Risk of Suicidality in Depression with Serotonergic Antidepressants

References

• Black DW, Winokur G: Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis. In: Blumenthal SJ, Kupfer DJ, eds. Suicide over the Life Cycle: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment of Suicidal Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:135–152
   Google Scholar
• Roose SP, Glassman AH: Delusional depression. In: Georgo-tas A, Cancro R, eds. Depression and Mania. New York: Elsevier; 1988:76–85
   Google Scholar
• Kasper S, Schindler S, Neumeister A: Risk of suicide in de-pression and its implication for psychopharmacological treat-ment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 1l(2):71–79
   Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Moscicki EK: Reduction of the Suicide Rate in Young People: Progress Review. Washington, DC: US De-partment of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assis-tant Secretary of Health; 1987
   Google Scholar
• Roy A: Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:1089–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoudemire A, Frank R, Hedemark N, Kamlet M, Blazer D: The economic burden of depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1986; 8:387–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry JA: Epidemiology and relative toxicity of antidepres-sant drugs. Drug Safety 1997; 16(6):374–390
   Google Scholar
• Simon GE, VonKorff M: Suicide mortality among patients treated for depression in an insured population. Am J Epide-miol 1998; 147(2):155–160
   Google Scholar
• Àsberg M, Thoren P, Traskman L, Bertillsson L, Ringberger V: "Serotonin depression"-A biochemical subgroup within the affective disorder? Science 1976; 191:478–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JJ, Malone KM: Cerebrospinal fluid amines and higher lethality suicide attempts in depressed inpatient. Psychiatric Clin North Am 1997; 20(3):613–624
   Google Scholar
• Winchel RM, Stanley B, Stanley M: Biochemical aspects of suicide. In: Blumenthal SJ, Kupfer DJ, eds. Suicide over the Life Cycle: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment of Sui-cidal Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:97–126
   Google Scholar
• Shaw DM, Camps FE, Eccleston EG: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hind-brain of depressive suicides. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113:1407–1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beskow J, Gottfries CG, Roos BE, Winblad B: Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: Post mortem studies in a group of suicides and a control group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 53:7–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne HR, Bunney WE Jr, Colburn RW, Davis JM, Davis JN, Shaw DM, Coppen AJ: Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytrypta-mine, and 5-hydroxindoleacetic acid in the hindbrains of sui-cidal patients. Lancet 1968; 2:805–809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pare CMB, Yeung DP, Price K, Stacey RS: 5-Hydroxytrypta-mine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brainstem, hypothala-mus, and caudate nucleus of controls and of patients commit-ting suicide by coal-gas poisoning. Lancet 1969; 2:133–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd KG, Farley IJ, Deck JHN, Hornykiewicz 0: Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brain-stem of suicide victims and control patients. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1974; 11:387–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S: Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides. Science 1982; 216:1337–1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK: High affinity binding of antidepressants to a biogenic amine transport site in human brain and platelet: Studies in depression. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC, eds. Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984:846–853
   Google Scholar
• Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH: Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142:188–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow TJ, Cross Al, Cooper SJ, Deakin JFW, Ferrier IN, Johnson JA, Joseph MH, Owen F, Poulter M, Lofthouse R, Corsellis JAN, Chambers DR, Blessed G, Perry EK, Perry RH, Tomlinson BE: Neurotransmitter receptors and mono-amine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and depression and suicides. Neuropharmacol-ogy 1984; 23:1561–1569
   Google Scholar
• Meyerson LR, Wennogle LP, Abel MS, Coupet J, Lippa AS, Rauh CE, Beer B: Human brain receptor alterations in suicide victims. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 17:159–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley M, Mann JJ: Increased serotonin-2 binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims. Lancet 1983; 2:214–216
   Google Scholar
• Mann JJ, Stanley M, McBride PA, McEwen BS: Increased serotonin-2 and beta-l-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:954–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Lowry MT: The serotonin hypothesis of depres-sion. In: Meltzer HY, ed. The Third Generation of Progress. New York: Raven; 1987:513–526
   Google Scholar
• Owen F, Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Deakin JFW, Ferrier IN, Loft-house R, Poulter M: Brain 5-HT-2 receptors and suicide. Lancet 1983; 2:1256
   Google Scholar
• Cheetam SC, Cross JA, Crompton MR: Serotonin and GABA function in depressed suicide victims. Abstract, International Conference on New Directions in Affective Disorders, Jerusa-lem; 1987
   Google Scholar
• Worthington J, Fava M, Davidson K, Alpert J, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JF: Patterns of improvement in depressive symptoms with fluoxetine treatment. Psychopharmacology 1995; 31(2):223–226
   Google Scholar
• Mullin JM, Pandita-Gunawardena VR, Whitehead AM: A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine and dothiepin in the treatment of major affective disorder. Br J Clin Pract 1988; 42:51–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Wilde J, Mertens C, Fredicson Overo K, Hepfner Peterson HE: Citaloprarn versus mianserin. Ada Psychiatr Scand 1985; 72:89–96
   Google Scholar
• Muijen M, Roy D, Silverstone T, Mehmet A, Christie M: A comparative clinical trial of fluoxetine, mianserin and placebo in depressed outpatients. Ada Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78:384–390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GoneIla G, Baignoli G, Ecari U: Fluvoxamine and imipramine in the treatment of depressive patients: A double-blind con-trolled study. Curr Med Res Opin 1990; 12(3):177–184
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA: Reduction of suicidal thoughts with paro-xetine in comparison with reference antidepressants and pla-cebo. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1995; 5(1):5–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchetti E, Vita A, Guarneri L, Cornarcchia M: The effectiveness of fluoxetine, clomipramine, nortriptyline and desipramine in major depressives with suicidal behavior: Pre-liminary findings. In: Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, eds. Seroto-nin-Related Psychiatric Syndromes: Clinical and Therapeutic Links. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991:47–53
   Google Scholar
• Beasley CM Jr, Dornself BE, Bosomworth JC, Sayler ME, Rampey AH Jr, Helligensteirl JI, Thompson VL, Murphy DJ, Masica DN: Fluoxetine and suicide: Meta-analysis of con-trolled trials of treatment for depression. Brit Med J 1991; 303(6804):685–692 [Erratum. Brit Med J 1991; 303(6808):9681
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson GD, Fawectt J, Winokur G, Beasley CM Jr, Potvin JH, Faries DE, Rampey AH Jr, Sayler ME: Evaluation of suicidality during pharmacologic treatment of mood and non-mood disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993; 5(4):209–224
   Google Scholar
• Moller HJ, Steinmeyer EM: Are serotonergic reuptake inhibi-tors more potent in reducing suicidality? An empirical study on paroxetine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994; 4(1):55–59
   Google Scholar
• Nathan RS, Perel JM, Pollock BG, Kupfer DJ: The role of neuropharmacologic selectivity in antidepressant action: Flu-voxamine versus desipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51:367–372
   Google Scholar
• Perez A, Ashford JJ: A double-blind, randomized comparison of fluvoxamine with mianserin in depressive illness. Cur Med Res Opin 1990; 12:234–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkes RJ, Van der Mast RC, Heingeveld MW, Tuyl JP, Zwinderman AH, Van Kempen GM: Reduction by paroxe-tine of suicidal behavior in patients with repeated suicide attempts but not major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(4):543–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thies-Flechtner K, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Seibert W, Wal-ther A, Greil W: Effect of prophylactic treatment on suicide risk in patients with major affective disorders. Data from a randomized prospective trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29(3):103–107
   Google Scholar
• Mann JJ, Kapur S: The emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior during antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48(141027–1033
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman A: Assessment of suicidal intention: The scale for suicidal ideation. J Consult Clin Psy-cho' 1979; 47:343–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isacsson G, Holmgren P, Druid H, Bergman U: The utilization of antidepressants—A key issue in the prevention of suicide: An analysis of 5281 suicides in Sweden during the period 1992-1994. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 96(2):94–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molcho A, Stanley M: Antidepressants and suicide risk: Issues of chemical and behavioral toxicity. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12(2 Suppl): 13s–18s
   Google Scholar
• Detre TP, Jarecki HG: Moderm Psychiatric Treatment. Phila-delphia, PA: Lippincott; 1971
   Google Scholar
• Damluji NF, Ferguson JM: Paradoxical worsening of de-pressive symptomatology caused by antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8:342–349
   Google Scholar
• Soloff PH, George A, Nathan RS, Schulz PM, Perel JM: Paradoxical effects of amitriptyline on borderline patients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1603–1605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner D, Cowdry R: Alprazolam-induced dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:98–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO: Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:207–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Rosenbaum JF: Suicidality and fluoxetine: Is there a relationship? J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52(3):108–111
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin D, Bullock T, Montgomery D, Montgomery S: 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and suicidal behavior. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 6(Suppl 3):49–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banki CM: Prophylactic potential of selective reuptake inhibi-tors in suicidal patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 9(Suppl 4):61–65
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson GD, Rampey AH Jr, Beasley CM Jr, Enas GG, Potvin JH: Absence of a relationship between adverse events and suicidality during pharmacotherapy for depression. J Clin Psychopharamcol 1994; 14(3):163–169
   Google Scholar
• Isacsson G, Bergman U, Rich CL: Antidepressants, depres-sion and suicide: An analysis of the San Diego study. J Affect Disord 1994; 32(4):277–286
   Google Scholar
• Isacsson G, Wasserman D, Bergman U: Self-poisonings with antidepressants and other psychotropics in an urban area of Sweden. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1995; 7(3):113–118
   Google Scholar
• Neutel Cl, Patten SB: Risk of suicide attempts after benzodiaz-epine and/or antidepressant use. Ann Epidemiol 1997; 7(8):568–574
   Google Scholar
• Beskow J: Suicide and mental disorder in Swedish men. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1979; 227:1–138
   Google Scholar
• Myers DH, Neal CD: Suicide in psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133:38–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Rosenbaum JF: Treatment-emergent side effects of the newer antidepressants. Psychiatric Clin North Am Annu Drug Ther 1996; 3:13–29
   Google Scholar
• Henry JA, Alexander CA, Sener EK: Relative mortality from Overdose of antidepressants. B Med J 1995; 310:221–224 61, Henry JA: Suicide and the cost-effectiveness of antidepres-sants. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170(1):88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner SC, Marken PA, Watson WA, Switzer JL, Barber MF, Meyer VL, Sommi RW Jr, Steele MT: Antidepressant overdoses and resultant emergency department services: The impact of SSRIs. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33(4):667–670
   Google Scholar