The Trunk Impairment Scale – modified to ordinal scales in the Norwegian version

References

• Academy of Medical Sciences. Restoring neurological function. Putting the neurosciences to work in neurorehabilitation. London: Academy of Medical Sciences; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Helsedirektoratet. Hjerneslag—Nasjonale retningslinjer for behandling og rehabilitering ved hjerneslag. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Ellekjaer H, Solberg R. Hjerneslag—like mange rammes, men prognosen er bedre. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening 2007;6:740–743.
   Google Scholar
• Feld JA, Rabadi MH, Blau AD, Jordan BD. Berg balance scale and outcome measures in acquired brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2001;15:239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karthikbabu S, Nayak A, Vijayakumar K, Misri Z, Suresh B, Ganesan S, Joshua AM. Comparison of physio ball and plinth trunk exercises regimens on trunk control and functional balance in patients with acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2011;25:709–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee JY, Wong H, Palepu A. Validation of the Berg Balance Scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee JY, Hopman WM. Stroke impairment predictors of discharge function, length of stay, and discharge destination in stroke rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005;84:604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollen B, van de Port I, Lindeman E, Twisk J, Kwakkel G. Predicting improvement in gait after stroke: a longitudinal prospective study. Stroke 2005;36:2676–2680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell GB, Matthews JT. An integrative review of factors associated with falls during post-stroke rehabilitation. J Nurs Scholarsh 2010;42:395–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira R, Cacho EW, Borges G. Post-stroke motor and functional evaluations: a clinical correlation using Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, Berg balance scale and Barthel index. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2006;64:731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006;36:189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryerson S, Byl NN, Brown DA, Wong RA, Hidler JM. Altered trunk position sense and its relation to balance functions in people post-stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2008;32:14–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, Mertin J, Preger R, Kiekens C, De Weerdt W. The Trunk Impairment Scale: a new tool to measure motor impairment of the trunk after stroke. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:326–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CL, Sheu CF, Hsueh IP, Wang CH. Trunk control as an early predictor of comprehensive activities of daily living function in stroke patients. Stroke 2002;33:2626–2630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CH, Hsueh IP, Sheu CF, Hsieh CL. Discriminative, predictive, and evaluative properties of a trunk control measure in patients with stroke. Phys Ther 2005;85:887–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte E, Marco E, Muniesa JM, Belmonte R, Diaz P, Tejero M, Escalada F. Trunk control test as a functional predictor in stroke patients. J Rehabil Med 2002;34:267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Herregodts I, Lafosse C, Nieuwboer A, De Weerdt W. Trunk performance after stroke and the relationship with balance, gait and functional ability. Clin Rehabil 2006;20:451–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International classification of functioning, disability and health, ICF. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Blum L, Korner-Bitensky N. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Phys Ther 2008;88:559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson SF, Connell LA. How to measure balance in clinical practice. A systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions. Clin Rehabil 2009;23:824–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Willems AM, Ooms L, Nieuwboer A. Validity of the trunk impairment scale as a measure of trunk performance in people with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:1304–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Nuyens G, Nieuwboer A, Van Asch P, Ketelaer P, De Weerdt W. Reliability and validity of trunk assessment for people with multiple sclerosis. Phys Ther 2006;86:66–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Hughes J, Jelsma J, Nieuwboer A, De Weerdt W. Assessing motor impairment of the trunk in patients with traumatic brain injury: reliability and validity of the Trunk Impairment Scale. S Afr J Physiother 2006;62:23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Feys H, Schuback B, Baert I, Jenni W, et al. Trunk performance after stroke: an eye catching predictor of functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2007;78:694–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streiner DL, Norman ED. Item response theory. In: Streiner DL, Norman ED, editors. Health measurement scales. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University press; 2008. pp 299–330.
   Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Kersten P. Investigating the internal validity of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) using Rasch analysis: the TIS 2.0. Disabil Rehabil 2010;32:2127–2137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 2000;25:3186–3191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Samsa GP. Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke 1997;28:307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasner SE. Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:603–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer BC, Hemmen TM, Jackson CM, Lyden PD. Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: prospective reliability and validity. Stroke 2002;33:1261–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benaim C, Pérennou DA, Villy J, Rousseaux M, Pelissier JY. Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). Stroke 1999;30:1862–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Higgins J, Ahmed S, Finch LE, Richards CL. Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1204–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobart J, Cano S. Improving the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in multiple sclerosis: the role of new psychometric methods. Health Technol Assess 2009;13:iii, ix–iiix.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg L, Thissen D. Uses of item response theory and the testlet concept in the measurement of psychopathology. Psychol Methods 1996;1:81–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morizot J, Ainsworth AT, Reise SP. Toward modern psychometrics. Application of item response theory models in personality research. In: Robins RW, Fraley C, Kreuger RF, editors. Handbook of research methods in personality psychology.New York: Guilford Press; 2007. pp 407–423.
   Google Scholar
• Embretson SE, Reise SP. Item response theory for psychologists. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Muthen LK, Muthen BO. Mplus user guide. 6th ed. Los Angeles: Muthen & Muthen; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Flora DB, Curran PJ. An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychol Methods 2004;9:466–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samejima F. Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. 17[Suppl], 1–98. 1969. Richmond, VA, Psychometric Society Psychometric Monograph.
   Google Scholar
• Brown TA. Data issues in CFA. In: Brown TA, editor. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, London: The Guilford Press; 2006. pp 363–411.
   Google Scholar
• Wainer H, Kiely GL. Items clusters and computerized adaptive testing—a case for testlets. J Educ Meas 1987;24:185–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 1990;107:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger J, Lind J. Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors. The Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Iowa City, IA 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Yu C-Y. Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. University of California, Los Angeles; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Domholdt E. Statistical analysis of relationships: the basics. In: Domholdt E, editor. Rehabilitation research. Principles and applications. 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2005. pp 351–363.
   Google Scholar
• Bland JM, Altman DG. Measurement error. BMJ 1996;313:744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman DG. Some common problems in medical research. In: Altman DG, editor. Practical statistics for medical research. 1st ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC; 1991. pp 396–439.
   Google Scholar
• Reise SP, Morizot J, Hays RD. The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Qual Life Res 2007;16 Suppl 1:19–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip EH. Empirically indistinguishable multidimensional IRT and locally dependent unidimensional item response models. Br J Math Stat Psychol 2010;63:395–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghuis J, Hof AL, Lemmink KA. The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: implications for measurement and training. Sports Med 2008;38:893–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, Khachatryan A. Stabilizing function of trunk flexor-extensor muscles around a neutral spine posture. Spine 1997;22:2207–2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges PW, Cresswell AG, Daggfeldt K, Thorstensson A. Three dimensional preparatory trunk motion precedes asymmetrical upper limb movement. Gait Posture 2000;11:92–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak FB. Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing 2006;35:ii7–ii11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee LJ, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Anticipatory postural adjustments to arm movement reveal complex control of paraspinal muscles in the thorax. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009;19:46–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Monaco M, Trucco M, Di Monaco R, Tappero R, Cavanna A. The relationship between initial trunk control or postural balance and inpatient rehabilitation outcome after stroke: a prospective comparative study. Clin Rehabil 2010;24:543–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsen SM, Dannenbaum R, Levin MF. Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial. Stroke 2006;37:186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlmutter S, Lin F, Makhsous M. Quantitative analysis of static sitting posture in chronic stroke. Gait Posture 2010;32:53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Lafosse C, Saeys W, Leenaerts E, et al. Additional exercises improve trunk performance after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009;23:281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Thijs V, Dobbelaere J, Devos H, Severijns D, et al. Time course of trunk, arm, leg, and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008;22:173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson JE, Åberg-Bengtsson L. Unidimensionality and interpretability of psychological instruments. In: Embretson SE, editor. Measuring psychological constructs: Advances in model-based approaches.Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2010. pp 97–121.
   Google Scholar