The assessment of cortisol in human hair: Associations with sociodemographic variables and potential confounders

References

• Accorsi PA, Carloni E, Valsecchi P, Viggiani R, Gamberoni M, Tamanini C, Seren E. 2008. Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 155:398–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam EK. 2006. Transactions among adolescent trait and state emotion and diurnal and momentary cortisol activity in naturalistic settings. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31:664–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JA, Comi RJ, Cryns V, Brinck-Johnsen T, Mercer NG. 1995. The effect of cigarette smoking on adrenal cortical hormones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 272:151–155.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett A, Hayssen V. 2010. Measuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: Coat color and pigment differences. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 39:171–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges CR, Wilkins DG, Rollins DE. 2001. Amphetamine and N-acetylamphetamine incorporation into hair: An investigation of the potential role of drug basicity in hair color bias. J Anal Toxicol. 25:221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma EM, Riese H, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel AJ. 2009. Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress: Effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34:884–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulbrook RD, Herian M, Tong D, Hayward JL, Swain MC, Wang DY. 1973. Effect of steroidal contraceptives on levels of plasma androgen sulphates and cortisol. Lancet. 1:628–631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clements AD, Parker CRJr., Dixon WEJr., Salley B. 2007. Marshmallows used as saliva stimulant do not affect cortisol concentrations: Finally a palatable alternative for toddler saliva collection. Dev Psychobiol. 49:702–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Anna-Hernandez KL, Ross RG, Natvig CL, Laudenslager ML. 2011. Hair cortisol levels as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic–pituitary axis activity throughout pregnancy: Comparison to salivary cortisol. Physiol Behav. 104:348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport MD, Tiefenbacher S, Lutz CK, Novak MA, Meyer JS. 2006. Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 147:255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Arbol JL, Munoz JR, Ojeda L, Cascales AL, Irles JR, Miranda MT, Ruiz Requena ME, Aguirre JC. 2000. Aguirre Plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin in smokers who consume different numbers of cigarettes per day. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 67:25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Dettenborn L, Muhtz C, Skoluda N, Stalder T, Steudte S, Hinkelmann K, Kirschbaum C, Otte C. Introducing a novel method to assess cumulative steroid levels: Increased hair cortisol levels over six months in medicated patients with depression. Stress. 2011 Nov 1 (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Dettenborn L, Tietze A, Bruckner F, Kirschbaum C. 2010. Higher cortisol content in hair among long-term unemployed individuals compared to controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35:1404–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschle M, Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, Weber B, Korner A, Schmider J, Standhardt H, Lammers CH, Heuser I. 1997. With aging in humans the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal system increases and its diurnal amplitude flattens. Life Sci. 61:2239–2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Thomson S, Oh PI, Van Uum S, Koren G, Lanctot KL. 2010. Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 6:393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eser HP, Potsch L, Skopp G, Moeller MR. 1997. Influence of sample preparation on analytical results: Drug analysis [GC/MS] on hair snippets versus hair powder using various extraction methods. Forensic Sci Int. 84:271–279.
   Google Scholar
• Fairbanks LA, Jorgensen MJ, Bailey JN, Breidenthal SE, Grzywa R, Laudenslager ML. 2011. Heritability and genetic correlation of hair cortisol in vervet monkeys in low and higher stress environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36:1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari E, Cravello L, Muzzoni B, Casarotti D, Paltro M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Cuzzoni G, Pontiggia B, Magri F. 2001. Age-related changes of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis: Pathophysiological correlates. Eur J Endocrinol. 144:319–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman AJ, Ravnikar VA, Barbieri RL. 1987. Serum steroid hormone profiles in postmenopausal smokers and nonsmokers. Fertil Steril. 47:398–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto VY, Villanueva AL, Hopper B, Moscinski M, Rebar RW. 1986. Increased adrenocortical responsiveness to exogenous ACTH in oral contraceptive users. Adv Contracept. 2:343–353.
   Google Scholar
• Gao W, Xie Q, Jin J, Qiao T, Wang H, Chen L, Deng H, Lu Z. 2010. HPLC-FLU detection of cortisol distribution in human hair. Clin Biochem. 43:677–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldzieher JW, Fotherby K. 1994. Pharmacology of the contraceptive steroids. New York: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gow R, Thomson S, Rieder M, Van Uum S, Koren G. 2010. An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications. Forensic Sci Int. 196:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschl M, Rauh M, Dorr HG. 2003. Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and progesterone in healthy children. Clin Chem. 49:1688–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusenoff JA, Harman SM, Veldhuis JD, Jayme JJ, St Clair C, Munzer T, Christmas C, O'Connor KG, Stevens TE, Bellantoni MF, Pabst K, Blackman MR. 2001. Cortisol and GH secretory dynamics, and their interrelationships, in healthy aged women and men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 280:E616–E625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gygi SP, Wilkins DG, Rollins DE. 1997. A comparison of phenobarbital and codeine incorporation into pigmented and nonpigmented rat hair. J Pharm Sci. 86:209–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel AF, Meyer JS, Henchey E, Dettmer AM, Suomi SJ, Novak MA. 2011. Effects of shampoo and water washing on hair cortisol concentrations. Clin Chim Acta. 412:382–385.
   Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Einarson A, Karaskov T, Van Uum S, Koren G. 2007. The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women. Clin Invest Med. 30:E103–E107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiess W, Meidert A, Dressendorfer RA, Schriever K, Kessler U, Konig A, Schwarz HP, Strasburger CJ. 1995. Salivary cortisol levels throughout childhood and adolescence: Relation with age, pubertal stage, and weight. Pediatr Res. 37:502–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Gaab J, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH. 1999. Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Psychosom Med. 61:154–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Scherer G, Strasburger CJ. 1994. Pituitary and adrenal hormone responses to pharmacological, physical, and psychological stimulation in habitual smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Investig. 72:804–810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Tietze A, Skoluda N, Dettenborn L. 2009. Hair as a retrospective calendar of cortisol production-increased cortisol incorporation into hair in the third trimester of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Wust S, Strasburger CJ. 1992. ‘Normal’ cigarette smoking increases free cortisol in habitual smokers. Life Sci. 50:435–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsson U, Dahlgren J, Marcus C, Rosberg S, Bronnegard M, Stierna P, Albertsson-Wikland K. 1997. Circadian cortisol rhythms in healthy boys and girls: Relationship with age, growth, body composition, and pubertal development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:536–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Broderick JE, Kirschbaum C. 2003. Compliance with saliva sampling protocols: Electronic monitoring reveals invalid cortisol daytime profiles in noncompliant subjects. Psychosom Med. 65:313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. 2004. HPA axis responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: Impact of age and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29:83–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson CA, Gullberg B, Rastam L, Lindblad U. 2009. Salivary cortisol differs with age and sex and shows inverse associations with WHR in Swedish women: A cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 9:16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudenslager ML, Jorgensen MJ, Grzywa R, Fairbanks LA. 2011. A novelty seeking phenotype is related to chronic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal activity reflected by hair cortisol. Physiol Behav. 104:291–295.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. 2000. Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:3561–3568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Lamberts SW, van Rossum EF. 2011. Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels. Steroids. 76:1032–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson JH, Goletiani N, Sholar MB, Siegel AJ, Mello NK. 2008. Effects of smoking successive low- and high-nicotine cigarettes on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones and mood in men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33:749–760.
   Google Scholar
• Nakahara Y, Takahashi K, Kikura R. 1995. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. X. Effect of physicochemical properties of drugs on the incorporation rates into hair. Biol Pharm Bull. 18:1223–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netherton C, Goodyer I, Tamplin A, Herbert J. 2004. Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29:125–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. 2009. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34:307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet-Morin I, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Meaney M, Kramer M, Cote SM. 2010. Diurnal cortisol secretion at home and in child care: A prospective study of 2-year-old toddlers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 51:295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereg D, Gow R, Mosseri M, Lishner M, Rieder M, Van Uum S, Koren G. 2011. Hair cortisol and the risk for acute myocardial infarction in adult men. Stress. 14:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pragst F, Balikova MA. 2006. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta. 370:17–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raul JS, Cirimele V, Ludes B, Kintz P. 2004. Detection of physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in human hair. Clin Biochem. 37:1105–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinberg AE, Touitou Y, Soudant E, Bernard D, Bazin R, Mechkouri M. 1996. Oral contraceptives alter circadian rhythm parameters of cortisol, melatonin, blood pressure, heart rate, skin blood flow, transepidermal water loss, and skin amino acids of healthy young women. Chronobiol Int. 13:199–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohleder N, Kirschbaum C. 2006. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in habitual smokers. Int J Psychophysiol. 59:236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmalen JG, Oldehinkel AJ, Ormel J, de Winter AF, Buitelaar JK, Verhulst FC. 2005. Determinants of salivary cortisol levels in 10-12 year old children: A population-based study of individual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30:483–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe M, Pragst F, Thor S, Hunger J. 1997. Effect of pigmentation on the drug deposition in hair of grey-haired subjects. Forensic Sci Int. 84:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauve B, Koren G, Walsh G, Tokmakejian S, Van Uum SH. 2007. Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure. Clin Invest Med. 30:E183–E191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman TE, Singer B, Wilkinson CW, McEwen B. 2001. Gender differences in age-related changes in HPA axis reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 26:225–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder T, Kirschbaum C, Heinze K, Steudte S, Foley P, Tietze A, Dettenborn L. 2010. Use of hair cortisol analysis to detect hypercortisolism during active drinking phases in alcohol-dependent individuals. Biol Psychol. 85:357–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder T, Steudte S, Miller R, Skoluda N, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. Intraindividual stability of hair cortisol concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 2001 Sep 12 (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Steptoe A, Ussher M. 2006. Smoking, cortisol and nicotine. Int J Psychophysiol. 59:228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steudte S, Kolassa IT, Stalder T, Pfeiffer A, Kirschbaum C, Elbert T. Increased cortisol concentrations in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011a; 36:1193–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steudte S, Stalder T, Dettenborn L, Klumbies E, Foley P, Beesdo-Baum K, Kirschbaum C. Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2011b; 186:310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson S, Koren G, Fraser LA, Rieder M, Friedman TC, Van Uum SH. 2010. Hair analysis provides a historical record of cortisol levels in Cushing's syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diab. 118:133–138 (official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornhage CJ. 2002. Reference values for morning salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy school-aged children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 15:197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornhage CJ, Alfven G. 2006. Diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in school-aged children: Increased morning cortisol concentration and total cortisol concentration negatively correlated to body mass index in children with recurrent abdominal pain of psychosomatic origin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 19:843–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Haus E. 2000. Alterations with aging of the endocrine and neuroendocrine circadian system in humans. Chronobiol Int. 17:369–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. 1996. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:2468–2473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Neste D. 2004. Thickness, medullation and growth rate of female scalp hair are subject to significant variation according to pigmentation and scalp location during ageing. Eur J Dermatol. 14:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer HJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. 2006. Children's elevated cortisol levels at daycare: A review and meta-analysis. Early Childhood Res Quart. 21:390–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennig R. 2000. Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results. Forensic Sci Int. 107:5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins JN, Carlson HE, Van Vunakis H, Hill MA, Gritz E, Jarvik ME. 1982. Nicotine from cigarette smoking increases circulating levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 78:305–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Y, Morris M, Ni L, Guthrie SK, Zubieta JK, Gonzalez K, McConnell DS, Domino EF. 2010. Venous plasma nicotine correlates of hormonal effects of tobacco smoking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 95:209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada J, Stevens B, de Silva N, Gibbins S, Beyene J, Taddio A, Newman C, Koren G. 2007. Hair cortisol as a potential biologic marker of chronic stress in hospitalized neonates. Neonatology. 92:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh J, Barbieri RL. 1989. Twenty-four-hour urinary-free cortisol in premenopausal cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Fertil Steril. 52:1067–1069.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao ZY, Lu FH, Xie Y, Fu YR, Bogdan A, Touitou Y. 2003. Cortisol secretion in the elderly. Influence of age, sex and cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population. Steroids. 68:551–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar