Measuring leprosy-related stigma – a pilot study to validate a toolkit of instruments

References

• Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:277–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Stigter DH, de Geus L, Heynders ML. Leprosy: between acceptance and segregation. Community behaviour towards persons affected by leprosy in eastern Nepal. Lepr Rev 2000;71:492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur H, Van Brakel W. Dehabilitation of leprosy-affected people – a study on leprosy-affected beggars. Lepr Rev 2002;73:346–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao PS, Raju MS, Barkataki A, Nanda NK, Kumar S. Extent and correlates of leprosy stigma in rural India. Indian J Lepr 2008;80:167–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:1621–1626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker R, Aggleton P. HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and an agenda for action. 2002. The Population Council: Horizons project.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnders ML. Understanding adherence in leprosy. Experiencing and making sense of leprosy and its treatment in its social context. London: South Bank University; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnders ML. The dynamics of stigma in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2004;72:437–447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zodpey SP, Tiwari RR, Salodkar AD. Gender differentials in the social and family life of leprosy patients. Lepr Rev 2000;71:505–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters ES, Eshiet AL. Male-female (sex) differences in leprosy patients in south eastern Nigeria: females present late for diagnosis and treatment and have higher rates of deformity. Lepr Rev 2002;73:262–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison A. A woman with leprosy is in double jeopardy. Lepr Rev 2000;71:128–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Brakel WH. Measuring health-related stigma – a literature review. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:307–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heijnders ML. Experiencing leprosy: perceiving and coping with leprosy and its treatment. A qualitative study conducted in Nepal. Lepr Rev 2004;75:327–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls PG, Wiens C, Smith WC. Delay in presentation in the context of local knowledge and attitude towards leprosy – the results of qualitative fieldwork in Paraguay. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2003;71:198–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plagerson S. Attacking social exclusion: combining rehabilitative and preventive approaches to leprosy in Bangladesh. Dev Pract 2005;15:692–670.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnders M, Van Der MS. The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:353–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Brakel WH. Measuring leprosy stigma – a preliminary review of the leprosy literature. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2003;71:190–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss MG. Stigma and the social burden of neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Brakel WH, Anderson AM, Mutatkar RK, Bakirtzief Z, Nicholls PG, Raju MS, Das-Pattanayak RK. The Participation Scale: measuring a key concept in public health. Disabil Rehabil 2006;28:193–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross H, Choudhary R. STEP: an intervention to address the issue of stigma related to leprosy in Southern Nepal. Lepr Rev 2005;76:316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenso B, Fashona A, Ayuba M, Idah M, Adeyemi G, Fada S. Impact of socio-economic rehabilitation on leprosy stigma in Northern Nigeria: findings of a retrospective study. Asia Pac Disabil Rehabil J 2007;18:98–119.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd Ritsher J, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res 2003;121:31–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW. The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cogn Behav Pract 1998;5:201–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ersoy MA, Varan A. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the internalized stigma of mental illness scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2007;18:163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss MG, Doongaji DR, Siddhartha S, Wypij D, Pathare S, Bhatawdekar M, Bhave A, Sheth A, Fernandes R. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC). Contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:819–830.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury AN, Sanyal D, Bhattacharya A, Dutta SK, De R, Banerjee S, Bhattacharya K, Palit S, Bhattacharya P, Mondal RK, Weiss MG. Prominence of symptoms and level of stigma among depressed patients in Calcutta. Indian Med Assoc 2001;99.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss MG. Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC): Framework for comparative study of illness. Transcult Psychiatry 1997;34:235–263.
   Google Scholar
• Vlassoff C, Weiss M, Ovuga EB, Eneanya C, Nwel PT, Babalola SS, Awedoba AK, Theophilus B, Cofie P, Shetabi P. Gender and the stigma of onchocercal skin disease in Africa. Soc Sci Med 2000;50:1353–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M, editors. Measures in health psychology: a user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Windsor: NFER-NELSON; 1995. pp 35–37.
   Google Scholar
• Scholz U, Gutierrez Dona B, Sud S, Schwarzer R. Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings form 25 countries. Eur J Psychol Assess 2002;18:242–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar