Increased generalization of learned associations is related to re-experiencing symptoms in veterans with symptoms of post-traumatic stress

References

• Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther 34(8):669–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin CR. (2014). Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull 140(1):69–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 68(5):748–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin CR, Gregory JD, Lipton M, Burgess N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychol Rev 117(1):210–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AD, Root JC, Romano TA, Chang LJ, Bryant RA, Hirst W. (2012). Overgeneralized autobiographical memory and future thinking in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr 44(1):129–34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenbaum H, Otto T, Cohen NJ. (1992). The hippocampus – what does it do? Behav Neural Biol 57:2–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisen SV, Schultz MR, Vogt D, Glickman ME, Elwy AR, Drainoni M, Osei-Bonsu PE, Martin J. (2012). Mental and physical status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Am J Public Health 102(S1):66–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzinga BM, Bremner JD. (2002). Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? J Affect Disord 70(1):1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fera F, Passamonti L, Herzallah MM, Myers CE, Veltri P, Morganti G, Quattrone A, Gluck MA. (2014). Hippocampal BOLD response during category learning predicts subsequent performance on transfer generalization. Hum Brain Mapp 35(7):3122–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbertson M, Shenton M, Ciszewski A, Kasai K, Lasko N, Orr S, Pitman RK. (2002). Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci 5(11):1111–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg JP, Ayers E, Burriss L, Powell DA. (2008). Disruption of bradycardia associated with discriminative conditioning in combat veterans with PTSD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treatment 4:635–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gladstone GL, Parker G. (2005). Measuring a behaviorally inhibited temperament style: development and initial validation of new self-report measure. Psychiatry Res 135:133–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladstone GL, Parker GB, Mitchell PB, Wilhelm KA, Malhi GS. (2005). Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depress Anxiety 22(3):103–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane TM, Fairbank JA, Caddell JM. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychol Assess 1:53–5
   Google Scholar
• Kostek JA, Beck KD, Gilbertson MW, Orr SP, Pang KCH, Servatius RJ, Myers CE. (2014). Acquired equivalence in veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): re-experiencing symptoms are associated with greater generalization. J Trauma Stress 27(6):717–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Gigi E, Kéri S, Myers CE, Lencovsky Z, Sharvit-Benbaji H, Orr S, Gluck MA. (2012). Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder show a selective deficit in generalization of associative learning. Neuropsychology 26:758–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Gigi E, Szabo C, Richter-Levin G, Kéri S. (2015). Reduced hippocampal volume is associated with overgeneralization of negative context in individuals with PTSD. Neuropsychology 29(1):151–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally RJ, Lasko NB, Macklin ML, Pitman RK. (1995). Autobiographical memory disturbance in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 33(6):619–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers CE, Gluck M, Granger R. (1995). Dissociation of hippocampal and entorhinal function in associative learning: a computational approach. Psychobiology 23(2):116–38
   Google Scholar
• Myers CE, Hopkins R, DeLuca J, Moore N, Wolansky L, Sumner J, Gluck MA. (2008). Learning and generalization deficits in patients with memory impairments due to anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture or hypoxic brain injury. Neuropsychology 22(5):681–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers CE, Moustafa AA, Sheynin J, VanMeenen KM, Gilbertson MW, Orr SP, Beck KD, et al. (2013). Learning to obtain reward, but not avoid punishment, is affected by presence of PTSD symptoms in male veterans: empirical data and computational model. PLoS One 8(8):e72508
   Google Scholar
• Myers CE, VanMeenen K, McAuley JD, Beck KD, Pang KCH, Servatius RJ. (2012a). Facilitated acquisition of eyeblink conditioning in veterans with high behavioral inhibition, a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress 15(1):31–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers CE, VanMeenen KM, Servatius RJ. (2012b). Behavioral inhibition and PTSD symptoms in veterans. Psychiatry Res 196:271–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peitrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Rivers AJ, Morgan CA, Southwick SM. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operaction Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. J Affect Disord 120:188–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M. (2005). Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Hippocampus 5:798–807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire L, Knowlton B. (1995). Memory, hippocampus, and brain systems. In: Gazzaniga M, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; p 825–37
   Google Scholar
• Tryon W. (1998). A neural network explanation of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 12:373–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utlility. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX
   Google Scholar