Contractures with special reference in elderly: definition and risk factors – a systematic review with practical implications

References

• Fergusson D, Hutton B, Drodge A. The epidemiology of major joint contractures: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;456:22–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souren LE, Franssen EH, Reisberg B. Contractures and loss of function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:650–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner LM, Capezuti E, Brush BL, et al. Contractures in frail nursing home residents. Geriatr Nurs 2008;29:259–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuismer BA, Ekes AM, Holm MB. The use of low-load prolonged stretch devices in rehabilitation programs in the Pacific northwest. Am J Occup Ther 1997;51:538–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner LM, Clevenger C. Contractures in nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010;11:94–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber RL, Steinman S, Barash IA, Chambers H. Structural and functional changes in spastic skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 2004;29:615–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD, et al. Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;3:CD007455
   Google Scholar
• Gnass I, Bartoszek G, Thiesemann R, Meyer G. Joint contractures in older age. A systematic literature review. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2010;43:147–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer BJ, Jegasothy GM, Singer KP, et al. Incidence of ankle contracture after moderate to severe acquired brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1465–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl M, Mehrholz J. A new shoulder range of motion screening measurement: its reliability and application in the assessment of the prevalence of shoulder contractures in patients with impaired consciousness caused by severe brain damage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:98–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannin NA, Cusick A, McCluskey A, Herbert RD. Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2007;38:111–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson W, Smith R, Aung O, Ada L. No difference between wearing a night splint and standing on a tilt table in preventing ankle contracture early after stroke: a randomised trial. Aust J Physiother 2008;54:33–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackley C, Brittle N, Patel S, et al. The prevalence of joint contractures, pressure sores, painful shoulder, other pain, falls, and depression in the year after a severely disabling stroke. Stroke 2008;39:3329–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryden AM, Dawe RS, Fleming C. Dermatoscopic features of benign sebaceous proliferation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:676–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollinger LA, Steffen TM. Knee flexion contractures in institutionalized elderly: prevalence, severity, stability, and related variables. Phys Ther 1993;73:437–44 (discussion 44–6)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikson S, Damus K, Hamerman D. Risk factors associated with immobility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:707–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick B. Functional performance and exercise of older adults in long-term care settings. J Gerontol Nurs 2000;26:7–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD, et al. Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;3:CD007455
   Google Scholar
• Clavet H, Hebert PC, Fergusson D, et al. Joint contracture following prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. CMAJ 2008;178:691–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox P, Richardson J, McInnes B, et al. Effectiveness of a bed positioning program for treating older adults with knee contractures who are institutionalized. Phys Ther 2000;80:363–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes K, Walton JR, Szomor ZR, Murrell GA. Reliability of five methods for assessing shoulder range of motion. Aust J Physiother 2001;47:289–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Pol RJ, van Trijffel E, Lucas C. Inter-rater reliability for measurement of passive physiological range of motion of upper extremity joints is better if instruments are used: a systematic review. J Physiother 2010;56:7–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapis PA, Davis SM, Davis RO. Reliability of inclinometer and goniometric measurements of hip extension flexibility using the modified Thomas test. Physiother Theory Pract 2008;24:135–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins MA, Riddle DL, Lamb RL, Personius WJ. Reliability of goniometric measurements and visual estimates of knee range of motion obtained in a clinical setting. Phys Ther 1991;71:90–6 (discussion 6–7)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youdas JW, Bogard CL, Suman VJ. Reliability of goniometric measurements and visual estimates of ankle joint active range of motion obtained in a clinical setting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:1113–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Trijffel E, van de Pol RJ, Oostendorp RA, Lucas C. Inter-rater reliability for measurement of passive physiological movements in lower extremity joints is generally low: a systematic review. J Physiother 2010;56:223–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson H. Joint motion and function assessment. A research-based practical guide. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Quinn MF. Relation of observer agreement to accuracy according to a two-receiver signal detection model of diagnosis. Med Decis Making 1989;9:196–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibere J, Bellamy N, Thorne A, et al. Reliability of the knee examination in osteoarthritis: effect of standardization. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:458–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibere J, Thorne A, Bellamy N, et al. Reliability of the hip examination in osteoarthritis: effect of standardization. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:373–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel G, Uhthoff HK. Contractures secondary to immobility: is the restriction articular or muscular? An experimental longitudinal study in the rat knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:6–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clavet H, Hebert PC, Fergusson DA, et al. Joint contractures in the intensive care unit: association with resource utilization and ambulatory status at discharge. Disabil Rehabil 2011;33:105–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akeson WH, Amiel D, Abel MF, et al. Effects of immobilization on joints. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;219:28–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanwanseele B, Lucchinetti E, Stussi E. The effects of immobilization on the characteristics of articular cartilage: current concepts and future directions. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:408–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BC, Fernhall B, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: I. Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:256–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BC, Manini TM, Bolanowski SJ, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: II. Neurological properties and motor imagery efficacy. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:264–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau P. Immobility in the aged. Arch Fam Med 1993;2:169–77 (discussion 78)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lance JW. The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 1980;30:1303–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canning CG, Ada L, O'Dwyer N. Slowness to develop force contributes to weakness after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK, et al. Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 2004;35:134–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul SS, Canning CG, Sherrington C, Fung VS. Reduced muscle strength is the major determinant of reduced leg muscle power in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18:974–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis RJ, Caligiuri M, Galasko D, Thal LJ. Extrapyramidal motor signs in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1996;10:103–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brach JS, FitzGerald S, Newman AB, et al. Physical activity and functional status in community-dwelling older women: a 14-year prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2565–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MB. Iatrogenic and nurisgenic effects of prolonged immobilization of the ill aged. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975;23:360–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip B, Stewart DA, Roberts MA. The prevalence of joint contractures in residents in NHS continuing care. Health Bull (Edinb) 1996;54:338–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emed JD, Morrison DR, Des Rosiers L, Kahn SR. Definition of immobility in studies of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients: a systematic review. J Vasc Nurs 2010;28:54–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anandacoomarasamy A, Smith G, Leibman S, et al. Cartilage defects are associated with physical disability in obese adults. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1290–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt KD. Response of joint structures to inactivity and to reloading after immobilization. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49:267–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, Hazuda HP. Walking velocity in aged persons: its association with lower extremity joint range of motion. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:287–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballaz L, Plamondon S, Lemay M. Ankle range of motion is key to gait efficiency in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010;25:944–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, et al. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med 1995;332:556–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, Dhanda R, et al. Determinants of hip and knee flexion range: results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res 1999;12:8–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchi F, Molino-Lova R, Di Iorio A, et al. Measures of physical performance capture the excess disability associated with hip pain or knee pain in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009;64:1316–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covinsky KE, Lindquist K, Dunlop DD, Yelin E. Pain, functional limitations, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:1556–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, Hazuda HP. Determinants of shoulder and elbow flexion range: results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res 1999;12:277–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert LE, Bienias JL, McCann JJ, et al. Upper and lower extremity motor performance and functional impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2010;25:425–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitson HE, Sanders LL, Pieper CF, et al. Correlation between symptoms and function in older adults with comorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:676–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourrett E, Bernick L, Cott C, Kontos P. The meaning of mobility for residents and staff in long-term care facilities. J Adv Nursing 2002;37:338–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean JF, Vora A, Frontera WR. Benefits of exercise for community-dwelling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:S31–42 (quiz S3–4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster A, Lambley R, Young JB. Is physical rehabilitation for older people in long-term care effective? Findings from a systematic review. Age Ageing 2010;39:169–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li-Tsang CW, Hung LK, Mak AF. The effect of corrective splinting on flexion contracture of rheumatoid fingers. J Hand Ther 2002;15:185–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah MA, Lopez JK, Escalante AS, Green DP. Dynamic splinting of forearm rotational contracture after distal radius fracture. J Hand Surg Am 2002;27:456–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, et al. Isolated gastrocnemius tightness. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84-A:962–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandyan AD, Cameron M, Powell J, et al. Contractures in the post-stroke wrist: a pilot study of its time course of development and its association with upper limb recovery. Clin Rehabil 2003;17:88–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriya H, Sasho T, Sano S, Wada Y. Arthroscopic posteromedial release for osteoarthritic knees with flexion contracture. Arthroscopy 2004;20:1030–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhave A, Mont M, Tennis S, et al. Functional problems and treatment solutions after total hip and knee joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:9–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurman DJ, Rojer DE. Total knee arthroplasty: range of motion across five systems. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;430:132–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriya K, Uchiyama T, Kawaji Y. Comparison of the surgical outcomes for trigger finger and trigger thumb: preliminary results. Hand Surg 2005;10:83–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takamoto S, Saeki S, Yabumoto Y, et al. Spontaneous fractures of long bones associated with joint contractures in bedridden elderly inpatients: clinical features and outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1439–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson JR, Parish EN, Cross MJ. Results of open arthrolysis for the treatment of stiffness after total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005;87:1357–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeney JA, Clohisy JC, Curry M, Maloney WJ. Revision total knee arthroplasty for restricted motion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;440:135–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schurr K, Ada L. Observation of arm behaviour in healthy elderly people: implications for contracture prevention after stroke. Aust J Physiother 2006;52:129–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CC, Ko SF, Ko JY, et al. Imaging factors related to rotator cuff tear in patients with deltoid contracture. J Formos Med Assoc 2006;105:132–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick E, Ada L. The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it. Clin Rehabil 2006;20:173–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JN, Vialle R, Denormandie P, et al. Treatment of knee flexion contracture due to central nervous system disorders in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:840–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mont MA, Seyler TM, Marulanda GA, et al. Surgical treatment and customized rehabilitation for stiff knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;446:193–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammarco GJ, Bagwe MR, Sammarco VJ, Magur EG. The effects of unilateral gastrocsoleus recession. Foot Ankle Int 2006;27:508–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radic M, Martinovic Kaliterna D, Ljutic D. The level of anti-topoisomerase I antibodies highly correlates with metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints flexion contractures in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006;24:407–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ada L, Foongchomcheay A, Canning C. Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;1:CD003863
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hattori T, Tsunoda K, Watanabe K, et al. Arthroscopic mobilization for contracture of the wrist. Arthroscopy 2006;22:850–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arangio GA, Wasser T, Rogman A. The use of standing lateral tibial-calcaneal angle as a quantitative measurement of Achilles tendon contracture in adult acquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int 2006;27:685–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellemans J, Vandenneucker H, Victor J, Vanlauwe J. Flexion contracture in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;452:78–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsley SA, Herbert RD, Ada L. Four weeks of daily stretch has little or no effect on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2007;53:239–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenhovius AL, Linzel DS, Doornberg JN, et al. Comparison of elbow contracture release in elbows with and without heterotopic ossification restricting motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2007;16:621–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneghini RM, Pierson JL, Bagsby D, et al. The effect of retropatellar fat pad excision on patellar tendon contracture and functional outcomes after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:47–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriano C, Keenan MA. Knee disarticulation and hip release for severe lower extremity contractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;462:150–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter MA, Lutgring JD, Davis KE, et al. The role of flexion contracture on outcomes in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:1092–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyler TM, Jinnah RH, Koman LA, et al. Botulinum toxin type A injections for the management of flexion contractures following total knee arthroplasty. J Surg Orthop Adv 2008;17:231–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gundlach U, Eygendaal D. Surgical treatment of posttraumatic stiffness of the elbow: 2-year outcome in 21 patients after a column procedure. Acta Orthop 2008;79:74–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb K, Koller H, Holz U, et al. Open arthrolysis of posttraumatic elbow stiffness. Unfallchirurg 2008;111:299–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath MS, Mont MA, Siddiqui JA, et al. Evaluation of a custom device for the treatment of flexion contractures after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009;467:1485–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonutti PM, Marulanda GA, McGrath MS, et al. Static progressive stretch improves range of motion in arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010;18:194–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn SB, Choi YR, Kang HJ, Lee SH. Prognostic factors and long-term outcomes following a modified Thompson's quadricepsplasty for severely stiff knees. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010;92:217–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich SD, Bonutti PM, Seyler TM, et al. Restoring range of motion via stress relaxation and static progressive stretch in posttraumatic elbow contractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010;19:196–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suksathien R, Suksathien Y. A new static progressive splint for treatment of knee and elbow flexion contractures. J Med Assoc Thai 2010;93:799–804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulroy SJ, Eberly VJ, Gronely JK, et al. Effect of AFO design on walking after stroke: impact of ankle plantar flexion contracture. Prosthet Orthot Int 2010;34:277–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MJ, Chang MJ, Lee YB, Kang HJ. Surgical release for posttraumatic loss of elbow flexion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010;92:2692–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra S, Pandyan AD, Rosewilliam S, et al. Spasticity and contractures at the wrist after stroke: time course of development and their association with functional recovery of the upper limb. Clin Rehabil 2011;25:184–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar