914
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Application of immobilized enzyme technologies for the textile industry: a review

, , , , &
Pages 223-237 | Received 26 Jan 2011, Published online: 14 Nov 2011

References

  • Abadulla E, Tzanov T, Costa G, Robra KH, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. 2000. Decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsuta. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3357–3362.
  • Akhtar S, Khan AA, Husain Q. 2005. Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent. Chemosph 60:291–301.
  • Alexandre G, Zhulin IB. 2000. Laccases are widespread in bacteria. Trends Biotechnol 18:41–42.
  • Asamudo NU, Daba AS, Ezeronye OU. 2005. Bioremediation of textile effluent using Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Afr J Biotechnol 4:1548–1553.
  • Atack JM, Kelly DJ 2006. Structure, mechanism, and physiological roles of bacterial cytochrome c peroxidases. Adv Microb Physiol 52:73–106.
  • Azevedo AM, Martins VC, Prazeres DMF, Vojinovic V, Cabral JMS, Fonseca PL. 2003. Horseradish peroxidase: a valuable tool in biotechnology. Biotechnol Ann Rev 9:199–247.
  • Azevedo AM, Prazeres DMF, Cabral JMS, Fonseca LP. 2001. Stability of free and immobilized peroxidase in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. J Mol Catal B Enzymatic 15:147–153.
  • Azevedo H, Bishop D, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2002. Possibilities for recycling cellulases after use in cotton processing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 101:61–75.
  • Banci L. 1997. Structural properties of peroxidases. J Biotechnol 53:253–263.
  • Barceló AR, Pomar F. 2002. Plant peroxidases: versatile catalysts in the synthesis of bioactive material products. Stud Nat Prod Chem 27:735–791.
  • Bayramog lu G, Yilmaz M, Arica MY. 2010. Reversible immobilization of laccase to polbioresouy(4-vinylpyridine) grafted and Cu(II) chelated magnetic beads: biodegradation of reactive dyes. Bioresour Technol 101: 6615–6621.
  • Betancor L, Hidalgo A, Fernández-Lorente G, Mateo C, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. 2003. Preparation of a stable biocatalyst of bovine liver catalase using immobilization and postimmobilization techniques. Biotechnol Prog 19:763–767.
  • Betancor L, López-Gallego F, Hidalgo A, Alonso-Morales N, Dellamora-Ortiz G, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R. 2006. Preparation of a very stable immobilized biocatalyst of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. J Biotechnol 121:284–289.
  • Blánquez P, Sarrà M, Vicent T. 2008. Development of a continuous process to adapt the textile wastewater treatment by fungi to industrial conditions. Process Biochem 43:1–7.
  • Blin JL, Gèrardin C, Carteret C, Rodeüser L, Selve C, Stébé MJ. 2005. Direct one-step immobilization of glucose oxidase in well-ordered mesostructured silica using a nonionic fluorinated surfactant. Chem Mater 17:1479–1486.
  • Burton SG. 1994. Biocatalysis with polyphenol oxidase: a review. Catal Today 22:459–487.
  • Camarero JA. 2008. Recent developments in the site-specific immobilization of proteins onto solid supports. Biopolymers 90:450–458.
  • Campos R, Kandelbauer A, Robra KH, Cavaco-Paulo A, Guebitz GM. 2001. Indigo degradation with purified laccase from Trametes hirsuta and Sclerotium rolfsii. J Biotechnol 89:131–139.
  • Cavaco-Paulo A. 1998. Mechanism of cellulase action in textile processes. Carbohydr Polym 37:273–277.
  • Cetinus SA, Öztop HN. 2000. Immobilization of catalase on chitosan film. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:497–501.
  • Chang MY, Juang RS. 2005. Activities, stabilities, and reaction kinetics of three free and chitosan-clay composite immobilized enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 36:75–82.
  • Chelikani P, Ramana T, Radhakrishnan TM. 2005. Catalase: a repertoire of unusual features. Ind J Clin Biochem 20:131–135.
  • Conesa A, Punt PJ, van del Hondel CA. 2002. Fungal peroxidases: molecular aspects and applications. J Biotechnol 93:143–158.
  • Cortez J, Bonner PLR, Griffin M. 2004. Application of transglutaminases in the modification of wool textiles. Enzyme Microb Technol 34:64–72.
  • Costa SA, Tzanov T, Paar A, Gudelj M, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2001. Immobilization of catalases from Bacillus SF on alumina for the treatment of textile bleaching effluents. Enzyme Microb Technol 28:815–819.
  • Couto SR, Osma JF, Saravia V, Gübitz GM, Toca Herrera JLT. 2007. Coating of immobilised laccase for stability enhancement: a novel approach. Appl Catal A-Gen 329:156–160.
  • Decker H, Dillinger R, Tuckez F. 2000. How does tyrosinase work? Recent insights from model chemistry and structural biology. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:1591–1595.
  • Decker H, Tuczek F. 2000. Tyrosinase/catecholoxidase activity of hemocyanins: structural basis and molecular mechanism. Trends Biochem Sci 25:392–397.
  • Delanoy G, Li Q, Yu J. 2005. Activity and stability of laccase in conjugation with chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 35:89–95.
  • Demirjian DC, Morís-Varas F, Cassidy CS. 2001. Enzymes from extremophiles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:144–151.
  • Dhingra S, Khanna M, Pundir CS. 2006. Immobilization of α-amylase onto alkylamine glass beads affixed inside a plastic beaker: kinetic properties and application. Indian J Chem Technol 13:119–121.
  • Dinçer A, Telefoncu A. 2006. Improving the stability of cellulase by immobilization on modified polyvinyl alcohol-coated chitosan beads. J Mol Catal B Enzymatic 45:10–14.
  • Dourado F, Bastos M, Mota M, Gama FM. 2002. Studies on the properties of Celluclast/Eudragit L-100 conjugate. J Biotechnol 99:121–131.
  • Duran N, Esposito E. 2000. Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. Appl Catal B Environ 28: 83–99.
  • Duran N, Rosa MA, d’Annibale A, Gianfreda L. 2002. Applications of laccases and tyrosinases (phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review. Appl Catal B Environ 28:83–99.
  • Edwards W, Bownes R, Leukes WD, Jacobs EP, Sanderson R, Rose PD, Burton SG. 1999. A capillary membrane bioreactor using immobilized polyphenol oxidase for the removal of phenols from industrial effluents. Enzyme Microb Technol 24:209–217.
  • El-Batal AI, Atia KS, Eid M. 2005. Stabilization of α-amylase by using anionic surfactant during the immobilization process. Radiat Phys Chem 74:96–101.
  • Emine A, Leman T. 1995. Characterization of immobilized catalases and their application in pasteurization of milk with H2O2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 50:291–303.
  • Ensuncho L, Alvarez-Cuenca M, Legge RL. 2005. Removal of aqueous phenol using immobilized enzymes in a bench scale and pilot scale three-phase fluidized bed reactor. Biopr Biosyst Bioeng 27:185–191.
  • Fenoll LG, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Varon R, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Garcia-Canovas F, Tudela J. 2000. Action mechanism of tyrosinase on meta- and para-hydrolxylated monophenols. Biol Chem 381:313–320.
  • Fruhwirth GO, Paar A, Gudelj M, Cavaco-Paulo A, Robra K-H, Gübitz GM. 2002. An immobilised catalase peroxidase from the alkalothermophilic Bacillus SF for the treatment of textile-bleaching effluents. Appl Microb Biotechnol 60:313–319.
  • Gianfreda L, Xu F, Bollag J-M. 1999. Laccases: a useful group of oxidoreductive enzymes. Bioremed J 3:1–25.
  • Giardina P, Aurelia V, Cannio R, Marzullo L, Amoresano A, Siciliano R. 1996. The gene, protein and glycan structure of laccase from Pleurotrus ostreatus. Eur J Biochem 235:508–515.
  • Godjevergova T, Nenkova R, Konsulov V. 2006. Immobilization of glucose oxidase by acrylonitrile copolymer-coated silica supports. J Mol Catal B Enzymatic 38:59–64.
  • Gudelj M, Fruhwirth GO, Paar A, Lottspeich F, Robra K-H, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. 2001. A catalase-peroxidase from a newly isolated thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. with potential for the treatment of textile bleaching effluents. Extremophiles 5:423–429.
  • Gummadi SN, Panda T. 2003. Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases – a review. Process Biochem 38:987–996.
  • Gupta R, Beg QK, Lorenz P. 2002. Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:15–32.
  • Gupta R, Gigras P, Mohaptra H, Goswami VK, Chaulan B. 2003. Microbial α-amylases: a biotechnological perspective. Process Biochem 38:1599–1616.
  • Gusakov AV, Sinitsyn AP, Markov AV, Sinitsyna OA, Ankudimova NV, Berlin AG. 2001. Study of protein adsorption on indigo particles confirms the existence of enzyme-indigo interaction sites in cellulase molecules. J Biotechnol 87:83–90.
  • Hamilton LM, Kelly CT, Fogarty WM. 2000. Review: cyclodextrins and their interaction with amylolytic enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:561–567.
  • Hersleth HP, Ryde U, Rydberg P, Görbitz CH, Andersson KK. 2006. Structures of the high valent metal-ion heme-oxygen intermediates in peroxidases, oxygenases and catalases. J Inorg Biochem 100:460–476.
  • Hidalgo A, Betancor L, Lopez-Gallego F, Moreno R, Berenguer J, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. 2003. Design of an immobilized preparation of catalase from Thermus thermophilus to be used in a wide range of conditions. Structural stabilization of a multimeric enzyme. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:278–285.
  • Hernandez K, Fernandez-Lafuente R. 2011. Control of protein immobilization: coupling immobilization and site-directed mutagenesis to improve biocatalyst or biosensor performance. Enzyme Microb Technol 48:107–122.
  • Hoondal GS, Tiwari RP, Tewari R, Dahiya N, Beg QK. 2002. Microbial alkaline pectinases and their industrial applications: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:409–418.
  • Iyer PV, Ananthanarayan L. 2008. Enzyme stability and stabilization—Aqueous and non-aqueous environment. Process Biochem 43:1019–1032.
  • Jouve HM, Andreoletti P, Gouet P, Hajdu I, Gagnon J. 1997. Structural analysis of compound I in hemoproteins: study on Proteus mirabilis catalase. Biochimie 79:667–671.
  • Jürghen-Lohmann DL, Legge RJ. 2006. Immobilization of bovine catalase in sol-gels. Enzyme Microb Technol 39:626–633.
  • Kagawa M, Murakoshi N, Nishikawa Y, Matsumoto G, Kurata Y, Mizobata T, Kawata Y, Nagai J. 1999. Purification and cloning of a thermostable manganese catalase from a thermophilic bacterium. Arch Biochem Biophys 15:346–355.
  • Kahraman MV, Kayaman-Apohan N, Ogan A, Güngör A. 2006. Soybean oil based resin: a new tool for improved immobilization of α-amylase. J Appl Polym Sci 100:4757–4761.
  • Kajiuchi T, Park JW. 1992. Characteristics of cellulase modified with a copolymer of polyethylene glycol derivative and maleic acid anhydride. J Chem Eng Japan 25:202–206.
  • Kandelbauer A, Maute O, Kessler RW, Erlacher A, Gübitz GM. 2004. Study of dye decolorization in an immobilized laccase enzyme-reactor using online spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 87:552–563.
  • Kara A, Osman B, Yavuz H, Besirli N, Denizli A. 2005. Immobilization of α-amylase on Cu2 + chelated poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-n-vinyl-imidazole) matrix via adsorption. React Funct Polym 62:61–68.
  • Karam J, Nicell JA 1997. Potential applications of enzymes in waste treatment. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 69:141–143.
  • Kashyap DR, Vohra PK, Chopra S, Tewari R. 2001. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. Bioresour Technol 77:215–227.
  • Khan AA, Alzohairy MA. 2010. Recent advances and applications of immobilized enzyme technologies: a review. Res J Biol Sci 5:565–575.
  • Khan AA, Husain Q. 2007. Decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent by using potato (Solanum tuberosum) soluble and immobilized polyphenol oxidase. Bioresour Technol 98:1012–1019.
  • Krajewska B. 2004. Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review. Enzyme Microb Technol 35:126–139.
  • Krastanov A. 2000. Removal of phenols from mixtures by co-immobilized lacase/tyrosinase and Polyclar adsorption. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 24:383–388.
  • Kunamneni A, Ghazi I, Camarero S, Ballesteros A, Plou FJ, Alcalde M. 2008. Decolorization of synthetic dyes by laccase immobilized on epoxy-activated carriers. Process Biochem 43:169–178.
  • Lante A, Crapisi A, Krastanov A, Spettoli P. 2000. Biodegradation of phenols by laccase immobilized in a membrane reactor. Process Biochem 36:51–58.
  • Lei Z, Bi S. 2007a. Preparation and properties of immobilized pectinase onto the amphiphilic PS-b-PAA diblock copolymers. J Biotechnol 128:112–119.
  • Lei Z, Bi S. 2007b. The silica-coated chitosan particle from a layer-by-layer approach for pectinase immobilization. Enzyme Microb Technol 40:1442–1447.
  • Loewen P. 1996. Probing the structure of catalase HP II of Escherichia coli – a review. Gene 179:39–44.
  • Mao X, Guo G, Huang J, Du Z, Huang Z, Ma L, Li P, Gu L. 2006. A novel method to prepare chitosan powder and its application in cellulase immobilization. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:189–195.
  • Mateo C, Palomo JM, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. 2007. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Enzyme Microb Technol 40:1451–1463.
  • Matto M, Husain Q. 2006. Entrapment of porous and stable concanavalin A-peroxidase complex into hybrid calcium alginate-pectin gel. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1316–1323.
  • Matto M, Husain Q. 2009. Decolorization of textile effluent by bitter gourd peroxidase immobilized on concanavalin A layered calcium alginate–starch beads. J Hazard Mater 164:1540–1546.
  • Matulis D, Wu C, van Pham T, Guy C, Lovrien R. 1999. Protection of enzymes by aromatic sulfonates from inactivation by acid and elevated temperatures. J Mol Catal B Enzymatic 7:21–36.
  • Moreira PR, Almeida-Vara E, Sena-Martins G, Polónia I, Malcata FX, Duarte JC. 2001. Decolorisation of Remazol Brilliant Blue R via a novel Bjerkandera sp. strain. J Biotechnol 89:107–111.
  • Moreira PR, Duez C, Dehareng D, Antunes A, Almeida-Vara E, Frère JM, Malcata FX, Duarte JC. 2005. Molecular characterisation of a versatile peroxidase from a Bjerkandera strain. J Biotechnol 118:339–352.
  • Moreira PR, Bouillenne F, Almeida-Vara E, Malcata FX, Frère JM, Duarte JC 2006. Purification, kinetics and spectral characterisation of a new versatile peroxidase from a Bjerkandera sp. Isolate. Enzyme Microb Technol 38:28−33.
  • Morén AK, Eskilsson K, Khan A. 1997. Phase behaviour of oppositely charged protein and surfactant mixtures: DOTAC-BLG-WATER. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 9:305–314.
  • Mozhaev VV, Khmelnitsky YL, Sergeeva MV, Belova AB, Klyachko NL, Levashov AV, Martinek K. 1989. Catalytic activity and denaturation of enzymes in water/organic cosolvent mixtures: α-chymotrypsin and laccase in mixed water/alcohol, water/glycol and water/formamide solvents. Eur J Biochem 184:597–602.
  • Naidu GSN, Panda T. 1998. Production of pectolytic enzymes: a review. Biopr Eng 19:355–361.
  • Oluoch KR, Welander U, Andersson MM, Mulaa FJ, Mattiasson B, Hatti-Kaul R. 2006. Hydrogen peroxide degradation by immobilized cells of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans. Biocatal Biotransform 24:215–222.
  • Opwis K, Knittel D, Kele A, Schollmeyer E. 1999. Enzymatic recycling of starch-containing desizing liquors. Starch 51:348–353.
  • Opwis K, Knittel D, Schollmeyer E. 2004a. Functionalization of catalase for a photochemical immobilization on poly(ethylene terephthalate). Biotechnol J 2:347–352.
  • Opwis K, Knittel D, Schollmeyer E. 2004b. Immobilization of catalase on textile carrier materials. AATCC Rev 4:25–28.
  • Opwis K, Knittel D, Bahners T, Schollmeyer E. 2005. Photochemical enzyme immobilization on textile carrier materials. Eng Life Sci 1:63–67.
  • Opwis K, Knittel D, Schollmeyer E. 2007. Functionalization of catalase for a photochemical immobilization on poly(ethylene terephthalate). Biotechnol J 2:347–352.
  • Osma JF, Toca-Herrera JL, Rodríguez-Couto S. 2010. Biodegradation of a simulated textile effluent by immobilised-coated laccase in laboratory-scale reactors. Appl Catal A General 373:147–153.
  • Paar A, Costa S, Tzanov T, Gudelj M, Robra K-H, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. 2001. Thermo-alkali-stable catalases from newly isolated Bacillus sp. for the treatment and recycling of textile bleaching effluents. J Biotechnol 89:147–153.
  • Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Soccol VT, Singh D, Mohan R. 2000. Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 31:135–152.
  • Pandya PH, Jasra RV, Newalkar BL, Bhatt PN. 2005. Studies on the activity and stability of immobilized α-amylase in ordered mesoporous silicas. Micropor Mesopor Mater 77:67–77.
  • Pazarlioglu NK, Sariisik M, Telefoncu A. 2005. Treating denim fabrics with immobilized commercial cellulases. Process Biochem 40:767–771.
  • Peralta-Zamora P, Esposito E, Pelegrini R, Groto R, Reyes J, Durán N. 1998. Effluent treatment of pulp and paper, and textile industries using immobilized horseradish peroxidase. Environ Technol 19:55–63.
  • Peralta-Zamora P, Pereira CM, Tiburtius ERL, Moraes SG, Rosa MA, Minussi RC, Durán N. 2003. Decolorization of reactive dyes by immobilized laccase. Appl Catal B Environ 42:131–144.
  • Pramparo L, Stüber F, Font J, Fortuny A, Fabregat A, Bengoa C. 2010. Immobilisation of horseradish peroxidase on Eupergit®C for the enzymatic elimination of phenol. J Hazard Mater 177:990–1000.
  • Queiroga AC, Pintado MM, Malcata FX. 2007. Novel microbial-mediated modifications of wool. Enzyme Microb Technol 40:1491–1495.
  • Qiu GM, Zhu BK, Xu YY. 2005. α-Amylase immobilized by Fe3O4/poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) magnetic composite microspheres: preparation and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 95:328–335.
  • Quinto M, Ciancio A, Zambonin PG. 1998. A molecular resolution AFM study of gold-adsorbed glucose oxidase as influenced by enzyme concentration. J Electroanal Chem 448:51–59.
  • Rodríguez-Couto S, Herrera JLT. 2006. Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review Biotechnol Adv 24:500–513.
  • Roy I, Gupta MN. 2003. Repeated enzymatic hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid, chitosan and chitin using a novel reversibly-soluble pectinase with the aid of κ-carrageenan. Biocatal Biotransform 21:297–304.
  • Roy I, Sharma S, Gupta MN. 2004. Smart biocatalysts: design and applications. Adv Biochem Engin/Biotechnol 86:159–189.
  • Ryan S, Schnitzhofer W, Tzanov T, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. 2003. An acid-stable laccase from Sclerotium rolfsii with potential for wool dye decolorization. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:766–774.
  • Sakai T, Sakamoto T, Hallaert J, Vandamme EI. 1993. Pectin, pectinase and protopectinase: production, properties and application. Adv Appl Microbiol 39:213–294.
  • Sawada K, Ueda M. 2001. Enzyme processing of textiles in reverse micellar solution. J Biotechnol 89:263–269.
  • Schroeder M, Heumann S, Silva CJSM, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. 2006. Specificities of a chemically modified laccase from Trametes hirsuta on soluble and cellulose-bound substrates. Biotechnol Lett 28:741–747.
  • Seetharam GB, Saville BA. 2003. Degradation of phenol using tyrosinase immobilized on siliceous supports. Water Res 37:436–440.
  • Setti L, Giuliani S, Spinozzi G, Pifferi PG. 1999. Laccase catalyzed-oxidative coupling of 3-methyl 2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone and methoxyphenols. Enzyme Microb Technol 25:285–289.
  • Shaffiqu TS, Roy JJ, Nair RA, Abraham TE. 2002. Degradation of Textile Dyes Mediated by Plant Peroxidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 102:315–326.
  • Sheldon RA, Schoevaart R, van Langen LM. 2005. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs): a novel and versatile method for enzyme immobilization: a review. Biocatal Biotransform 23:141–147.
  • Shen J, Rushforth M, Cavaco-Paulo A, Guëbitz G, Lenting H. 2006. Development and industrialisation of enzymatic shrink-resist process based on modified proteases for wool machine washability. Enzyme Microb Technol 34:1–6.
  • Silva C, Silva CJ, Zille A, Guebitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2007. Laccase immobilization on enzymatically functionalized polyamide 6,6 fibres. Enzyme Microb Technol 41:867–875.
  • Silva CJSM, Gübitz G, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2006. Optimisation of a serine protease coupling to Eudragit S-100 by experimental design techniques. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:8–16.
  • Silva CJSM, Prabaharan M, Gübitz G, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2005. Treatment of wool fibres with subtilisin and subtilisin-PEG. Enzyme Microb Technol 36:917–922.
  • Sinegani AAS, Emtiazi G, Shariatmadari H. 2005. Sorption and immobilization of cellulase on silicate clay minerals. J Colloid Interface Sci 290:39–44.
  • Singh J, Batra N, Sobti RC. 2001. Serine alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus sp. SSR1. Process Biochem 36:781–785.
  • Sivaramakrishnan S, Gaugacharan D, Madhavan K, Nampoothiri KM, Soccol CR, Pandey A. 2006. α-Amylases from microbial sources – an overview on recent developments. Food Technol Biotechnol 44:173–184.
  • Smith E, Schroeder M, Guebitz G, Shen J. 2010. Covalent bonding of protease to different sized enteric polymers and their potential use in wool processing. Enzyme Microb Technol 47:105–111.
  • Spiro MC, Griffith WP. 1997. The mechanism of hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Text Chem Color 20:12–13.
  • Takahashi H, Li B, Sasaki T, Miyazaki C, Kajino T, Inagaki S. 2001. Immobilized enzymes in ordered mesoporous silica materials and improvement of their stability and catalytic activity in an organic solvent. Micropor Mesopor Mat 44–45:755–762.
  • Taniguchi M, Hoshino K, Watanable K, Sugai K, Fujii M. 1992. Production of soluble sugar from cellulosic materials by repeated use of a reversely soluble-autoprecipitating cellulase. Biotechnol Bioeng 39:287–292.
  • Thompson VS, Schaller KD, Apel WA. 2003. Purification and characterization of a novel thermo-alkali-stable catalase from Thermus brockianus. Biotechnol Prog 19:1292–1299.
  • Thurston CF. 1994. The structure and function of fungal laccases. Microbiol 140:1994–1998.
  • Torres E, Bustos-Jaimes I, LeBorgne S. 2003. Potential use of oxidative enzymes for the detoxification of organic pollutants. Appl Catal B Environ 46:1–15.
  • Tu M, Zhang X, Kurabi A, Gilkes N, Mabee W, Saddler J. 2006. Immobilization of β-glucosidase on Eupergit C for lignocellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett 28:151–156.
  • Tümtürk H, Aksoy S, Hasirci N. 1999. Covalent immobilization of α-amylase onto poly(methyl methacrylate-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microspheres and the effect of Ca2+ ions on the enzyme activity. Starch 51:211–217.
  • Turková J. 1999. Oriented immobilization of biologically active proteins as a tool for revealing protein interactions and function. J Chromatogr B 722:11–31.
  • Tzanov T, Andreaus J, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2003. Protein interactions in enzymatic processes in textiles. Electron J Biotechnol 6:17–23.
  • Tzanov T, Calafell M, Güebitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2001. Bio-preparation of cotton fabrics. Enzyme Microb Technol. 29:357–362.
  • Tzanov T, Costa SA, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2002. Hydrogen peroxide generation with immobilized glucose oxidase for textile bleaching. J Biotechnol 93:87–94.
  • van der Maarel MJEC, van der Veen B, Uitdehaag JCM, Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L. 2002. Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of alpha amylase family. J Biotechnol 94:137–155.
  • Vasconcelos A, Silva CJSM, Schroeder M, Guebitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2006. Detergent formulations for wool domestic washings containing immobilized enzymes. Biotechnol Lett 28:725–731.
  • Viswanath S, Wang J, Bachas LG, Butterfield DA, Bhattacharya D. 1998. Site directed and random immobilization of subtilisin on functionalized membranes: activity determination in aqueous and organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 60:608–616.
  • Wada S, Ichikawa H, Tsatsumi K. 1993. Removal of phenols from wastewater by soluble and immobilized tyrosinase. Biotechnol Bioeng 42:854–858.
  • Wang Q, Fan X, Hua Z, Gao W, Chen J. 2007. Degradation kinetics of pectins by an alkaline pectinase in bioscouring of cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 67:572–575.
  • Wang Y, Caruso F. 2005. Mesoporous silica spheres as supports for enzyme immobilization and encapsulation. Chem Mater 17:953–961.
  • Wesenberg D, Kyriakides I, Agathos SN. 2003. White-rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. Biotechnol Adv 22:161–167.
  • Wu L, Yuan X, Sheng J. 2005. Immobilization of cellulase in nanofibrous PVA membranes by electrospinning. J Memb Sci 250:167–173.
  • Xu F. 1996. Oxidation of phenols, anilines, and benzethiols by fungal laccases: correlation between activity and redox potentials as well as halide inhibition. Biochem 35:7608–7614.
  • Yachmenev VG, Bertoniere NR, Blanchard EJ. 2002. Intensification of the bio-processing of cotton textiles by combined enzyme/ultrasound treatment. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77:559–567.
  • Zámocky M, Koller F. 1999. Understanding the structure and function of catalases: clues from molecular evolution and in vitro mutagenesis. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 72:19–65.
  • Zhang Q, Smith E, Shen J, Bishop D. 2006. An ethoxylated alkyl phosphate (anionic surfactant) for the promotion of activities of proteases and its potential use in the enzymatic processing of wool. Biotechnol Lett 28:717–723.
  • Zhang Y, Xu J, Yuan Z, Xu H, Yu Q. 2010. Artificial neural network-genetic algorithm based optimization for the immobilization of cellulase on the smart polymer Eudragit L-100. Bioresour Technol 101:3153–3158.
  • Zille A, Tzanov T, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. 2003. Immobilized laccase for decolorization of Reactive Black 5 dyeing effluent. Biotechnol Lett 25:1473–1477.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.