‘I can’t see any reason for stopping doing anything, but I might have to do it differently’ – restoring hope to patients with persistent non-specific low back pain – a qualitative study

References

• Phillips C, Main C, Buck R, Aylward M, Wynne-Jones G, Farr A. Prioritising pain in policy making: the need for a whole systems perspective. Health Policy 2008;88:166–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Low back pain. Early managment of persistent non-specific low back pain. In: National Guideline Clearinghouse, editors; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (2009) Pain breaking through the barrier. Chief Medical Officer’s report, 150th annual report of the Chief Medical Officer.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman BM, Papas RK, Chatkoff DK, Kerns RD. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychol 2007;26:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Williams A, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med 2007;30:77–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wideman TH, Adams H, Sullivan MJ. A prospective sequential analysis of the fear-avoidance model of pain. Pain 2009;145:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman A. Concepts and a model for the comparison of medical systems as cultural systems. Soc Sci Med 1978;12:85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helman C. Culture Health and Illness Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Williams AC, Rogers WS. Patients’ and professionals’ understandings of the causes of chronic pain: blame, responsibility and protection. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenton C. Chronic back pain sufferers – striving for the sick role. Soc Sci Med 2003;57:2243–2252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson JE. After a while no one believes you: real and unreal pain. In: Good M-JD Brodwin, PE, Good BJ, Kleinman A, editors. Pain as human experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Walker J, Holloway I, Sofaer B. In the system: the lived experience of chronic back pain from the perspectives of those seeking help from pain clinics. Pain 1999;80:621–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillrank A. Back pain and the resolution of diagnostic uncertainty in illness narratives. Soc Sci Med 2003;57:1045–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson M, Ekholm J, Ohman A. From shame to respect: musculoskeletal pain patients’ experience of a rehabilitation programme, a qualitative study. J Rehabil Med 2004;36:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne M, Smith J. The personal experience of chronic benign lower back pain: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Br J Health Psychol 1998;3:65–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettleton S. ‘I just want permission to be ill’: towards a sociology of medically unexplained symptoms. Soc Sci Med 2006;62:1167–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroman K, Warner R, Chamberlain K. Now let me tell you in my own words: narratives of acute and chronic low back pain. Disabil Rehabil 2009;31:976–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson M, Danielson E, Norberg A. Nurses’ and physicians’ narratives about long-term non-malignant pain among men. J Adv Nurs 1999;30:1097–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugelmann R. Complaining about chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 1999;49:1663–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkasalo ML. Vicissitudes of pain and suffering: chronic pain and liminality. Med Anthropol 2001;19:319–353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werner A, Malterud K. It is hard work behaving as a credible patient: encounters between women with chronic pain and their doctors. Soc Sci Med 2003;57:1409–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner A, Isaksen LW, Materud K. ‘I am not the kind of woman who complains of everything’: illness stories on self and shame in women with chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 2004;59:1035–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allcock N, Elkan R, Williams J. Patients referred to a pain management clinic: beliefs, expectations and priorities. J Adv Nurs 2007;60:248–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway I, Sofaer-Bennett B, Walker J. The stigmatisation of people with chronic back pain. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29:1456–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson JE. Stigma, liminality and chronic pain: mind body borderlands. American Ethnologist 2005;32:332–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bury MR. Illness narratives: fact or fiction? Sociol Health Illn 2001;23:263–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CR, Rose MJ, Johnstone FC. Dealing with doubt. How patients account for non-specific chronic low back pain. J Psychosom Res 2000;49:223–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A, Curran HV, Pearce S, Allan L. Managing constraint: the experience of people with chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:431–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker J, Sofaer B, Holloway I. The experience of chronic pain: accounts of loss in those seeking help from pain clinics. Eur J Pain 2006;10:199–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes LA, McPhillips-Tangum CA, Markham C, Klenk R. The power of the visible: the meaning of diagnostic tests in chronic back pain. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:1189–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 32.Steen E, Haugli L. From pain to self-awareness–a qualitative analysis of the significance of group participation for persons with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Patient Educ Couns 2001;42:35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall N, Linton SJ, Main C. Psychosocial Yellow Flags for acute low back pain: ‘Yellow Flags’ as an analogue to ‘Red Flags’. Eur J Pain 1998;2:1090–3801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry disability index. Spine 2000;25:2940–2953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JA, Flowers P, Larkin M. Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Theory, method and research. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JA. Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis. In: Smith JA, Harre R, Langenhove LV, editors Rethinking methods in psychology. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Fontana A, Frey JH. From structured questions to negotiated text. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, editors Handbook of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• NVIVO. Nvivo qualitatitve data analysis and software. 2nd ed. In: LTD., Q. I. P, editors. software for qualitative data analysis; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Seale C. The quality of qualitative research. London, UK: Sage publications Ltd; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer K, Mogensen O, Hall EO. The meaning of hope in nursing research: a meta-synthesis. Scand J Caring Sci 2009;23:549–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutton E, Seers K, Langstaff D. An exploration of hope as a concept for nursing. J Orthopaed Nurs 2009;13:119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Corbett M, Foster NE, Ong BN. Living with low back pain: stories of hope and despair. Soc Sci Med 2007;65:1584–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculosketletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000;85:317–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, Eek HV. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995;62:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-Jong J, Vlayen J, Onghena P, Goossens M, Geilen M, Tulder H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: education or exposure in vivo as mediator to fear reduction? Clin J Pain 2005;21:9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton D. Medicine as Culture. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault M. The birth of the clinic. London, UK: Tavistock publications; 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Annandale E. Sociol Health Illn. Malden, MA: Polity Press; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Helman C. Culture Health and Illness. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons T. The social system. New York, NY: New York Free Press; 1951.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman A. The illness narratives. Suffering, healing and the human condition. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Good BJ. Medicine rationality and experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1994. pp 50–69.
   Google Scholar
• Good BJ. A body in pain - the making of a world of chronic pain. In: Good M-JD Brodwin, PE, Good BJ, Kleinman A., editors. Pain as human experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Kugelmann R. The psychology and management of pain: gate control as theory and symbol. Theory Psychol 1997;7:43–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 56. Toye F, Barker K. ‘Could I be imagining this?’ - the dialectic struggles of people with persistent unexplained back pain. Disabil Rehabil 2010;32:1722–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido BA. Beyond rational choice: the social dynamics of how people seek help. Am J Sociol 1992;97:1096–1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner V. The forest of symbols. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Martin DR, O’Brien JL, Heyworth JA, Meyer NR. Point counterpoint: the function of contradictions on an interdisciplinary health care team. Qual Health Res 2008;18:369–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter LA, Erbert L. Perceptions of dialectical contradictions in turning points of development in heterosexual romanitc relationships. J Soc Pers Relat 1999;16:547–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley S, Eccleston C. The object of fear in pain. In: Asmundsen JG, Vlaeyen JWS, Crombez G, editors. Understanding and treating fear of pain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz K. Good Days, Bad Days: The Self in Chronic Illness and Time. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken LM, Eccleston C. Coping or acceptance: what to do about chronic pain? Pain 2003;105:197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken LM, Carson JW, Eccleston C, Keefe FJ. Acceptance and change in the context of chronic pain. Pain 2004;109:4–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus T, Morley S. Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: a review and integration. Psychol Bull 2001;127:599–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley S, Davies C, Barton S. Possible selves in chronic pain: self-pain enmeshment, adjustment and acceptance. Pain 1995;115:84–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skuladottir H, Halldorsdottir S. Women in chronic pain: sense of control and encounters with health professionals. Qual Health Res 2008;18:891–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch H. Appraisal and coping processes among chronic low back pain patients. Scand J Caring Sci 2005;19:396–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vowles KE, McCracken LM. Comparing the role of psychological flexibility and traditional pain management coping strategies in chronic pain treatment outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2010;48:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken LM, Samuel VM. The role of avoidance, pacing, and other activity patterns in chronic pain. Pain 2007;130:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill JR, Brown CA. A structured review of the evidence for pacing as a chronic pain intervention. Eur J Pain 2009;13:214–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkholtz M, Aylwin L, Harman RM. Activity pacing in chronic pain managment: one aim, but which method? part one: introduction and literature review. Br J Occup Ther 2006;67:447–452.
   Google Scholar
• Birkholtz M, Aylwin L, Harman RM. Activity pacing in chronic pain managment: one aim, but which method? part two: national activity pacing survey. Br J Occup Ther 2006;67:481–486.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic Reviews - CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare. In: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, editor. York, UK: York Publishing Services Limited; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Werner A, Steihaug S, Malterud K. Encountering the continuing challenges for women with chronic pain: recovery through recognition. Qual Health Res 2003;13:491–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar