DSM-III-R Diagnostic Criteria for Dementia Associated with Alcoholism—A Critical Review

References

• Lawson R: On the symptomatology of alcoholic brain disorders. Brain 1:182–194, 1878
   Google Scholar
• Everall IP: Language disorder: a presenting symptom of alcoholic dementia. Br J Addict 83:433–436, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Horn GV: Dementia. Am J Med 83:101–110, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Lishman WA: Alcoholic dementia: an hypothesis. Lancet 1:1184–1186, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas PK: Alcohol and disease: central nervous system. Acta Med Scand 703:251–264, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Vatassery CV, Maletta GB: Relationship between nu-trition and dementia in the elderly. Psychol Med 4:429–443, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Parsons OA, Butters N, Nathan PE: Neuropsychol-ogy of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Guilford, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Grant I: Neuropsychiatric Correlates of Alcoholism. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1986
   Google Scholar
• McLean S: Assessing dementia. Part I: Difficulties, definitions and differential diagnosis. Aust NZ J Psy-chiatry 21:142–174, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consensus Conference on Demential Diagnosis of Dementing Diseases. JAMA 258:3411–3416, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Criteria for the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Dis-ease. J Am Geriatr Soc 33:2–3, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Katzman R: Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 314:964–973, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden CD, Harrison MJG: Outcome of investiga-tions of patients with presenile dementia. Br Med J 2:249–252, 1972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JS, Kiloh LG, Ratnavale GS, Grant DA: The investigation of dementia. The results of 100 consecu-tive admissions. Med J Aust 2:403-405, 1976
   Google Scholar
• Victoratos GC, Lenm an JAR, Herzberg L: Neurologi-cal investigation of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 130:131–133, 1977
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selzer B, Sherwin I: Organic brain syndromes: An empirical study and critical review. Am J Psychiatry 135:13–21, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Rabins PV: The prevalence of reversible dementia in a psychiatric hospital. Hosp Community Psychiatry 32:490–492, 1981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delaney P: Dementia: The search for treatable causes. South Med J 75:707–709, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin MK: Organic brain syndromes presenting with global cognitive impairment: delirium and de-mentia. In Winokur G, Clayton P (eds): The Medical Basis of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1986, pp 3–19
   Google Scholar
• Freemon FR: Evaluation of patients with progressive intellectual deterioration. Arch Neurol 33:658–659, 1976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maletta GJ, Pirozollo FJ, Thompson G, Mortimer JA: Organic mental disorders in a geriatric outpatient population. Am J Psychiatry 139:521–523, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson EB, Rufiler, By, Featherstone HJ, English DR: Dementia in elderly outpatients: A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 100:417–423, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renvoize EB, Gakell RK, Klar HM: Results of investi-gations in 150 demented patients consecutively ad-mitted to a psychiatric hospital. Br J Psychiatry 147:204–205, 1985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor M: Disturbed behavior in dementia: Psy-chiatric or medical problem? Med J Aust 147:481-485, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Rovner BW, Kafonek S, Phillip L, Lucas MJ, Folstein MF: Prevalence of mental illness in a community nursing home. Am J Psychiatry 143:1446–1449, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Myers JK, Tischler GL, Holzer CE, Leaf PJ, Orvaschel H, Brody JA: Psychiatric disorders (DSM HD and cognitive impairment among elderly in a U.S. urban community. Acta Psychiatr Scand 71:366–379, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson P, Kornaczewski A, Rankin IC, Santa-Ma-ria JN: Physical disease in alcoholism. Initial survey of 1,000 patients. Med J Aust 1:1217–1223, 1971
   Google Scholar
• Lykouras E, Moussas G, Markianos M: Platelet mono-amine oxidase and plasma dopamine-/3-hydroxylase activities in non-abstinent alcoholics. Relation to clini-cal parameters. Drug Alcohol Depend 19:363-368, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Ross HE, Glaser -FB, Germanson T: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:1023–1031, 1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis JL, Millman EJ, Joseph M, Charles J, Bajwa WK: Prevalence rates of alcoholism, associated de-pression and dementia on the Harlem Hospital Medi-cine and Surgery Services. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 6:45–64, 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckardt MJ, Martin PR: Clinical assessment of cogni-tion in alcoholism. Alcohol Gin Exp Res 10:123–127, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Grant I, Adams KM, Reed R: Aging, abstinence, and medical risk factors in the prediction of neuropsycho-logic deficit among long-term alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:710–718, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke J, Haughton H: A study of intellectual impair-ment and recovery rates in heavy drinkers in Ireland. Br J Psychiatry 126:178–184, 1975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker JT, Jaffe JH: Impaired memory for treatment relevant information in inpatients men alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 45:339–343, 1984
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lishman WA, Jacobson RR, Acker C: Brain damage in alcoholism: Current concepts. Acta Med Scand Suppl 717:5–17, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Cummings JL: Dementia syndromes: neurobehav-ioral and neuropsychiatric features. J Clin Psychiatry 48:3–8, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Lishman WA: Cerebral disorder in alcoholism: syn-dromes of impairment. Brain 104:1–20, 1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlen PL, Wilkinson DA: Alcoholic brain damage and reversible deficits. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82:103–118, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Parsons OA, Farr SP: The neuropsychology of alcohol and drug abuse. In Filskov SB, Boll TJ (eds): Hand-book of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York, Wiley, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Tarter RE, Edwards KL: Multifactorial etiology of neuropsychological impairment in alcoholics. Alco-hol Clin Exp Res 10:128–135, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons OA: Intellectual impairment in alcoholism: persistent issues. Acta Med Scand Suppl 717:33–46, 1987
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Carlen PL: Relationship of neuropsy-chological test performance to brain morphology in amnestic and non-amnestic chronic alcoholics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62:89–101, 1980
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan C, Butters N: Learning and memory deficits in chronic alcoholics. In Begleiter H, Kissin B (eds): Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Se-ries. Vol 26: Biological Effects of Alcohol. New York, Plenum, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson RP, Lishman VA: Selective memory loss and global intellectual deficits in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Psychol Med 17:649–656, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Butters N: Further evidence for a continuum-of-impairment encompassing male alcoholic Korsa-koff patients and chronic alcoholic men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4:190–198, 1980 34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryback R: The continuum and specificity of effects of alcohol on memory. Q J Stud Alcohol 32:995–1016, 1971
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gebhardt CA, Naeser MA, Butters N: Computerized measures of CT scans of alcoholics: thalamic region related to memory. Alcohol 1:133–140, 1984
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan C, Butters N: Neuropsychology of alcoholism. In Weeding D, Horton AM Jr, Webster JS (eds): Hand-book of Clinical and Behavioral Neuropsychology (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein G: Dementia associated with alcoholism. In Tarter RE, Van Thiel DH (eds): Alcohol and the Brain. Chronic Effects. New York, Plenum, 1985, pp 283–292
   Google Scholar
• Grant I: Alcohol and the Brain: Neuropsychological correlates. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:310–324, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cala LA: Is CT-scan a valid indicator of brain atrophy in alcoholism? Acta Med Scand Suppl 717:27–32, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Harper C, Krill, Daly J: Are we drinking our neurones away? Br Med J 294:534–536, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper C, Kril J: Brain atrophy in chronic alcoholic patients: a quantitative pathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48:211–217, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom M, Crusan K, Jernigan TL: Brain CT changes in alcoholics: effects of age and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12:81–87, 1988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ron M: The alcoholic brain: CT-scan and psychologi-cal findings. Psychological Medicine (Monographs Supplement 3), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson DA: Examination of alcoholic by computed tomography (CT) scans: A critical review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6:31–45, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii T: A comparison of cerebral atrophy in CT scan findings among alcoholic groups. Acta Psychiatr Scand 309:7–30, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Weiberger DR: Brain disease and psychiatric illness: When should a psychiatrist order a CT scan? Am J Psychiatry 141:1521–1527, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Risberg J, Berglund M: Cerebral blood flow and me-tabolism in alcoholics. In Parsons OA, Butters N, Nathan P (eds): Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Im-plications for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Guilford, 1987, pp 64–75
   Google Scholar
• Meldgaard B, Andersen K, Ahlgren P, Danielsen VT, Sorensen H: Peripheral neuropathy, cerebral atrophy and intellectual impairment in chronic alcoholics. Acta Neurol Scand 70:334–336, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Teichman M, Risclunan S, Fine EW: "Dose/duration effect": Relationship between alcohol consumption and cerebral atrophy: a psychological and neuroradi-°logical evaluation. Am J Drug Alcohol Depend 13:357–363, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strub RL, Black FW: Organic Brain Syndrome. Phila-delphia, Davis, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Bergman H: Brain dysfunction related to alcoholism: some results from the KARTAD Project. In Parsons OA, Butters N, Nathan P (eds): Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treat-ment. New York, Guilford, 1987, pp 21–67
   Google Scholar
• Fitzhugh LC, Fitzhugh KB, Reitan RM: Adaptive abil-ities and intellectual functioning of hospitalized alco-holics. J Stud Alcohol 21:414–423, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzhugh LC, Fitzhugh KB, Reitan RM: Adaptive abil-ities and intellectual functioning of hospitalized alco-holics: Further considerations. J Stud Alcohol 26: 402–411, 1965
   Google Scholar
• Jones B, Parsons OA: Impaired abstracting ability in chronic alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 24:71–75, 1971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian MS, Parsons OA: Differential improvements of cognitive functions in recovering alcoholic women. J Abnorm Psychol 92:81–95, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Carlon PL, Wortzman G, Holgate RC, Wilkinson DA, Rankin JG: Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent alcoholics measured by computed tomogra-phy scans. Science 200:1076–1078, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Ron MA, Acker W, Lishman WA: Morphological ab-normalities in brains of chronic alcoholics: a clinical, psychological and computerized axial tomography study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62:41–46, 1980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada RT, Porch BE, Dillingham C, Kellner R, Porec JB: Alcoholism and language function. Alcoholism 1:199–205, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Brandt J, Butters N, Ryan C, Bayog R: Cognitive loss and recovery in long-term alcohol abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:435–442, 1983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp JR, Rosenbaum G, Goldman MS, Whitman, RD: Recoverability of psychological functioning fol-lowing alcohol abuse: Acquisition of meaningful syn-onyms. I Consult Clin Psychol. 45:1023–1028, 1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons OA, Leber WR: The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and brain damage in alcoholics: Causal, interactive, or epiphenomenal? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 5:326–343, 1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath TB: Clinical spectrum and epidemiological features of alcoholic dementia. In Rankin JG (ed): Alcohol, Drugs and Brain Damage. Toronto, Addic-tion Research Foundation, 1975
   Google Scholar
• Cutting J: Alcoholic dementia. In Benson DF, Blumer D (eds): Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Cutting J: The relationship between Korsakov's syn-drome and "alcoholic dementia." Br J Psychiatry 132:240-251, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Brandt J, Butters N: The alcoholic Wernicke—Korsa-koff syndrome and its relationship to neuropsycho-logical functioning. In Grant I, Adams KM (eds): Neu- 64. ropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. New York, Oxford University Press, 1986, pp 441–447
   Google Scholar
• Hartman DE: Neuropsychological Toxicology. Identi-fication and assessment of human neurotoxic syn-dromes. London, Pergamon, 1988, pp 160–193
   Google Scholar
• Torvik A, Lindoe CF, Rogde S: Brain lesions in alco-holics. A neuropathological study with clinical corre-lations. J Neurol Sci 56:233–248, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torvik A: Brain lesions in alcoholics: neuropathologi-cal observations. Acta Med Scand Suppl 717:47–51, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Harbinson HI: Alcoholic Korsakoff's psychosis: A psychometric, neuroradiological and neurophysio-logical investigation of nine cases. Ulster Med J 53:103–110, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson DA, Poulos CX: The chronic effects of alcohol on memory. A contrast between a unitary and dual system approach. In Galanter M (ed): Recent Developments in Alcoholism. New York, Plenum, 1987, vol 5, pp 5–26
   Google Scholar
• Martin PP, Adinoff B, Weingarten H, Mukherjee AB, Eckardt MI: Alcoholic organic brain disease: Nosol-ogy and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Frog Neu-ropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 10:147–164, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R, Hegedus A, Van Thiel D, Schade R, Gavaler J, Starzl T: Non-alcoholic cirrhosis associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in the absence of overt evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroen-terology 86:1421–1427, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehnstrom S. Simewrt G, Hanson J, Johnson G, Vang J: Chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A psychometric study. Scand J Gastroenterol 12:305–311, 1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikkers L, Jenko P, Rudman D, Friede D: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Detection, prevalence and relationship to nitrogen metabolism. Gastroenterol-ogy 75:462–469, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Tarter RE, Hegedus AM, Van Thiel DH, Gavaler BS, Schade RR: Hepatic dysfunction and neuropsycho-logical test performance in alcoholics with cirrhosis. J Stud Alcohol 47:74–77, 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacAllister TW, Price TRP: Severe depressive pseu-dodementia with and without dementia. Am J Psy-chiatry 139:626–629, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Reifler By, Larson E, Hauley R: Coexistence of cogni-tive impairment and depression in geriatric outpa-tients. Am J Psychiatry 139:623–625, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown S, Schuckit MA: Changes in depression among alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 49:412–417, 1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson R: Alcohol dependence in women: Early onset of brain damage. Br J Hosp Med 39:479, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Turner J, Parsons OA: Verbal and non-verbal ab-stracting problem solving abilities and familial alco-holism in female alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 49: 281–287, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Acker C: Neuropsychological deficits in alcoholics: The relative contribution of gender and drinking his-tory. Br J Addict 81:395–403, 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson R: The contributions of sex and drinking history to CT-brain scan changes in alcoholics. Psy-chol Med 16:547–559, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher EM, Jones MK, Jones BM: Cognitive deficits in alcoholic women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1:371–377, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Monteiro, MG, Schuckit MA: Populations at high risk for alcoholism: Recent findings. J Clin Psychiatry 49:3–7, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Schuckit MA: Studies of populations at high risk for alcoholism. Psychiatr Dev 3:31–63, 1985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin DW: Alcoholism and genetics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:171–174, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer KW, Parsons OA, Yohman JR: Neuropsy-chological differences between familial and nonfamil-ial alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 8:347–351, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson RR: Effects of alcoholism on brain size. Post-grad Med J 63:233–235, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin DW: Familial alcoholism: A separate entity? Subst Alcohol Act Misuse 4:129–136, 1983
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuckit MA: Relationship between the course of pri-mary alcoholism in men and family history. J Stud Alcohol 45:334–338, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Reed R, Grant I, Adam KM: Family history of alcohol-ism does not predict neuropsychological perfor-mance in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11: 340–344, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alterman Al, Tater RE: Assessing the influence of confounding subject variables in neuropsychological research in alcoholism and related disorders. Int J Neurosci 26:75–84, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater, DV: The treatment of the recidivist alcoholic. Alcoholism 1:87–90, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Berglund M, Leijonquist H, Horlen M: Prognostic significance and reversibility of cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 38:1761–1770, 1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester RK, Smith JW: The influence of deficits in alcoholics' cognitive skills on failure to complete treat-ment. Int J Addict 16:1263–1266, 1981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott MW, Gregson RAM: Cognitive dysfunction in the prediction of relapse in alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 42:230–243, 1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrady BS, Smith DE: Implications of cognitive im-pairment for the treatment of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:145–149, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckardt MJ, Rawlings RR, Graubard BI, Faden V. Martin R, Gottschalk LA: Neuropsychological perfor-mance and treatment outcome in male alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12:88–93, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Price J, Mitchell S, Willshire B, Graham J, Williams G: A follow-up study of patients with alcohol-related brain damage in the community. Aust Drug Alcohol Rev 7:83–87, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Eckardt MJ, Rawlings RR, Graubard BI, Faden V, Martin PR, Gottschalk LA: Neuropsychological per-formance and treatment outcome in male alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12:88–93, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Donovan DM, Kivlahan DR, Walker RD: Clinical limi-tations of neuropsychological testing in predicting treatment and outcome among alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 8:470–475, 1984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenker S: Effects of alcohol on the brain: Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment. In Lieber CS (ed): Medical Problems in Internal Medicine. Saun-ders, Philadelphia, 1982, vat 22, pp 480–525
   Google Scholar
• Tarter RE: Brain damage associated with chronic alco-holism. Dis Nerv Syst 4:185–187, 1975
   Google Scholar
• Thomas PK: Alcohol and disease: Central nervous system. Acta Med Scand Suppl 703:251–264, 1985
   Google Scholar