State and Trait in Personality Disorders

References

• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 630
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Man-ual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Text Revision, Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 686
   Google Scholar
• WHO: The ICD-I 0 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Dis-orders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1993
   Google Scholar
• WHO: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision. Volume I: Tabular list, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Kerr TA, Schapira K, Roth M, Garside RF: The relationship between the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the course of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1970; 116:11–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingham JG: Changes in MPI scores in neurotic patients; A three year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1966; 112:931–939
   Google Scholar
• Reich J, Noyes R, Coryell W, O'Gorman T: The effect of state anxiety on personality measurement Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:760–763
   Google Scholar
• Reich J, Noyes R, Hirschfeld RP, Coryell W, O'Gorman T: State effects on personality measures in depressed and panic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich J, Noyes R: A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in acutely ill panic and depressed patients. J Anxiety Disorders 1987; 1:123–131.
   Google Scholar
• Reich J, Troughton E: A comparison of DSMIII personality disor-ders in recovered depressed and panic disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176:300–304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirschfeld RMA, Merman GL, Clayton PJ, Keller MB, McDonald-Scott P, Larkin BH: Assessing personality effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 40:695–699
   Google Scholar
• Reich JH: Instruments measuring DSM-III and DSM-III-R per-sonality disorders. J Personality Disorders 1987; 1:220–240
   Google Scholar
• Reich JH: Update on instruments to measure DSM-III and DSM-III-R personality disorders. J Nerv Men Disease 1989; 177:366–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Silk KR: The longitudi-nal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective fol-low-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatr 2003; 160:274–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris J, Zweig-Frank H: A 27-year follow-up of patients with bor-derline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2001; 42:482–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Links PS, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R: Prospective follow-up study of borderline personality disorder: Prognosis, prediction of outcome, and Axis II comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 1998; 43:265–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea MT, Stout R, Gunderson J, Morey LC, Grilo CM, McGlashan T, Skodol AE, Dolan-Sewell R, Dyck I, Zanarini MC, Keller MB: Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:926–927.
   Google Scholar
• Seivewright H, Tyrer T, Johnson T: Change in personality status in neurotic disorders. Lancet 2002; 359:2253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard K: Akzentuirerte Personlichenkeiten. Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1968
   Google Scholar
• Mischel W: Introduction to personality: A new look, 4th edition. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Bronisch T, Klerman G: Personality functioning: Change and sta-bility in relationship to symptoms and psychopathology. J Per-sonality Disorders 1991; 5:307–317
   Google Scholar
• Livesley J, Jong KL, Jackson DN, Vernon PA: Genetic and envi-ronmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1826–1831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer P, Ferguson B: Chapter 2, Current classification of person-ality disorder, in Tyrer P and Johnson (Eds.) Personality disor-ders: Diagnosis, management and course, Second Edition, London, Arnold 2000
   Google Scholar
• Tyrer P, Johnson T: Establishing the severity of personality disor-der. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1593–1597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals J, Novins DK, Spicer P. Orton FIB, Mitchell CM, Baron AE, Spero MM, AI-SUPERPFP Team: Challenges in Operation-alizing the DSM-IV Clinical Significance Criterion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:1197–1208
   Google Scholar
• Reich J: An empirical examination of the concept of "stress induced" Personality Disorder. Psychiatr Annals 1999; 29:701–706
   Google Scholar
• Loranger AW, Susman VL, Oldham JM & Russakoff LM: The Personality Disorder Examination: A preliminary report. Journal of Personality Disorders 1987: 1–14
   Google Scholar
• Loranger AW: Personality Disorder Exam (PDE) Manual. Yon-kers, NY, DV Communications, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Loranger A, Lenzenweger MF, Gartner AF, Susman VL, Herzig J, Zammit GK, Gartner JD, Abrams RC, Young RC: Trait-State Artifacts and the diagnosis of Personality Disorders. Arch Gen Psych 1991: 48:720–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyler S: Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire IV (PDQ-R). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Hyler SE, Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Kellman HD, Doidge N: Validity of the personality diagnostic questionnaire—revised: A replication in an outpatient sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1992; 33:73–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich J, Hofmann S: State personality disorder in social phobia. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2004; 16:130–144
   Google Scholar
• Speilberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE: State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto, CA, Consulting Psychologists Press, 1970
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD: The Tem-perament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its develop-ment and use. St. Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Reich J: Empirical evidence for a state personality group. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005; 17:3
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G: Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC). University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G: The family history method using diagnostic criteria: Reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 34:1229–1235
   Google Scholar
• Reich J: A family history method for DSM III anxiety and person-ality disorders. Psychiatry Res 1985; 26:131–139
   Google Scholar
• Reich J, Crowe R, Noyes R, Andreasen N: Family History for DSM III Anxiety and Personality Disorders (FHPD). Stanford Medical School, San Francisco, CA, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Reich J: The effect of Axis II disorders on the outcome of treat-ment of anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders. J Personality Disorders 2003; 17:387–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich JH, Green Al: Effect of personality disorders on outcome of treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:74–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich J, Vasile R: The effect of personality disorders on the treat-ment outcome of Axis I conditions: An update. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181:475–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich J: Clinical correlated of stress-induced personality disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2002; 32:581–589
   Google Scholar
• Reich J: Comorbid anxiety/depression/personality: Viewed as a possible stress induced personality disorder syndrome. Psychiatr Ann 1999; 29:707–712
   Google Scholar