Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Difficulties, and Treatment

References

• Janet P: Les Obsessions et al Psychasthenie. Paris: Bailliere, 1904
   Google Scholar
• Lewis AJ: Problems of obsessional illness. Proc R Soc Med 1936; 29:325–336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steketee G, Barlow DH: Obsessive compulsive disorder. In: DH, Barlow ed. Anxiety and Its Disorders. New York: Guilford Press, 2002:516–550
   Google Scholar
• Pollack JM: Obsessive-compulsive personality: A review. Psychol Bull 1979; 86:225–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollak JM: Relationship of obsessive-compulsive personality to obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review of the literature. J Psy-chol 1987; 121(2):137–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfohl B: Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In: TA, Widiger, HA, Pincus, R, Ross, M, First, W, Wakefield eds. DSM-IV Sourcebook, vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1996:777–789
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psy-chiatric Association, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Freeman A: Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disor-ders. New York: Guilford Press, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Winston A, Laikin M, Pollack J, Samstag LW, McCullough L, Muran JC: Short-term psychotherapy of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151(2):190–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer L, Jenike MA: Personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, eds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management. Boston: Mosby, Inc., 1998: 65–83
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psy-chiatric Association, 1968
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psy-chiatric Association, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Freud S: Character and anal eroticism. In: P, Reiff ed. Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud. vol. 1 New York: Collier, 1908/1963
   Google Scholar
• Abraham K: Contributions to the theory of the anal character. In: D, Bryan, AT, Strachers eds. Selected Papers of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth Press, 1921/1953
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psy-chiatric Association, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Costa PT Jr., McCrae RR: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Profes- sional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Costa PT Jr., McCrae RR: The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. J Person Disord 1992; 6:343–359
   Google Scholar
• Lynam DR, Widiger TA: Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. J Abn Psychol 2001; 110(3):401–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector NA, Hood K, Richter MA, Bagby RM: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the five-factor model of personality: Distinction and overlap with major depressive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40(10):1205–1219
   Google Scholar
• Samuels J, Nestadt G, Bienvenu 0J, Costa PT Jr., Riddle MA, Liang KY, Hoehn-Saric R, Grados MA, Cullen BA: Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 457–462
   Google Scholar
• Samuels J, Eaton WM, Bienvenu 0J, Brown CH, Costa PT, Nestadt G: Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180:536–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, Pickering RP: Prevalence, correlates, and disability of per-sonality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(7):948–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyler SE, Skodol AE, Kellman HD, Oldham JM, Rosnick L: Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-revised: Comparison with two structured interviews. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147(8):1043–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyler SE, Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Kellman HD, Doidge N: Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-revised: A replication in an outpatient sample. Compr Psychiatry 1992; 33(2):73–77
   Google Scholar
• Kanto M, Golding I, Sorenson S, Burnam M: The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:1094–1099
   Google Scholar
• Chavira DA, Grilo CM, Shea MT, Yen S, Gunderson JG, Morey LC, Skodol AE, Stout RL, Zanarini MC, McGlashan TH: Ethnic-ity and four personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44:483–491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V: The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:590–596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancebo, MC Eisen, IL Rasmussen, SA Axis I comorbidity in obsessive compulsive disorder: Preliminary results from a natu-ralistic follow-up study of OCD, in Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy (AABT). New Orleans, LA, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Albert U, Maina G, Forner F, Bogetto F: DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Prevalence in patients with anxiety disorders and in healthy comparison subjects. Compr Psy-chiatry 2004; 45(5):325–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DP, Cohen P, Velez CN, Schwab-Stone M, Siever LJ, Shinsato L: Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. Am J Psy-chiatry 1993; 150(8):1237–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P. Seeley JR, Klein DN: Axis II psychopa-thology as a function of Axis I disorders in childhood and adoles-cence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:1752–1759
   Google Scholar
• Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, Grilo CM, Shea MT, Zanarini MC, Morey LC, Sanislow CA, Oldham JM: Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:276–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen S, Eisen J: The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. In: MA, Jenike, L, Baer, WE, Minichiello eds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Pratical Man-agement. Mosby, Inc., 1998:12–43
   Google Scholar
• Swedo SE, Rapoport IL, Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Cheslow D: Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Clini-cal and phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Arch Gen Psy-chiatry 1989; 46:335–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen PH, Mikkelsen HU: Development of personality disor-ders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;87:456–462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasmussen S, Eisen J: Phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder. In: J., Insel, S., Rasmussen eds. Psychobiology of Obses-sive Compulsive Disorder. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991:743–758
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington PE: Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 35:2–6
   Google Scholar
• Flament MF, Whitaker A, Rapoport IL, Davies M, Berg CZ, Kalikow K, Sceery W, Shaffer D: Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence: An epidemiologic study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988; 27:764–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD: Global Health Statistics: A Compendium of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality Estimates for Over 200 Conditions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Koran LM: Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psy-chiatr Clin N Am 2000; 23:509–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koran LM, Thienemann ML, Davenport R: Quality of life for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:783–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer L, Jenike MA, Ricciardi IN, Holland AD, Seymour RI, Buttolph ML: Standardized assessment of personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:826–830
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black DW, Noyes R Jr., Pfohl B, Goldstein RB, Blum N: Person-ality disorder in obsessive-compulsive volunteers, well compari-son subjects, and their first-degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(8):1226–1232
   Google Scholar
• Eisen IL, Rasmussen SAOCD and compulsive traits: Phenome-nology and outcomeAmerican Psychiatric Association 144th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, L.A.: American Psychiatric Asso-ciation, 1991
   Google Scholar
• Sciuto G, Diaferia G, Battaglia M, Perna G, Gabriele A, Bellodi L: DSM-III-R personality disorders in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison study. Compr Psychiatry 1991; 32:450–457
   Google Scholar
• Diaferia G, Bianchi I, Bianchi ML, Cavedini P. Erzegovesi S, Bellodi L: Relationship between obsessive-compulsive personal-ity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1997; 38:38–42
   Google Scholar
• Crino RD, Andrews G: Personality disorder in obsessive compul-sive disorder: A controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 1996; 30:29–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Skodol AE, McGlashan TH, Morey LC, Stout RL, Zanarini MC, Grilo CM, Oldham JM, Keller MB: The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Devel-opment, aims, design, and sample characteristics. J Person Disord 2000; 14:300–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan TH, Grilo CM, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Morey LC, Zanarini MC, Stout RL: The Collaborative Lon-gitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Baseline Axis I/II and II/ II diagnostic co-occurrence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102:256–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MA, Scahill L, King R, Hardin MT, Towbin KE, Ort SI, Leckman IF, Cohen DJ: Obsessive compulsive disorder in chil-dren and adolescents: Phenomenology and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:766–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT: Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychia-try 1986; 143:317–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenane M, Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Pauls DL, Sceery W, Rapoport JL: Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of chil-dren and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1990; 29:407–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ 3rd, Liang KY, LaBuda M, Walkup J, Grados M, Hoehn-Saric R: A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:358–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline P: Obsessional traits, obsessional symptoms and anal eroticism. Br J Med Psychol 1968; 41:299–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angyal A: Neurosis and Treatment: A Holistic Theory. New York: Viking Press, 1965
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan HS: Clinical Studies in Psychiatry. New York: Norton, 1956
   Google Scholar
• PauIs DL, Towbin KE, Leckman JF, Zahner GE, Cohen DJ: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:1180–1182
   Google Scholar
• Magnavita JJ: Classification, prevalence, and etiology of person-ality disorders: Related issues and controversy. In: JJ, Magnavita ed. Handbook of Personality Disorders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004
   Google Scholar
• Millon T, Davis RD: Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: Wiley, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Barber JP, Morse JQ, Krakauer I, Chittams J, Crits-Christoph K: Change in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disor-ders following time-limited supportive-expressive therapy. Psy-chother 1997; 34:133–143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenigsberg HW, Woo-Ming AM, Siever LJ: Pharmacological treatments for personality disorders. In: PE, Nathan, JM, Gorman eds. A Guide to Treatments That Work. New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2002:625–641
   Google Scholar
• Stone MH: Long-term outcome in personality disorders. Br J Psy-chiatry 1993; 162:299–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollefson G, Birkett M, Koran L, Genduso L: Continuation treat-ment of OCD: Double blind and open-label experience with flu-oxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:69–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greist J, Jefferson J, Kobak K, Katzelnick D, Serlin R: Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:53–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Delgado PL, Heninger GR: Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive compulsive disorder: A dobule-blind comparison of fluvoxamine and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:36–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheadon DE, Bushnell WD, Steiner M: A fixed-dose comparison of 20, 40, or 60 mg paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of OCD. Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsy-chopharmacology. Honolulu, HI, 1993
   Google Scholar
• The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group:: Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:730–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denys D, Van Megen HJ, Van Der Wee N, Westenberg HG: A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein DJ, Hedegaard KB, Lemming OM: Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:75–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin ME, Abramowitz JS, Kozak MJ, Levitt if, Foa EB: Effectiveness of exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Randomized compared with nonrandomized samples. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:594–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Balkom AM, Van Oppen P. Vermulen AWA, Van Dyck R, Naute MCE, Vorst HCM: A meta-analysis on the treatment of OCD. Clin Psychol Rev 1994; 14:359–381
   Google Scholar
• Freeston MH, Ladouceur R, Gagnon F, Thibodeau N, Rheaume J, Letarte L, Bujould A: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obses-sive thoughts: A controlled study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65:405–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis PM: Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioral analysis. Behav Res Ther 1985; 23:571–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman SJ, Hodgson RJ: Obsessions and Compulsions. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Salkovskis P. Westbrook D: Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: Can failure be turned into success? Behav Res Ther 1989; 27(2):149–160
   Google Scholar
• Reich J, Green Al: Effect of personality disorders on outcome of treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:74–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich J: The effect of Axis II disorders on the outcome of treat-ment of anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders: A review. J Person Disord 2003; 17:387–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea MT, Pilkonis PA, Beckham E, Collins IF, Elkin I, Sotsky SM, Docherty JP: Personality disorders and treatment outcome in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Pro-gram. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:711–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AuBuchon PG, Malatesta VJ: Obsessive compulsive patients with comorbid personality disorder: Associated problems and response to a comprehensive behavior therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:448–453
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minichiello WE, Baer L, Jenike MA: Schizotypal personality dis-order: A poor prognostic indicator for behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1987; 1:273–276
   Google Scholar
• Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, Schwartz CE, Carey RJ: Concomitant obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypal per-sonality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:530–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavedini P. Erzegovesi S, Ronchi P. Bellodi L: Predictive value of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in antiobsessional pharmacological treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997; 7:45–49
   Google Scholar
• Baer L, Jenike MA, Black DW, Treece C, Rosenfield I, Greist J: Effect of Axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 54 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychi-atry 1992; 49:862–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaferia G, Bianchi I, Bianchi ML, Cavedini P. Erzegovesi S, Bellodi L: Relationship between obsessive-compulsive personal-ity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychia-try 1997; 38:38–42
   Google Scholar
• Horesh N, Dolberg OT, Kirschenbaum-Aviner N, Kotler M: Personality differences between obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Washers versus checkers. Psychiatry Res 1997; 71:197–200
   Google Scholar
• Mataix-Cols D, Baer L, Rauch SL, Jenike MA: Relation of fac-tor-analyzed symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive dis-order to personality disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102:199–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Iwasaki Y, Miyata A, Yamagami S, Kaye WH: Clinical characteristics in patients with anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 1999; 29:407–414
   Google Scholar
• Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Matsui T, Miyata A, Iwasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Kasai S, Kojima M: Gender differences in social and interper-sonal features and personality disorders among Japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2000; 41:266–272
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson WC, Wetzler S, Beck AT, Betz F: Prevalence of per-sonality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Psychi-atry Res 1994; 51:167–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley MA, Turner SM, Borden JW: Schizotypal features in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31:511–518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres AR, Del Porto JA: Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disorders. Psychopath 1995; 28:322–329
   Google Scholar