Pharmacotherapy of Depression in Pregnancy

References

• Burke KC, Burke JD Jr, Rae DS, Regier DA. Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community popula-tions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48(9):789–95.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women Screened in Obstet-rics Settings. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2003; 12(4): 373–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, M.H., and Essex, M.J. Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of pregnancy on rates of major depression in the second trimester. Depression, 1995; 2, 308–314.
   Google Scholar
• Nonacs R, Cohen LS. Depression during pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment options. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63\(Suppl 7):24–30. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Goldstein J, et al. Impact of pregnancy on risk for relapse of MDD. In: Syllbus and Proceedings Summary of the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 17–22, 1997, San Diego, Calif No. 57:23.
   Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173 (2): 639–45 . Review.
   Google Scholar
• Bergant AM, Heim K, Ulmer H, Illmensee K. Early postnatal depressive mood: associations with obstetric and psychosocial factors. J Psychosom Res 1999; 46(4): 391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Calhoun K, Ramsay C. Mood disorders during pregnancy and lactation: Defining issues of exposure and treatment. CNS Spectrums 2001; 6(2): 150–166.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Zarin DA, Holmboe ES, et al. Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(12): 1933–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Bauchner H, Cabral H. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160(5 Pt 1):1107–1111.
   Google Scholar
• Murray L, Fiori-Cowley A, Hooper R, Cooper P. The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Dev 1996; 67(5):2512–2526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 1999; 160(1):1–12. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Newport DJ, Wilcox MM, Stowe ZN. Antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation: defming exposure and treatment issues. Semin Perinatol 2001; 25(3):177–190. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Lee DT. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psycho-som Med 2001; 63(5):830–834.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart D, Robinson G. Psychotropic drugs and ECT during pregnancy and lactation. In: Psychological Aspects of Women's Health Care: The Interface Between Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynaecology. (Stewart DE, Stotland NL, eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000:75–103.
   Google Scholar
• Loebstein R, Lalkin A, Koren G. Pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy and their clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 33(5):328–343. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Hostetter A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR Jr, McLaughlin E, Llewellyn A. Dose of selective serotonin uptake inhibi-tors across pregnancy: clinical implications. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11(2):51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein DJ. Effects of third trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15(6):417–420
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Sundell KL. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89(5 Pt 1):713–718.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Smith LM, Sun i R, Hwang S, Haynes D, Altshuler L. Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188(3):812–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, Wolpin J, Pace-Asciak P. Shuhaiber S, Koren G. Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(11):1889–1895.
   Google Scholar
• Pastuszak A, Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C, et al. Pregnancy outcome following first-trimester expo-sure to fluoxetine (Prozac). JAMA 1993; 269(17): 2246–2248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL. Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxet-ine. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(14):1010–1015.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Heller VL, Bailey JW, Grush L, Ablon JS, Bouffard SM. Birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48(10): 996–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer MJ. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac) toxicity in a neonate. Pediatrics 1993; 92(5):721–722.
   Google Scholar
• Mhanna MJ, Bennet JB 2nd, Izatt SD. Potential fluox-etine chloride (Prozac) toxicity in a newborn. Pediat-rics 1997; 100(1):158–159.
   Google Scholar
• Lathe K, Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P. Effects of exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors dur-ing pregnancy on serotonergic symptoms in newborns and cord blood monoamine and prolactin concentra-tions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(7):720–726.
   Google Scholar
• Nordeng H, Lindemann R, Perminov KV, Reikvam A. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90(3):288–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective controlled multicenter study. JAMA 1998; 279(8):609–610
   Google Scholar
• Ericson A, Kullen B, Wilholm BE. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55:503–508.
   Google Scholar
• Diav-Citrin OS, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D, et al. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to parox-etine: a prospective controlled chort study. Abstract (#13) presented at Teratology Soceity 42nd Annual Meeting, June 22–27, 2002, Scottsdale, AZ, www. teratology. org
   Google Scholar
• McConnell PJ, Linn K, Filkins K. Depression and preg-nancy: use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Prim Care Update Oh Gyns 1998; 5(1):11–15.
   Google Scholar
• McElhatton PR, Garbis HM, Elefant E, et al. The out-come of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeu-tic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European network of the teratology information ser-vices (ENTIS). Repro Tox 1996; 10(4):285–294.
   Google Scholar
• Costei AM, Kozer E, Ho T, Ito S, Koren G. Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156(11): 1129–1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Martin RM, Mackay FJ, Mann RD. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105(8):882–889.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, Hwang S, Lee E, Haynes D. Placental passage of antidepressant medica-tions. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(5):993–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis IJ, Kok-Van Rooij GW, Bosschaart AN. With-drawal reactions of a premature neonate after maternal use of paroxetine. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84(1):F77.
   Google Scholar
• Stiskal JA, Kuhn N, Koren G, Ho T, Ito S. Neonatal paroxetine withdrawal syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84(2):F134–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent LS, Laidlaw JD. Suspected congenital sertraline dependence. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167(3):412–413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad PM. Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes. Drug Saf 2001; 24(3): 183–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon GE, Cunningham ML, Davis RL. Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(12):2055–2061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Richards M, Yonkers K. Treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnancy. Curr Psychiatry 2003; 2(7):14–26.
   Google Scholar
• Einarson A, Fatoye B, Sarkar M, Lavigne SV, Brochu J, Chambers C, Mastroiacovo P. Addis A, Matsui D, Schuler L, Einarson TR, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multi-center prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10):1728–1730.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson KH, Cohen LS, Heller VL, et al. Birth outcome following prenatal exposure to antidepressants. Abstact (#NR299) Presented at the American Psychiatric Asso-ciation Annual Meeting, May 18–23, 2002, Philadel-phia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S, et al. A multi-centre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during preg-nancy. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48(2):106–110
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam JD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(2):208–214.
   Google Scholar
• Bodkin JA, Amsterdam JD. Transdermal selegiline in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(11):1869–1875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracious BL, Wisner KL. Phenelzine use throughout pregnancy and the puerperium: case report, review of the literature, and management recommendations. Depress Anxiety 1997; 6(3):124–128. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Rybakowski JK. Moclobemide in pregnancy. Pharma-copsychiatry 2001; 34(2):82–83.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal MM, Gundlapalli SP, Ryan WG, Ryals T, Pass-man TE. Effects of antimanic mood-stabilizing drugs on fetuses, neonates, and nursing infants. South Med J2001; 94(3):304–322. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63\(Suppl 4):42–55. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Zisook S, Burt VK. Psychiatric disorders during preg-nancy. Special report. Psychiatric Times 2003; Jan: Vol. XX Issue 1.
   Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Behnke K, Mehtonen OP, et al. Lamictal 605 Study Group. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamot-rigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(9):1013–1024.
   Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpa-tients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago-Gomez R, Diaz-Obregon Santos MC, Dominguez-Salgado M. Follow up of newborns from mothers treated with lamotrigine as monotherapy dur-ing pregnancy. J Neurol 2001; 248\(suppl 2):147–149.
   Google Scholar
• Tennis P, Eldrige RR and the International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Scientific Advisory Committee. Pre-liminary results on pregnancy outcomes in women using lamotrigine. Epilepsia 2002; 43(10):1161–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ. Acceleration and augmentation strategies for treating bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(8):691–700. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla P. Barale F, Soares JC. Atypical antipsychot-ics and mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. Psychop-harmacology (Berl) 2003; 166(4):315–332.
   Google Scholar
• Thase ME. New approaches to managing difficult-to-treat depressions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 1): 3–4.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Fung MC. Olanzapine-exposed pregnancies and lactation: early experience. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20(4):399–403.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson RA, Dawson DT. Olanzapine in pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 1998; 43(2):196–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratnayake T, Libretto SE. No complications with ris-peridone treatment before and throughout pregnancy and during the nursing period. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(1):76–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay FJ, Wilton GL, Pearce SN, et al. The Safety of risperidone: a post-marketing study on 7684 patients. Hum Psychpharmacolo Clin Exp 1998; 13:413–418.
   Google Scholar
• Edlund MJ, Craig TJ. Antipsychotic drug use and birth defects: an epidemiologic reassessment. Compr Psychi-atry 1984; 25(1):32–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patton SW, Misri S, Corral MR, Perry KF, Kuan AJ. Antipsychotic medication during pregnancy and lactation in women with schizophrenia: evaluating the risk. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47(10):959–965. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN. Antidepressants in pregnancy and lactation. Presentation at Continuing Medical Education Program (CNS Summit), Naples, Florida, July 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Lester BM, Cucca J, Andreozzi L, Flanagan P, Oh W. Possible association between fluoxetine hydrochloride and colic in an infant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychi-atry 1993; 32(6):1253–1255.
   Google Scholar
• Winans EA. Antidepressant use during lactation. J Hum Lact 2001; 17(3):256–261.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, et al. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in nursing infants and breast milk. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(10):775–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Yapp P. Paech M, Begg EJ. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48(4):521–527.
   Google Scholar
• Taddio A, Ito S, Koren G. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breastmilk. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36(1):42–47.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida K, Smith B, Craggs M, Kumar RC. Fluoxetine in breast-milk and developmental outcome of breast-fed infants. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172:175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg KE. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(4):169.
   Google Scholar
• Burch KJ, Wells BG. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concen-trations in human milk. Pediatrics 1992; 89(4 Pt 1): 676–677.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Fukuchi A, Altshuler L, Widawski M, Wertheimer A, Brunhuber MV. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misri S, Kim J, Riggs KW, Kostaras X. Paroxetine lev-els in postpartum depressed women, breast milk, and infant serum. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(11): 828–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman R, Hagg S, Carleborg L, Spigset O. Excretion of paroxetine into breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(8):519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Hostetter A, Ritchie JC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(2): 185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigset O, Carleborg L, Norstrom A, Sandlund M. Par-oxetine level in breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(1):39.
   Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Owens MJ, et al. The pharma-cokinetics of sertraline excretion into human breast milk: determinants of infant serum concentrations. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Owens MJ, Landry JC, et al. Sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(9):1255–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd S, Stocky A, Buist A, Burrows GD, Maguire K, Norman TR. Sertraline in paired blood plasma and breast-milk samples from nursing mothers. Hum Psy-chopharmacol 2000; 15(4):161–264.
   Google Scholar
• Epperson N, Czarkowski KA, Ward-O'Brien D, Weiss E, Gueorguieva R, Jatlow P, Anderson GM. Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10):1631–1637.
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Dusci LJ, Hackett LP, Yapp P. Wojnar-Horton RE, Roberts MJ, Paech M. Distribu-tion and excretion of sertraline and N-desmethylsertra-line in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45(5):453–457.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Perel JM, Blumer J. Serum sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline levels in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(5):690–692.
   Google Scholar
• Mammen O, Perel JM, Rudolph G, Foglia JP, Wheeler SB: Sertraline and norsertraline levels in three breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:100–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epperson CN, Anderson GM, McDougle CJ. Sertraline and breastfeeding. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1189–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Burt VK, McMullen M, Hendrick V. Breastfeeding and sertraline: a 24-hour analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(6):243–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright S, Dawling S, Ashford JJ. Excretion of fluvox-amine in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31(2):209.
   Google Scholar
• Piontek CM, Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS. Serum fluvoxamine levels in breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(2):111–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagg S, Granberg K, Carleborg L. Excretion of fluvox-amine into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49(3):286–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Paech M, Ilett KF. The amount of fluvoxamine in milk is unlikely to be a cause of adverse effects in breastfed infants. J Hum Lact 2002; 18(2):139–143.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P. Ekblad S, Lathe K. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72(2):184–191.
   Google Scholar
• Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Ilett KF. Citalopram and demethylcitalopram in human milk; distribution, excretion and effects in breast fed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 50(3): 263–268.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen PN, Olesen OV, Bertelsen A, Linnet K. Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram concentrations in breast milk and in serum of mother and infant. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19(2):236–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigset O, Carieborg L, Ohman R, Norstrom A. Excretion of citalopram in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44(3):295–298.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt K, Olesen OV, Jensen PN. Citalopram and breast-feeding: serum concentration and side effects in the infant. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47(2):164–165.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL. Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(9):1132–1137. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum CS, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Grush LR, Robertson LM, Stowe ZN. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: A case series. Pediatrics 1999; 104(1):ell.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs GG, Samson JH, Ambrose PJ, Schroeder DH. Excretion of bupropion in breast milk. Ann Pharma-cother 1993; 27(4):431–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baab SW, Peindl KS, Piontek CM, Wisner KL. Serum bupropion levels in 2 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(10):910–911.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd S, Buist A, Burrows GD, Maguire KP, Norman TR. Determination of nefazodone and its pharmaco-logically active metabolites in human blood plasma and breast milk by high-performance liquid chroma-tography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999; 730(2):249–255.
   Google Scholar
• Yapp P. Ilett KF, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech MJ, Rampono J. Drowsiness and poor feeding in a breast-fed infant: association with nefazodone and its metabolites. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34(11): 1269–1272.
   Google Scholar
• Pons G, Schoerlin MP, Tam YK, Moran C, Pfefen JP, Francoual C, Pedarriosse AM, Chavinie J, Olive G. Moclobemide excretion in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29(1):27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Verbeeck RK, Ross SG, McKenna EA. Excretion of trazodone in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22(3):367–370.
   Google Scholar
• Ilett KF, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Rampono J. Distribution of venlafaxine and its 0-desmethyl metabolite in human milk andtheir effects in breastfed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, et al. Distribution and excretion of venlafaxine and 0-desmethylvenlafaxine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45(5): 459–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrick V, Altshuler L, Wertheimer A, Dunn WA. Venlafaxine and breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(12):2089–2090.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994; 93(1):137–150.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudron LH, Jefferson JW. Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(2): 79–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti ME, Koren G, Verjee Z, Ito S. Monitoring lithium in breast milk: an individualized approach for breast-feeding mothers. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25(3):364–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman I, Vitos S, Tomson T. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate and during lactaion. Epilepsia 2000; 41:709–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill RC, McIvor RJ, Wojnar-Horton RE, Hackett LP, Ilett KF. Risperidone distribution and excretion into human milk: case report and estimated infant exposure during breast-feeding. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20(2):285–286.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison SJ, Grunau RE, Oberlander TE, et al. Infant social behavior and development in the first year of life following prolonged prenatal psychotropic medi-cation exposure. Pediatr Res 2001; 49(4 Part 2):28 A. PXL 5930/LitRefID262537
   Google Scholar