly. Cell 131:901–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliakis G, Blocher D, Metzger L, Pantelias G 1991a. Comparison of DNA doublestrand break rejoining as measured by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation and non-unwinding filter elution in irradiated plateau-phase CHO cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology 59:927–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliakis G, Cicilioni O, Metzger L. 1991b. Measurement of DNA double strand breaks in CHO cells at various stages of the cell cycle using pulse field gel electrophoresis: Calibrations by means of 125I decay. International Journal of Radiation Biology 59:343–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliakis G, Okayasu R 1990. Radiosensitivity throughout the cell cycle and repair of potentially lethal damage and DNA double-strand breaks in an X-ray-sensitive CHO mutant. International Journal of Radiation Biology 57:1195–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SP. 2001. Detecting, signalling and repairing DNA double-strand breaks. Biochemistry Society Transactions 29:655–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jazayeri A, Falck J, Lukas C, Bartek J, Smith GC, Lukas J, Jackson SP. 2006. ATM and cell cycle-dependent regulation of ATR in response to DNA double-strand breaks. Nature Cell Biology 8:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo PA. 1990. Studies on mammalian mutants defective in rejoining double-strand breaks in DNA. Mutation Research 239:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo PA. 1998. Identification of genes involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Radiation Research 150:S80–S91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo PA, Carr AM, Lehmann AR. 1998. Splitting the ATM: distinct repair and checkpoint defects in ataxia-telangiectasia. Trends in Genetics 14:312–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeggo PA, Lobrich M 2006. Radiation induced DNA damage responses. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 122:124–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner MC, Lambin P, Malaise EP, Robson T, Arrand JE, Skov KA, Marples B. 1996. Hypersensitivity to very-low single radiation doses: Its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance. Mutation Research 358:171–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner MC, Marples B, Lambin P, Short SC, Turesson I. 2001 Low-dose hypersensitivity: Current status and possible mechanisms. International Journal of Radiation, Oncolgy, Biology, Physics 49:379–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankura T, Nakamura W, Eto H, Nakao M. 1969. Effect of ionizing radiation on passive transport of sodium ion into human erythrocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 15:125–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastan MB, Zhan Q, El-Deiry WS, Carrier F, Jacks T, Walsh WV, Plunkett BS, Vogelstein B, Fornace AJ. 1992. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71:587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato TA, Okayasu R, Bedford JS. 2008. Comparison of the induction and disappearance of DNA double strand breaks and gamma-H2AX foci after irradiation of chromosomes in G1-phase or in condensed metaphase cells. Mutation Research 639:108–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp LM, Jeggo PA. 1986. Radiation-induced chromosome damage in X-ray sensitive mutants (xrs) of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Mutation Research 166:255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp LM, Sedgwick SG, Jeggo PA. 1984 X-ray sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in double-strand break rejoining. Mutation Research 132:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna KK, Lavin MF. 1993. Ionizing radiation and UV induction of p53 protein by different pathways in ataxia-telangiectasia cells. Oncogene 8:3307–3312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa R, Bakkenist CJ, McKinnon PJ, Kastan MB. 2004. Phosphorylation of SMC1 is a critical downstream event in the ATM-NBS1-BRCA1 pathway. Genes and Development 1423–1438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolas NK, Chapman JR, Nakada S, Ylanko J, Chahwan R, Sweeney FD, Panier S, Mendez M, Wildenhain J, Thomson TM, Pelletier L, Jackson SP, Durocher D. 2007. Orchestration of the DNA-damage response by the RNF8 ubiquitin ligase. Science 318:1637–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlov SV, Graham ME, Peng C, Chen P, Robinson PJ, Lavin MF. Involvement of novel autophosphorylation sites in ATM activation. EMBO J. 2006 Aug 9;25:3504–3514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger SA, Collis SJ, Joiner MC, Wilson GD, Marples B. 2007. Transition in survival from low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity to increased radioresistance is independent of activation of ATM Ser1981 activity. International Journal of Radiation Biology 71:958–959.
   Google Scholar
• Kurz EU, Lees-Miller SP. 2004. DNA damage-induced activation of ATM and ATMdependent signaling pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 3:889–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavin MF. 2007. ATM and the Mre11 complex combine to recognize and signal DNA double-strand breaks. Oncogene 26:7749–7758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavin MF. 2008. Ataxia-telangiectasia: from a rare disorder to a paradigm for cell signalling and cancer. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 9:759–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann AR, Stevens S. 1977. The production and repair of double-strand breaks in cells from normal humans and from patients with ataxia- telangiectasia. Biochimica et Biophysica ACTA/General Subjects (Amsterdam) 474:49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Otevrel T, Gao Y, Cheng H-L, Seed B, Stamato TD, Taccioli GE, Alt FW. 1995. The XRCC4 gene encodes a novel protein involved in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Cell 83:1079–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl T, Satoh MS, Dianov G. 1995. Enzymes acting at strand interruptions in DNA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London series B Biological Sciences 347:57–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisker R, Cobo A. 1970. Chromosome breakage in ataxia-telangiectasia. Lancet 1:618.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Little JB. 1969. Repair of sub-lethal and potentially lethal radiation damage in plateau phase cultures of human cells. Nature 224:804–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu N, Lamerdin JE, Tebbs RS, Schild D, Tucker JD, Shen MR, Brookman KW, Siciliano MJ, Walter CA, Fan W, Narayana LS, Zhou Z-Q, Adamson AW, Sorensen KJ, Chen DJ, Jones NJ, Thompson LH. 1998. XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chromosome stability and protect against DNA cross-links and other damages. Molecular Cell 1:783–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Masson JY, Shah R, O'Regan P, West SC. 2004. RAD51C is required for Holliday junction processing in mammalian cells. Science 303:243–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobrich M, Jeggo PA. 2007. The impact of a negligent G2/M checkpoint on genomic instability and cancer induction. Nature Reviews Cancer 7:861–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockart RZ Jr, Elkind MM, Moses WB. 1961. Radiation response of mammalian cells grown in culture. II. Survival and recovery characteristics of several subcultures of HeLa S3 cells after x-irradiation. Journal of National Cancer Institute 27:1393–1404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loken MK. 1983. Low level radiation: biological effects. Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging 19:175–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macklis RM, Beresford B. 1991. Radiation hormesis. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine 32:350–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhani HD, Bohr VA, Hanawalt PC. 1986. Differential DNA repair in transcriptionally active and inactive proto-oncogenes: c-abl and c-mos. Cell 45:417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S, Faustrup H, Melander F, Bartek J, Lukas C, Lukas J. 2007. RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins. Cell 131:887–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples B, Collis SJ. 2008. Low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity: Past, present, and future. International Journal of Radiation, Oncology, Biology, Physics 70:1310–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples B, Wouters BG, Collis SJ, Chalmers AJ, Joiner MC. 2004. Low-dose hyperradiosensitivity: a consequence of ineffective cell cycle arrest of radiation-damaged G2-phase cells. Radiation Research 161:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maser RS, Monsen KJ, Nelms BE, Petrini JH. 1997. hMre11 and hRad50 nuclear foci are induced during the normal cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:6087–6096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RW. 1995. Delayed effects of external radiation exposure: A brief history. Radiation Research 144:160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzoeva OK, Petrini JH. 2003. DNA replication-dependent nuclear dynamics of the Mre11 complex. Molecular Cancer Research 1:207–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan WF. 2003. Non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. I. Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects in vitro clastogenic factors and transgenerational effects. Radiation Research 159:567–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan WF, Sowa MB. 2007. Non-targeted bystander effects induced by ionizing radiation. Mutation Research 616:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshous D, Callebaut I, de Chasseval R, Corneo B, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Le Deist F, Tezcan I, Sanal O, Bertrand Y, Philippe N, Fischer A, de Villartay JP. 2001. Artemis, a novel DNA double-strand break repair/V(D)J recombination protein, is mutated in human severe combined immune deficiency. Cell 105:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mothersill C, Seymour C. 2004. Radiation-induced bystander effects and adaptive responses – the Yin and Yang of low dose radiobiology? Mutation Research 568:121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynahan ME, Pierce AJ, Jasin M 2001. BRCA2 is required for homology-directed repair of chromosomal breaks. Molecular Cell 7:263–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlmann-Diaz MC, Bedford JS. 1994. Breakage of human chromosomes 4, 19 and Y in G0 cells immediately after exposure to gamma-rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology 65:165–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller B, Jones C, Kemper B, West SC. 1990 Enzymatic formation and resolution of Holliday junctions in vitro. Cell 60:329–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura J, Asakura S, Hester SD, de Murcia G, Caldecott KW, Swenberg JA. 2003. Quantitation of intracellular NAD(P)H can monitor an imbalance of DNA single strand break repair in base excision repair deficient cells in real time. Nucleic Acids Research 31(17):e104.
   Google Scholar
• Neel JV, Mohrenweiser H, Satoh C, Hamilton HB. 1977. A consideration of two biochemical approaches to monitoring human populations for a change in germ cell mutation rates. TR 4–77 Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima.
   Google Scholar
• Nelms BE, Maser RS, MacKay JF, Lagally MG, Petrini JH. 1998. In situ visualization of DNA double-strand break repair in human fibroblasts. Science 280:590–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas N, Moshous D, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Papadopoulo D, de Chasseval R, Le Deist F, Fischer A, de Villartay JP. 1998. A human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) condition with increased sensitivity to ionizing radiations and impaired V(D)J rearrangements defines a new DNA recombination/repair deficiency. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 188:627–634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Wilson WE, Hoshi M, Goodhead DT. 1998. Track structure in radiation biology: theory and applications. International Journal of Radiation Biology 73:355–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Driscoll M, Cerosaletti KM, Girard P-M, Dai Y, Stumm M, Kysela B, Hirsch B, Gennery A, Palmer SE, Seidel J, Gatti RA, Varon R, Oettinger MA, Sperling K, Jeggo PA, Concannon P. 2001. DNA Ligase IV mutations identified in patients exhibiting development delay and immunodeficiency. Molecular Cell 8:1175–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA. 2006. The role of double-strand break repair – insights from human genetics. Nature Reviews Genetics 7:45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive PL, Banath JP. 2006. The comet assay: A method to measure DNA damage in individual cells. Nature Protocols 1:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive PL, Wlodek D, Banath JP. 1991. DNA double-strand breaks measured in individual cells subjected to gel electrophoresis. Cancer Research 51:4671–4676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivieri G, Bodycote J, Wolff S. 1984. Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine. Science 223:594–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otake M, Schull WJ. 1984. In utero exposure to A-bomb radiation and mental retardation: A reassessment. The British Journal of Radiation 57:509–514.
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang H, Nussenzweig A, Kurimasa A, da Costa Soares V, Li X, Cordon-Cardo C, Li W-L, Cheong N, Nussenzweig M, Iliakis G, Chen DJ, Li GC. 1997. Ku70 is required for DNA repair but not for T cell antigen receptor gene recombination in vivo. Journal of Experimental Medicine 186:921–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter RB, Young BR. 1980. Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: A new explanation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 77:7315–7317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandita TK, Hittelman WN. 1992. The contribution of DNA and chromosome repair deficiencies to the radiosensitivity of ataxia-telangiectasia. Radiation Research 131:214–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons PA 2006. Radiation, ecology and the invalid LNT model: The evolutionary imperative. Dose Response 4:191–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paull TT, Gellert M. 1998. The 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity of Mre 11 facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Molecular Cell 1:969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paull TT, Gellert M. 1999. Nbs1 potentiates ATP-driven DNA unwinding and endonuclease cleavage by the Mre11/Rad50 complex. Genes and Development 13:1276–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paull TT, Rogakou EP, Yamazaki V, Kirchgessner CU, Gellert M, Bonner WM. 2000. A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage. Current Biology 10:886–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters LJ, Ang KK, Mames HD Jr. 1988. Accelerated fractionation in the radiation treatment of head and neck cancer. A critical comparison of different strategies. Acta Oncologica 27:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potten CS. 1990. A comprehensive study of the radiobiological response of the murine (BDF1) small intestine. International Journal of Radiation Biology 58:925–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourquier P, Pilon AA, Kohlhagen G, Mazumder A, Sharma A, Pommier Y. 1997. Trapping of mammalian topoisomerase I and recombinations induced by damaged DNA containing nicks or gaps. Importance of DNA end phosphorylation and camptothecin effects. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 26441–26447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourquier P, Waltman JL, Urasaki Y, Loktionova NA, Pegg AE, Nitiss JL, Pommier Y. 2001. Topoisomerase I-mediated cytotoxicity of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanindine: Trapping of topoisomerase I by the O6-methylguanine. Cancer Research 61:53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdy JA. 2008. Dose to normal tissues outside the radiation therapy patient's treated volume: A review of different radiation therapy techniques. Health Physics 95:666–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford IR. 2002. Transcription-based model for the induction of interchromosomal exchange events by ionizing irradiation in mammalian cell lines that undergo necrosis. International Journal of Radiation Biology 78:1081–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford JR. 1985. The level of induced DNA double-strand breakage correlates with cell killing after X-irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 48:45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnayake RK, Semenenko VA, Stewart RD. 2005 Retrospective analysis of doublestrand break rejoining data collected using warm-lysis PFGE protocols. International Journal of Radiation Biology 81:421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick MA. 1969. Genetic control of radiation sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 62:519–531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riballo E, Kuhne M, Rief N, Doherty A, Smith GC, Recio MJ, Reis C, Dahm K, Fricke A, Krempler A, Parker AR, Jackson SP, Gennery A, Jeggo PA, Lobrich M. 2004. A pathway of double-strand break rejoining dependent upon ATM, Artemis, and proteins locating to gamma-H2AX foci. Molecular Cell 16:715–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins HI, Chang S, Butowski N, Mehta M. 2007. Therapeutic advances for glioblastoma multiforme: Current status and future prospects. Current Oncology Reports 9:66–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothkamm K, Kruger I, Thompson LH, Lobrich M. 2003. Pathways of DNA doublestrand break repair during the mammalian cell cycle. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23:5706–5715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkamm K, Kuhne M, Jeggo PA, Lobrich M. 2001. Radiation-induced genomic rearrangements formed by nonhomologous end-joining of DNA double-strand breaks. Cancer Research 61:3886–3893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkamm K, Lobrich M. 2003. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:5057–5062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal HD. 2008. Effects of low level radiation – what's new? Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 38:392–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson L, Cairns J. 1977. A new pathway for DNA in Escherichia coli. Nature 267:281–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitsky K, Bar-Shira A, Gilad S, Rotman G, Ziv Y, Vanagaite L, Tagle DA, Smith S, Uziel T, Sfez S, Ashkenazi M, Pecker I, Frydman M, Harnik R, Patanjali SR, Simmons A, Clines GA, Sartiel A, Gatti RA, Chessa L, Sanal O, Lavin MF, Jaspers NGJ, Taylor MR, Arlett CF, Miki T, Weissman SM, Lovett M, Collins FS, Shiloh Y. 1995. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI 3-kinase. Science 268:1749–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax K. 1938. Chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays. Genetics 23:494–516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sedgwick RP, Boder E. 1960. Progressive ataxia in childhood with particular reference to ataxia-telangiectasia. Neurology 10:705–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara A, Ogawa H, Ogawa T. 1992 Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in S. cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell 69:457–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shreeram S, Hee WK, Demidov ON, Kek C, Yamaguchi H, Fornace AJ Jr, Anderson CW, Appella E, Bulavin DV. 2006. Regulation of ATM/ p53-dependent suppression of myc-induced lymphomas by Wip1 phosphatase. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203:2793–2799.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh NP, Danner DB, Tice RR, McCoy MT, Collins GD, Schneider ER. 1989. Abundant alkali-sensitive sites in DNA of human and mouse sperm. Experimental Cell Research 184:461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak G, Hanawalt PC. 2006. Host cell reactivation of plasmids containing oxidative DNA lesions is defective in Cockayne syndrome but normal in UV-sensitive syndrome fibroblasts. DNA Repair 5:13–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamato TD, Hohmann LK 1975. A replica plating method for CHO cells using nylon cloth. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 15:372–379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamato TD, Weinstein R, Giaccia A, Mackenzie L. 1983. Isolation of cell cycle dependent gamma ray-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell. Journal of Somatic Cell Genetics 9:165–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart GS, Maser RS, Stankovic T, Bressan DA, Kaplan MI, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Byrd PJ, Petrini JH, Taylor AM 1999. The DNA double-strand break repair gene hMRE11 is mutated in individuals with an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder. Cell 99:577–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart GS, Panier S, Townsend K, Al-Hakim AK, Kolas NK, Miller ES, Nakada S, Ylanko J, Olivarius S, Mendez M, Oldreive C, Wildenhain J, Tagliaferro A, Pelletier L, Taubenheim N, Durandy A, Byrd PJ, Stankovic T, Taylor MR, Durocher D. 2007. The Riddle Syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signalling cascade at sites of DNA damage. Cell 136:420–434.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart GS, Stankovic T, Byrd PJ, Wechsler T, Miller ES, Huissoon A, Drayson MT, West SC, Elledge SJ, Taylor AM. 2007. RIDDLE immunodeficiency syndrome is linked to defects in 53BP1-mediated DNA damage signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:16910–16915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk JJ, Damilakis J, Marx MV, Macura KJ. 2007. Facts and controversies about radiation exposure, part 2: Low-level exposures and cancer risk. Journal of the American College of Radiology 4:32–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, Y., Jiang, X., Chen, S., Fernandez, N., Price, B.D. 2005. A role for the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase in the acetylation and activation of ATM. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:13182–13187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y, Xu Y, Roy K, Price BD. 2007. DNA damage-induced acetylation of lysine 3016 of ATM activates ATM kinase activity. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27:8502–8509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland JC, Monteleone DC, Mugavero JH, Trunk J. 1987. Unidirectional pulsed field electrophoresis of single- and double-stranded DNA in agarose gels: Analytical expressions relating mobility and molecular length and their application in the measurement of strand breaks. Analytical Biochemistry 162:511–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taccioli GE, Gottlieb TM, Blunt T, Priestley A, Demengeot J, Mizuta R, Lehmann AR, Alt FW, Jackson SP, Jeggo PA. 1994. Ku80: Product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science 265:1442–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taccioli GE, Rathbun G, Oltz E, Stamato T, Jeggo PA, Alt FW 1993. Impairment of V(D)J recombination in double-strand break repair mutants. Science 260:207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashima H, Boerkoel CF, John J, Saifi GM, Salih MA, Armstrong D, Mao Y, Ouiocho FA, Roa BB, Nakagawa M, Stockton DW, Lupski JR. 2002. Mutation of TDP1, encoding a topoisomerase I-dependent DNA damage repair enzyme, in spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy. Nature Genetics 32:267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapio S, Jacob V. 2007. Radioadaptive response revisited. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 46:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AM. 1978. Unrepaired DNA strand breaks in irradiated ataxia telangiectasia lymphocytes suggested from cytogenetic observations. Mutation Research 50:407–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AMR, Harnden DG, Arlett CF, Harcourt SA, Lehmann AR, Stevens S, Bridges BA. 1975. Ataxia-telangiectasia, a human mutation with abnormal radiation sensitivity. Nature 258:427–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoule R. 1987. Radiation-induced DNA damage and its repair. International Journal of Radiation Biology 51:573–589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoule R, Cadet J. 1978. Radiation-induced degradation of the base component in DNA and related substances–final products. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics 27:171–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terasima T, Tolmach LJ. 1961. Changes in x-ray sensitivity of HeLa cells during the division cycle. Nature 190:1210–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker J. 1994. Cellular radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia. International Journal of Radiation Biology 66:S87–S96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thacker J, Ganesh AN. 1990. DNA-break repair, radioresistance of DNA synthesis, and camptothecin sensitivity in the radiation-sensitive irs mutants: Comparisons to ataxia-telangiectasia cells. Mutation Research 235:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker J, Stretch A. 1985. Responses of 4 X-ray-sensitive CHO cell mutants to different radiation and to irrradiation conditions promoting cellular recovery. Mutation Research 146:99–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thierry-Chef I, Marshall M, Fix JJ, Bermann F, Gilbert ES, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Murray W, Pearce MS, Utterback D, Bernar K, Deboodt P, Eklof M, Griciene B, Holan K, Hyvonen H, Kerekes A, Lee MC, Moser M, Pernicka F, Cardis E. 2007. The 15-Country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: study of errors in dosimetry. Radiation Research 167:380–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LH, Brookman KW, Dillehay LE, Carrano AV, Mazrimas JA, Mooney CL, Minkler JL. 1982. A CHO-cell strain having hypersensitivity to mutagens, a defect in DNA strand-break repair, and an extraordinary baseline frequency of sister-chromatid exchange. Mutation Research 95:427–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LH, Jeggo PA. 1995. Nomenclature of human genes involved in ionizing radiation sensitivity. Mutation Research 337:131–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uziel T, Lerenthal Y, Moyal L, Andegeko Y, Mittelman L, Shiloh Y. 2003. Requirement of the MRN complex for ATM activation by DNA damage. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 22:5612–5621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bosch M, Lohman PH, Pastink A. 2003. DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination. Journal of Biological Chemistry 383:873–892.
   Google Scholar
• van der Schans GP, Bleichrodt JF, Blok J. 1973. Contribution of various types of damage to inactivation of a biologically-active double-stranded circular DNA by gamma-radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 23:133–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varon R, Vissinga C, Platzer M, Cerosaletti KM, Chrzanowska KH, Saar K, Beckmann G, Seemanova E, Cooper PR, Nowak NJ, Stumm M, Weemaes CMR, Gatti RA, Wilson RK, Digweed M, Rosenthal A, Sperling K, Concannon P, Reis A. 1998. Nibrin, a novel DNA double-strand break repair protein, is mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Cell 93:467–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Sonntag C. 1987. New aspects in the free-radical chemistry of pyrimidine nucleobases. Free Radical Research Communications 2:217–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker JR, Corpina RA, Goldberg J. 2001. Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair. Nature 412:607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall BF, Kendall GM, Edwards AA, Bouffler S, Muirhead CR, Meara JR. 2006. What are the risks from medical X-rays and other low dose radiation? British Journal of Radiation 79:285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach DF. 1972. Infrared and laser Raman spectroscopy in membrane analysis. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 8:347–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waltes R, Kalb R, Gatei M, Kijas AW, Stumm M, Sobeck A, Wieland B, Varon R, Lerenthal Y, Lavin MF, Schindler D, Dörk T. (2009). Human RAD50 deficiency in a Nijmegen breakage syndrome-like disorder. Am J Hum Genet. May;84(5):605–16. Epub 2009 Apr 30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward IM, Chen J. 2001. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:47759–47762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JF. 1981. Some biochemical consequences of the spatial distribution of ionizing radiation-produced free radicals. Radiation Research 86:185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, JF. Radiation-induced strand breakage in DNA. Basic Life Sci. 1975 371–472.
   Google Scholar
• Weemaes CMR, Hustinx TWJ, Scheres JMC, van Munster PJJ, Bakkeren JAJM, Taalman RDFM. 1981. A new chromosal instability disorder: the Nijmegan breakage syndrome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia 70:557–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore GF, Varghese AJ, Gulyas S. 1989. Cell cycle responses of two X-ray sensitive mutants defective in DNA repair. International Journal of Radiation Biology 56:657–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willetts NS, Mount DW. 1969. Genetic analysis of recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying rec mutations cotransducible with thyA. Journal of Bacteriology 100:923–934.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams RS, Moncalian G, Williams JS, Yamada Y, Limbo O, Shin DS, Groocock LM, Cahill D, Hitomi C, Guenther G, Moiani D, Carney JP, Russell P, Tainer JA. 2008. Mre11 dimers coordinate DNA end bridging and nuclease processing in double-strand break repair. Cell 135:97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff S. 1998. The adaptive response in radiobiology: Evolving insights and implications. Environmental Health Perspectives. Suppl. 1:277–283.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff S. 1989. Are radiation-induced effects hormetic? Science 245:757–621.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff S. 1992. Is radiation all bad? – the search for adaptation. Radiation Research 131:117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff S, Weincke JK, Afzal V, Youngbloom J, Cortes F. 1989b. The adaptive response of human lymphocytes to vary low doses of ionizing radiation: A case of induced chromosomal repair with the induction of specific proteins. In: Baverstock KF, Stather JW, editors. Low dose radiation, biological basis of risk assessment. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 446–454.
   Google Scholar
• Woo SY, Sanders M, Grant W, Butler, EB. 1994. Does the peacock have anything to do with radiation therapy? International Journal of Radiation, Oncolgy, Biology, Physics 29:213–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood RD, Coverley D. 1991. DNA excision repair in mammalian cell extracts. Bioessays 139:447–453.
   Google Scholar
• Wykes SM, Piasentin E, Joiner MC, Wilson GD, Marples B. 2006. Low-dose hyperradiosensitivity is not caused by a failure to recognize DNA double-strand breaks. Radiation Research 165:516–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyman C, Kanaar R. 2006. DNA double-strand break repair: All's well that ends well. Annual Review of Genetics 40:363–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimaru H, Otake N, Schull WJ, Funamoto S. 1995. Further observations on abnormal brain development caused by prenatal A-bomb exposure to ionizing radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 67:359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto Y, Schull WJ, Kato H, Neel JV. 1981. Mortality among the offspring of atomic bomb Survivors, 1946–85. TR 1–91 Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 1981.
   Google Scholar
• You Z, Bailis JM, Johnson SA, Dilworth SM, Hunter T. 2007. Rapid activation of ATM on DNA flanking double-strand breaks. Nature Cell Biology 9:1311–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdzienicka MZ. 1995. Mammalian mutants defective in the response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Mutation Research 336:203–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zdzienicka MZ, Simons JWIM 1987. Mutagen-sensitive cell lines are obtained with a high frequency in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutation Research 178:235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdzienicka MZ, Tran Q, van der Schans CP, Simons JWIM. 1988 Characterization of an X-ray hypersensitive mutant of V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutation Research 194:239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Spitz DR, Oberley LW, Robbins ME. 2001. Redox modulation of the profibrogenic mediator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 following ionizing radiation. Cancer Research 61:5537–5543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Lee JW, Tatavarthi H, Lupski JR, Valerie K, Povirk LF. 2005. Deficiency in 3′ phosphorylation processing in human cells with a hereditary mutation in tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1). Nucleic Acids Research 33:289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv Y, Bielopolski D, Galanty Y, Lukas C, Taya Y, Schultz DC, Lukas J, Bekker-Jensen S, Bartek J, Shiloh Y. 2006. Chromatin relaxation in response to DNA double-strand breaks is modulated by a novel ATM- and KAP-1 dependent pathway. Nature Cell Biology 8:870–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar