Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: diagnosis and treatment

References

• Mitchell S W, Morehouse G R, Keen W W. Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1864
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell S W. Injuries of Nerves and their Consequences. Lippincott, New York 1872
   Google Scholar
• Doury P, Dirheimer J, Pattin S. Algodystrophy. Diagnosis and therapy of a frequent disease of the locomotor system. Springer, Berlin, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Evans J A. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surgical Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1964; 82: 36–43
   Google Scholar
• Steinbrocker O, Spitzer H, Friedman H H. The shoulder-hand syndrome in reflex dystrophy of the upper extremity. Annals of Internal Medicine 1974; 29: 22–52
   Google Scholar
• Kozin F. The painful shoulder and reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Arthritis and Allied Conditions 12th edn., D J McCarty. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1992; 375–400
   Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain 1986, Suppl. 3
   Google Scholar
• Miller D S, De Takats G. Post-traumatic dystrophy of the extremities. Sudeck's atrophy. Surgical Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1991; 125: 558–582
   Google Scholar
• Kozin F. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a review. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1992; 10: 401–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis S W. Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1977; 58: 3553–3559
   Google Scholar
• Churcher M D. Algodystrophy after aortic bifurcation surgery. Lancet 1984; 2: 131–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priollet P, Fichelle J M, Vayssairant M, Cormier J M, Housset E. Algodystrophy after vascular surgery. Lancet 1984; 2: 923–924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel C, Casillas J M, Giraud J C, Taurand J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of the foot after vascular surgery: microcirculatory evaluation. Revue de Rheumatisme 1993; 7: 445–446
   Google Scholar
• Bickerstaff D R, Kanis J A. Algodystrophy: an under-recognised complication of minor trauma. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994; 33: 240–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozin F, Haughton V, Ryan L. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in a child. Journal of Pediatrics 1977; 90: 417–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz F R, Mathews K D, Montgomery W J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Clinical Orthopaedics 1990; 258: 225–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts W. A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains. Pain 1986; 24: 297–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chard M D. Diagnosis and management of algodystrophy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1991; 50: 727–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houdenhove B. Neuroalgodystrophy: a psychiatrist's view. Clinical Rheumatology 1986; 5: 399–406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke E D, Ward C. Vicious circles in reflex sympathetic dystrophy — a hypothesis. Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990; 83: 96–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goris R J A, Dongen L M V, Winters H A H. Are toxic oxygen radicals involved in the pathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Free Radical Research Communication 1987; 3: 13–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumann R A, Aberer E, Stanek G. Evidence for spirochaetal origin of Sudeck's atrophy (algodystrophy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 1989; 108: 314–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roig-Escofet D, Rodriguez-Moreno J, Riuz Martin J M. Concepts and limits of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clinical Rheumatology 1989; 8: 104–108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tahmoush A J. Causalgia: re-definition as a clinical pain syndrome. Pain 1981; 10: 187–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins R M, Kanis J A. The use of dolorimetry in the assessment of post-traumatic algodystrophy of the hand. British Journal of Rheumatology 1989; 28: 404–409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenberg V I, Tveter K, Maxwell J. Accurate measurement of the extent of hand swelling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1980; 23: 1411–1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidoff G, Morey K, Amann M, Stamps J. Pain measurement in reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Pain 1988; 32: 27–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke E D, Glick E N, Bowcock S A, Smith R E, Ward C, Almond N E, Beacham J A. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (algoneurodystrophy): temperature studies in the upper limb. British Journal of Rheumatology 1989; 28: 399–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones G. Radiological appearances of disuse osteoporosis. Clinical Radiology 1969; 20: 345–346
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joyce J M, Keats T E. Disuse osteoporosis: mimic of neoplastic disease. Skeletal Radiology 1986; 15: 129–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant H D, Kozin F, Bekerman C, McCarty D J, Sims J. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A comprehensive analysis using fine detail radiography, photon absorptiometry and bone and joint scintigraphy. Radiology 1975; 117: 21–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozin F, Ryan L M, Carrera G F, Soin J S. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. III. Scintigraphic studies, further evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of systemic corticosteroids, and proposed diagnostic criteria. American Journal of Medicine 1981; 70: 23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer A H, Holder L E, Espinota D A, et al. Three-phase radionuclide scintigraphy of the hand. Radiology 1983; 146: 761–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greyson N D, Tepperman P S. Three-phase bone studies in hemiplegia with reflex sympathetic dystrophy and the effect of disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1984; 25: 423–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demangeat J L, Constantomesco A, Brunot B, Foucher G, Farcot J M. Three-phase bone scanning in reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1988; 29: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon S, Holder L. The use of the three-phase radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Journal of Hand Surgery 1984; 9A: 556–563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriagada M, Arinoviche R. X-ray bone densitometry in the diagnosis and follow-up of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Journal of Rheumatology 1994; 21: 498–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambrook P, Champion G D. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: characteristic changes in bone on CT scan. Journal of Rheumatology 1990; 17: 10–11
   Google Scholar
• Koch E S, Hofer H O, Scaler G, Marincek B, Schulthess G K V. Failure of MR imaging to detect reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the extremities. American Journal of Roentgenology 1991; 156: 113–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrocker O, Argyros T G. The shoulder-hand syndrome: present status as a diagnostic and therapeutic entity. Medical Clinics of North America 1958; 42: 1538–1553
   Google Scholar
• Kozin F, McCarty D J, Sims J, Genant H. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. I. Clinical and histologic studies: evidence for bilaterality, response to corticosteroids and articular involvement. American Journal of Medicine 1976; 60: 321–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozin F, Genants H K, Bekerman C, McCarty D J. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. II. Roentgenographic and scintigraphic evidence of bilaterality and periarticular accentuation. American Journal of Medicine 1976; 60: 332–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder R T, Berde C B, Wolohan M, Viegra M A, Masek B J, Micheli L J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (America) 1992; 74: 910–919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fralka V, Resch K L, Ritter-Dietrich D, Alacamliogh Y, Chen O, Lechta T, Kluger R, Ernst F. Acupuncture for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993; 153: 661–662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner M J. Hypnotherapy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1992; 34: 227–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arner S. Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 1991; 46: 17–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja S N, Treade R D, Davis K D, Campbell J N. Systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: a diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain. Anaesthesiology 1991; 74: 691–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers T J, Chambers J C, Symonds J, Darby J A. The effect of human calcitonin on the cytoplasmic spreading of rat osteoclasts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986; 63: 1080–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strettle R J, Bates R F L, Buckley G A. Evidence for a direct anti-inflammatory action of calcitonin: inhibition of histamine-induced mouse pinnal oedema by porcine osteocalcin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1980; 32: 192–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceserani R. Calcitonin and prostaglandin systems. Life Science 1979; 3: 1851–1856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth A, Kolaric K. Analgesic activity of calcitonin in patients with osteolytic metastases of breast cancer. Oncology 1986; 43: 283–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicki A, Szulc P, Sobczyk T, Goliszewski J, Gamier P, Labuszewski R. Influence of calcitonin treatment on the osteocalcin concentration in the algodystrophy of bone. Clinical Rheumatology 1992; 11: 346–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuti R, Vattimo A, Martini G, Turchetti V, Righi G A. Carbocalcitonin treatment in Sudeck's atrophy. Clinical Orthopaedic Research 1987; 215: 217–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doury P, Caulin F. Calcitonin in the treatment of algodystrophy. An update. Calcified Tissue International 1986; 39(Suppl. 335)
   Google Scholar
• Bickerstaff D R, Kanis J A. The use of nasal calcitonin in the treatment of post-traumatic algodystrophy. British Journal of Rheumatology 1991; 30: 291–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gobelet C, Walburger M, Meier J L. The effects of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 1992; 48: 171–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar