References
- Baer RA. (2010). Self-compassion as a mechanism of change in mindfulness-and acceptance-based treatments. In: Baer RA, ed. Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc., 135–53
- Baer RA, Lykins ELB, Peters JR. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. J Posit Psychol, 7, 230–8
- Baron RM, Kenny DA. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 51, 1173
- Beck AT. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. J Cogn Psychother, 1, 5–37
- Bollen KA, Pearl J. (2013). Eight myths about causality and structural equation models. Handbook of causal analysis for social research. New York, NY: Springer, 301–28
- Bränström R, Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, Moskowitz JT. (2010). Self-report mindfulness as a mediator of psychological well-being in a stress reduction intervention for cancer patients—a randomized study. Ann Behav Med, 39, 151–61
- Bullock JG, Green DP, Ha SE. (2010). Yes, but what’s the mechanism?(don’t expect an easy answer). J Personal Soc Psychol, 98, 550
- Carmody J, Baer RA, Lykins LB, et al. (2009). An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. J Clin Psychol, 65, 613–26
- Chalder T, Goldsmith K, White PD, et al. (2015). Mediators of treatment outcome in the PACE trial of rehabilitative therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 141–52
- Chiesa A, Anselmi R, Serretti A. (2014). Psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions: What do we know? Holist Nurs Pract, 28, 124–48
- Chilcot J, Moss-Morris R. (2013). Changes in illness-related cognitions rather than distress mediate improvements in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms and disability following a brief cognitive behavioural therapy intervention. Behav Res Ther, 51, 690–5
- Clark DA, Taylor S. (2009). The transdiagnostic perspective on cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: New wine for old wineskins? J Cogn Psychother, 23, 60–6
- Coffey KA, Hartman M. (2008). Mechanisms of action in the inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. Complement Health Pract Rev, 13, 79–91
- Cole DA, Maxwell SE. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. J Abnormal Psychol, 112, 558
- Deary V, Chalder T, Sharpe M. (2007). The cognitive behavioural model of medically unexplained symptoms: A theoretical and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev, 27, 781–97
- Derogatis LR, Spencer PM. (1993). Brief symptom inventory: BSI. NJ: Pearson Upper Saddle River
- Drossman DA. (1998). Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model. Psychosomat Med, 60, 258–67
- Dunn G, Emsley R, Liu H, Landau S. (2013). Integrating biomarker information within trials to evaluate treatment mechanisms and efficacy for personalised medicine. Clin Trials, 10, 709–19
- Emsley R, Dunn G, White IR. (2010). Mediation and moderation of treatment effects in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions. Stat Methods Med Res, 19, 237–70
- Epstein RM, Siegel DJ, Silberman J. (2008). Self-monitoring in clinical practice: A challenge for medical educators. J Contin Educ Health Prof, 28, 5–13
- Evans D. (2003). Hierarchy of evidence: A framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. J Clin Nurs, 12, 77–84
- Freeman D, Dunn G, Startup H, et al. (2015). Effects of cognitive behaviour therapy for worry on persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (WIT): A parallel, single-blind, randomised controlled trial with a mediation analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 305–13
- Hayes AF. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Commun Monogr, 76, 408–20
- Hayes SC, Follette VM, Linehan M. (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press
- Harper Romeo K, Meyer Piper S, Johnson D, Penn DL. (2014). An investigation of the relationship between therapist characteristics and alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations. J Ment Health, 23, 166–70
- Heeren A, Van Broeck N, Philippot P. (2009). The effects of mindfulness on executive processes and autobiographical memory specificity. Behav Res Ther, 47, 403–9
- Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJJ, et al. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res, 36, 427–40
- Hofmann SG, Meuret AE, Rosenfield D, et al. (2007). Preliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive-behavioral therapy of panic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 75, 374–9
- Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, et al. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging, 191, 36–43
- Howey L, Ormrod J. (2002). Personality disorder, primary care counselling and therapeutic effectiveness. J Ment Health 11, 131–9
- Jayasekara R, Procter N, Harrison J, et al. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy for older adults with depression: A review. J Ment Health 24, 168–71
- Johansson P, Høglend P. (2007). Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy: Mediators of treatment outcome. Clin Psychol Psychother, 14, 1–9
- Jones M, Koloski N, Boyce P, Talley NJ. (2011). Pathways connecting cognitive behavioral therapy and change in bowel symptoms of IBS. J Psychosomat Res, 70, 278–85
- Judd CM, Kenny DA. (1981). Process analysis estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluat Rev, 5, 602–19
- Kazdin AE. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 3, 1–27
- Kuyken W, Watkins Ed, Holden E, et al. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behav Res Ther, 48, 1105–12
- Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Krasner, SS, et al. (2007). How does cognitive behavior therapy for irritable bowel syndrome work? A mediational analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology, 133, 433–44
- Lipsitz JD, Markowitz JC. (2013). Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT). Clin Psychol Rev, 33, 1134–47
- Little TD, Card NA, Bovaird JA, et al. (2007). Structural equation modeling of mediation and moderation with contextual factors. In: Little TD, Bovaird JA, Card NA, eds. Modeling contextual effects in longitudinal studies, vol. 1. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc
- Livesley WJ. (2007). An integrated approach to the treatment of personality disorder. J Ment Health, 16, 131–48
- MacKinnon DP. (2001). Mediating variable. In: Baltes NJSPB, ed. International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier, 9503–7
- MacKinnon DP. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- MacKinnon D, Fairchild A, Fritz MS. (2007). Mediation analysis. Ann Rev Psychol, 58, 593–614
- MacKinnon DP, Dwyer JH. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluat Rev, 17, 144–58
- MacKinnon DP, Krull JL, Lockwood CM. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevent Sci, 1, 173–81
- MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Hoffman JM, et al. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods, 7, 83–104
- MacKinnon DP, Pirlott AG. (2015). Statistical approaches for enhancing causal interpretation of the M to Y relation in mediation analysis. Person Soc Psychol Rev, 19, 30–43
- Maric M, Heyne DA, MacKinnon DP, et al. (2013). Cognitive mediation of cognitive-behavioural therapy outcomes for anxiety-based school refusal. Behav Cogn Psychother, 41, 549–64
- McCracken LM, Velleman SC. (2010). Psychological flexibility in adults with chronic pain: A study of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action in primary care. Pain, 148, 141–7
- Miklowitz DJ, Scott J. (2009). Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: Cost-effectiveness, mediating mechanisms, and future directions. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 110–22
- Moss-Morris R, Sharon C, Tobin R, Baldi JC. (2005). A randomized controlled graded exercise trial for chronic fatigue syndrome: Outcomes and mechanisms of change. J Health Psychol, 10, 245–59
- Murphy R, Cooper Z, Hollon SD, Fairburn CG. (2009). How do psychological treatments work? Investigating mediators of change. Behav Res Ther, 47, 1–5
- Neale J, Strang J. (2015). Philosophical ruminations on measurement: Methodological orientations of patient reported outcome measures (PROMS). J Ment Health, 24, 123–5
- Neff K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity, 2, 85–101
- Newby JM, McKinnon A, Kuyken W, et al. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of transdiagnostic psychological treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood. Clin Psychol Rev, 40, 91–110
- Odondi L, Lewis G, Kuyken W, et al. (2013). Mediated effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression outcomes. Trials, 14, P112
- Petrocchi N, Ottaviani C, Couyoumdjian A. (2014). Dimensionality of self-compassion: Translation and construct validation of the self-compassion scale in an Italian sample. J Ment Health, 23, 72–7
- Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods, 40, 879–91
- Reme SE, Darnley S, Kennedy T, Chalder T. (2010). The development of the irritable bowel syndrome-behavioral responses questionnaire. J Psychosomat Res, 69, 319–25
- Reme SE, Stahl D, Kennedy T, et al. (2011). Mediators of change in cognitive behaviour therapy and mebeverine for irritable bowel syndrome. Psychol Med, 41, 2669–79
- Sears S, Kraus S. (2009). I think therefore I om: Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. J Clin Psychol, 65, 561–73
- Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol, 62, 373–86
- Snaith RP. (2003). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1, 29
- Stahl D, Rimes KA, Chalder T. (2014) Mechanisms of change underlying the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in a specialist clinic: A mediation analysis. Psychol Med, 44, 1331–44
- Stanton AL, Luecken LJ, MacKinnon DP, Thompson EH. (2013). Mechanisms in psychosocial interventions for adults living with cancer: Opportunity for integration of theory, research, and practice. J Consult Clin Psychol, 81, 318–35
- Steever EE. (1999). The integration of psychodynamic and behavior therapies revisited: Approaching rapprochement? Implications for theory and practice. J Ment Health, 8, 583–96
- Taylor AB, MacKinnon DP, Tein J-Y. (2008). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organ Res Methods, 11, 241–69
- Toner BB, Stuckless N, Ali A, et al. (1998). The development of a cognitive scale for functional bowel disorders. Psychosomatic Med, 60, 492–7
- Toner BB, Segal ZV, Emmott SD, Myran D. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: The brain-gut connection. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press
- Turner JA, Holtzman S, Mancl, L. (2007). Mediators, moderators, and predictors of therapeutic change in cognitive–behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Pain, 127, 276–86
- VanderWeele, T. (2015). Explanation in causal inference: methods for mediation and interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Walley T, Thakker RV. (2008). Developments for funding clinical research in the UK. Lancet, 372, 518–19
- Whisman MA. (1993). Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression. Psychol Bull, 114, 248–65
- Zhao X, Lynch JG, Chen Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. J Consum Res, 37, 197–206