REFERENCES
- Kane JM, Evans DL, Fiester SJ, et al: Psychophar-macological screening criteria: APA committee on re-search on psychiatric treatments. J Clin Psychiatry 53:184–196, 1992
- White K, Simpson G: Treatment-resistant depres-sion. Psychiatr Ann 17:274–278, 1987
- Shaw DM: Pharmacological management of treat-ment-resistant depression. In DE Casey, AV Chris-tensen (eds): Psychopharmacology: Current Trends. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1987
- Lydiard RB: Tricyclic-resistant depression: Treatment resistance or inadequate treatment? J Clin Psychiatry 46:412–417, 1985
- Roose SP, Glassman AH, Walsh BT, et al: Tricyclic nonresponders: Phenomenology and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 143:345–348, 1986
- Georgotas A, McCue RE: Refractory depressions. In A Georgotas, R Cancro (eds): Depression and Mania. Elsevier, New York, 1988
- Paykel ES, Van Woerkom AE: Pharmacological treat-ment of resistant depression. Psychiatr Ann 17:327–331, 1987
- Guscott F, Grof P: The clinical meaning of refractory depression: A review for the clinician. Am J Psychi-atry 148:695–704, 1991
- Nierenberg AA, Amsterdam JD: Treatment-resistant depression: Definition and treatment approaches. J Clin Psychiatry 51:39–47, 1990
- Amsterdam JD (ed): Refractory Depression: Ad-vances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacol-ogy, vol. 2. New York, Raven Press, 1991
- Lingjaerde 0, Edlund AH, Gormsen A, et al: The effect of lithium carbonate in combination with tri-cyclic antidepressants in endogenous depression. Acta psychiat scand 50:233–242, 1974
- Quitkin FM, Kane J, Rifkin A, et al: Prophylactic lithium carbonate with and without imipramine for bipolar 1 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:902–907, 1981
- Heninger GR, Charney DS, Sternberg DE: Lithium carbonate augmentation of antidepressant treat-ment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1335–1342, 1983
- de Montigny C, Cournoyer G, Morissette R, et al: Lithium carbonate addition in tricyclic antidepres-sant-resistant unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psy-chiatry 40:1327–1334, 1983
- Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al: Lithium car-bonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of uni-polar and bipolar II illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 1065–1069, 1982
- Louie AK, Meltzer HY: Lithium potentiation of an-tidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 316–321, 1984
- Garbutt JC, Mayo JP, Gillette GM, et al: Lithium po-tentiation of tricyclic antidepressants following lack of T3 potentiation. Am J Psychiatry 143:1038–1039, 1986
- Price LH, Charney DS, Heninger GR: Variability of response to lithium augmentation in refractory de-pression. Am J Psychiatry 143:1387–1392, 1986
- Katona CLE: Lithium augmentation in refractory depression. Psychiatr Dev 2:153–171, 1988
- Schou M: Lithium and treatment-resistant depres-sions: A review. Lithium 1:3–8, 1990
- Austin MP, Souza FG, Goodwin GM: Lithium aug-mentation in antidepressant-resistant patients. A quantitative analysis. Br J Psychiatry 159:510–514, 1991
- Fein S. Paz V, Rao N, et al: The combination of lith- ium carbonate and an MAOI in refractory depres-sions. Am J Psychiatry 145:249–250, 1988
- Price LH, Charney DS, Heninger GR: Efficacy of lith-ium-tranylcypromine treatment in refractory depres-sion. Am J Psychiatry 142:619–623, 1985
- Himmelhoch JM, Detre T, Kupfer DJ, et al: Treatment of previously intractable depressions with tranylcy-promine and lithium. J Nerv Ment Dis 155:216–220, 1972
- Fontaine R, Ontiveros A, Elie R, et al: Lithium car-bonate augmentation of desipramine and fluoxetine in refractory depression. Biol Psychiatry 29:946–948, 1991
- de Montigny C, Elie R, Gaille G: Rapid response to the addition of lithium in iprindole-resistant unipolar depression: A pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 142:220–223, 1985
- Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, et al: Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression: II. An open clinical trial of lithium augmentation. J Clin Psychiatry 50:413–417, 1989
- Price LH, Charney DS, Delgado PL, et al: Fenflura-mine augmentation in tricyclic-refractory depression. Clin Psychopharmacol 10:312–317, 1990
- Salama AA, Shafey M: A case of severe lithium tox-icity induced by combined fluoxetine and lithium car-bonate. Am J Psychiatry 146:278, 1989
- Austin LS, Arana GW, Melvin JA: Toxicity resulting from lithium augmentation of antidepressant treat-ment in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry 51:344–345, 1990
- De Maio D, Laviani M: Lithium-TCA induced malig-nant syndrome. Case report. Prog Neuropsycho-pharmacol Biol Psychiatry 15:427–431, 1991
- Nelson JC, Mazure CM: Lithium augmentation in psychotic depression refractory to combined drug treatment. Am J Psychiatry 143:363–366, 1986
- Kramlinger KG, Post RM: The addition of lithium to carbamazepine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:794–800, 1989
- Nutt D, Glue P: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Re-habilitation from recent research? Br J Psychiatry 154: 287–291, 1989
- White K, Simpson G: The combined use of MAOIs and tricyclics. J Clin Psychiatry 45:67–69, 1984
- Pande AC, Calarco MM, Grunhaus LJ: Combined MAOI-TCA treatment in refractory depression. In Amsterdam JD (ed): Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology, vol. 2: Refractory Depres-sion. New York, Raven Press, 1991 37. Feighner JP, Boyer WF, Tyler DL, et al: Adverse con-sequences of fluoxetine-MAOI combination therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 51:222–225, 1990
- Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Hudson JI, et al: Toxic reac-tions to the combination of monoamine oxidase in- hibitors and tryptophan. Am J Psychiatry 142:491–492, 1985
- Thomas JM, Rubin EH: Case report of a toxic reaction from a combination of tryptophan and phenelzine. Am J Psychiatry 141:281–283, 1984
- Whybrow PC, Hanover KPM, Coppen C, et al: Thy-roid function and the response to liothyronine in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:242–245, 1972
- Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Hanover DPM, et al: The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted poten-tiation by liothyronine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:234–241, 1972
- Wheatley D: Potentiation of amitriptyline by thyroid hormone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:229–233, 1972
- Garbutt J, Malekpour B, Brunswick D, et al: Effects of triiodothyronine on drug levels and cardiac func-tion in depressed patients treated with imipramine. Am J Psychiatry 136:980–982, 1979
- Goodwin FK, Prange AJ Jr, Post RM, et al: Potentia-tion of antidepressant effects by L-triiodothyronine in tricyclic nonresponders. Am J Psychiatry 139:34–38, 1982
- Swartz CM: Dependency of tricyclic antidepressant efficacy on thyroid hormone potentiation: Case stud-ies. J Nerv Ment Dis 170:50–53, 1982
- Schwarcz G, Halaris A, Baxter L, et al: Normal thy-roid function in desipramine nonresponders con-verted to responders by the addition of L-triiodothyronine. Am J Psychiatry 141:1614–1616, 1984
- Stain D, Avni J: Thyroid hormones in the treatment of affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77:623–636, 1988
- Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Jarrett DB: Treatment of imi-pramine-resistant recurrent depression: I. An open clinical trial of adjunctive L-triiodothyronine. J Clin Psychiatry 50:385–388, 1989
- Brady KT, Anton RF: The thyroid axis and desipra-mine treatment in depression. Biol Psychiatry 25:703–709, 1989
- Hullett FJ, Bidder TG: Phenelzine plus triiodothy-ronine combination in a case of refractory depres-sion. J Nerv Ment Dis 171:318–320, 1983
- Joffe RT: Triiodothyronine potentiation of the anti-depressant effect of phenelzine. J Clin Psychiatry 49:409–410, 1988
- Stern RA, NeveIs CT, Shelhorse ME, et al: Antide-pressant and memory effects of combined thyroid hormone treatment and electroconvulsive therapy: Preliminary findings. Biol Psychiatry 30:623–627, 1991
- Cooke RG, Joffe RT, Levitt AJ: T3 augmentation of antidepressant treatment in T4-replaced thyroid pa-tients. J Clin Psychiatry 53:16–18, 1992
- Whybrow PC, Prange AJ Jr: A hypothesis of thyroid- catecholamine-receptor interaction. Arch Gen Psy-chiatry 38:106–113, 1981
- Weilburg JB, Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, et al: Fluoxetine added to non-MAOI antidepressants con-verts nonresponders to responders: A preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 50:447–449, 1989
- Weilburg JB, Rosenbaum JF, Meltzer-Broody SM, et al: Tricyclic augmentation of fluoxetine. Ann Clin Psychiatry 3:209–213, 1991
- Seth R, Jennings AL, Bindman J, et al: Combination treatment with noradrenalin and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in resistant depression. Br J Psychiatry 161:562–565, 1992
- Nelson JC, Mazure CM, Bowers MB Jr, et al: A pre-liminary, open study of the combination of fluoxetine and desipramine for rapid treatment of major depres-sion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:303–307, 1991
- Nierenberg AA, Cole JO, Glass L: Possible trazodone potentiation of fluoxetine: A case series. J Clin Psy-chiatry 53:83–85, 1992
- Jacobsen FM: A possible augmentation of antide-pressant response by buspirone. J Clin Psychiatry 52: 217–220, 1991
- Sate SL, Nelson JC: Stimulants in the treatment of depression: A critical overview. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 241–249, 1989
- Woods SW, Tesar GE, Murray GB, et al: Psychosti-mulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Clin Psychiatry 47:12–15, 1986
- Chiarello RJ, Cole JO: The use of psychostimulants in general psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:286–295, 1987
- Rosenberg PB, Ahmed I, Hurwitz S: Methylpheni-date in depressed medically ill patients. J Clin Psy-chiatry 52:263–267, 1991
- Wharton R, Perel J, Dayton P, et al: A potential clin-ical use for methylphenidate with tricyclic antide-pressants. Am J Psychiatry 127:1619–1625, 1971
- Feighner J, Herbstein J, Damlouji N: Combined MAOI, TCA and direct stimulant therapy of treat-ment resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 46:206–209, 1985
- Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, Zajacka JM, et al: CNS stim-ulant potentiation of monoamine coddase inhibitors in treatment-refractory depression. J Clin Psycho-pharma col 11:127–132, 1991
- Sovner R: Amphetamine and tranylcypromine in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 28: 1011–1012, 1990
- Chouinard G, Jones BD, Young SN, et al: Potentia-tion of lithium by tryptophan in a patient with bipolar illness. Am J Psychiatry 136:719–720, 1979
- Walinder J, Skott A, Carlsson A, et al: Potentiation of the antidepressant action of clomipramine by tryp-tophan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1384–1389, 1975
- Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Hudson JI, et al: Toxic reac- tions to the combination of monoamine oxidase in-hibitors and tryptophan. Am J Psychiatry 142:491–492, 1985
- Brewerton T, Reus VI: Lithium carbonate and L-tryptophan in the treatment of mania and schizoaf-fective illness. Am J Psychiatry 140:757–760, 1983
- Poldinger W: Combined administration of desipra-mine and reserpine or tetrabenazine in depressive patients. Psychopharmacologia 4:308–310, 1963
- Haskovec L, Rysanek K: The action of reserpine in imipramine-resistant depressive patients. Psycho-pharmacologia 11:18–30, 1967
- Sherwin BB: Estrogen and refractory depression. In Amsterdam JD (ed): Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology, vol. 2: Refractory Depres-sion. New York, Raven Press, 1991
- Osman OT, Potter WZ: Potentiation of dopamine in the treatment of refractory depression. In Amster-dam JD (ed): Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psy-chopharmacology, vol. 2: Refractory Depression. New York, Raven Press, 1991
- De la Fuente JM, Mendlewicz J: Carbamazepine ad-dition in tricyclic antidepressant-resistant unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 32:369–374, 1992
- Wright JM, Stokes E, Sweeney VP: Isoniazid-induced carbamazepine toxicity and vice versa. N Engl J Med 307:1325–1327, 1982
- Cohen WJ, Cohen NH: Lithium carbonate, haloper-idol and irreversible brain damage. JAMA 230:1283–1287, 1974
- Spring G, Frankel M: New data on lithium and halo-peridol incompatibility. Am J Psychiatry 138:818–821, 1981
- Prakash R, Kelwala S, Ban TA: Neurotoxicity with combined administration of lithium and a neurolep-tic. Compr Psychiatry 23:567–571, 1982
- Schaffer CB, Batra K, Garvey MJ, et al: The effect of haloperidol on serum levels of lithium in adult manic patients. Biol Psychiatry 19:1495–1499, 1984
- Addy RO, Foliart RH, Saran AS, et al: EEG obser-vations during combined haloperidol-lithium treat-ment. Biol Psychiatry 21:170–176, 1986
- Yassa R: A case of lithium-chlorpromazine interac-tion. J Clin Psychiatry 47:90–91, 1986
- Karki SD, Holden JMC: Combined use of haloperidol and lithium. Psychiatr Ann 20:154–161, 1990
- Kessel JB, Verghese C, Simpson GM: Neurotoxicity related to lithium and neuroleptic combinations? A retrospective review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 17:28–30, 1992
- Kanter GL, Yerevanian BI, Ciccone JR: A case of a possible interaction between neuroleptics and car-bamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 141:1101–1102, 1984
- Klein E, Bental E, Lerer B, Belmaker R: Carbarepine and haloperidol versus placebo and haloperidol in excited psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:165–170, 1984
- Saltzman C, Green Al, Rodriguez-Villa F, et al: Benzodiazepines combined with neuroleptics for management of severe disruptive behavior. Psycho-somatics 27(suppl):17-21, 1986
- Modell JG, Lenox RH, Weiner S: Inpatient clinical trial of Iorazepam for the management of manic ag-itation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 5:109–112, 1985
- Hauger RL, Irwin MR, Dupont RM, et al: Treatment-resistant bipolar affective disorder: Phenomenologi-cal characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms, and novel therapies. In Amsterdam JD (ed): Ad-vances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacol-ogy, vol. 2: Refractory Depression. New York, Raven Press, 1991
- Post RM, Uhde TW: Refractory manias and alter-natives to lithium treatment. In Georgotas A, Cancro R (eds): Depression and Mania. New York, Elsevier, 1988
- Chou JC-Y: Recent advances in treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 11:3–21, 1991
- Aaronson TA, Shukla 5, Hirschowitz J: Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bi-polar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 146:77–80, 1989
- Inoue K, Arima S, Tanaka K, et al: A lithium and carbamazepine combination in the treatment of bi-polar disorder—A preliminary report. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 35:465–476, 1981
- Forrest DV: Bipolar illness after right hemispherec-tomy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:817–819, 1982
- Lipinski JF, Pope HG Jr: Possible synergistic action between carbamazepine and lithium carbonate in the treatment of three acutely manic patients. Am J Psy-chiatry 139:948–949, 1982
- Keisling R: Carbamazepine and lithium carbonate in the treatment of refractory affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:223, 1983
- Lovett L, Watkins SE, Shaw DM: The use of alter-native drug therapy in nine patients with recurrent affective disorder resistant to conventional prophy-laxis. Biol Psychiatry 21:1344–1347, 1986
- Stromgren LS: The combination of lithium and car-bamazepine in treatment and prevention of manic-depressive disorder: A review and a case report. Compr Psychiatry 31:261–265, 1990
- De Costanzo E, Schifano F: Lithium alone or in com-bination with carbamazepine for the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psy-chiatr Scand 83:456–459, 1991
- Kishimoto A: The treatment of affective disorder with carbamazepine: Prophylactic synergism of lith-ium and carbamazepine combination. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 16:483–493, 1992
- Chaudhry P, Waters BGH: Lithium and carbama-zepine interaction: Possible neurotoxicity. J Clin Psy-chiatry 44:30–31, 1983
- McGinness J, Kishimoto A, Hollister LE: Avoiding neurotoxicity with lithium-carbamazepine combina-tions. Psychopharmacol Bull 26:181–184, 1990
- Parmelee DX, O'Shanick GJ: Carbamazepine-lithium toxicity in brain-damaged adolescents. Brain Injury 2:305–308, 1988
- Brewerton TD: Lithium counteracts carbamazepine-induced leukopenia while increasing its therapeutic effect. Biol Psychiatry 21:677–685, 1986
- Sheehan JD, Shelley RK: Leucopenia secondary to carbamazepine despite concurrent lithium treat-ment. Br J Psychiatry 157:911–912, 1990
- Brooks SC, Lessin BE: Treatment of resistant lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and schizo-affective psychosis with carbamazepine. Am J Psy-chiatry 140:1077–1078, 1983
- Kramlinger KG, Post RM: Addition of lithium car-bonate to carbamazepine: Hematological and thyroid effects. Am J Psychiatry 147:615–620, 1990
- Jann MW, Fidone GS, Israel MK, et al: Increased valproate serum concentrations upon carbamazepine cessation. Epilepsia 29:578–581, 1988
- Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Vuckovic A, et al: Combined valproate and carbamazepine treatment of bipolar disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 4:319–322, 1992
- Bauer MS, Whybrow PC: Rapid cyding bipolar af-fective disorder: H. Treatment of refractory rapid cy-cling with high-dose levothyroxine: A preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:435–440, 1990
- Bauer MS, Whybrow PC: Rapid cycling bipolar dis-order: Clinical features, treatment, and etiology. In Amsterdam JD (ed): Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology, vol. 2: Refractory Depres-sion. New York, Raven Press, 1991
- Myers CW, Perry PJ, Kathol RG: Plasma and eryth-rocyte lithium concentrations before and after chronic oral verapamil. Lithium 1:49–53, 1990
- Wright BA, Jarrett DB: Lithium and calcium channel blockers: Possible neurotoxicity: Case report. Biol Psychiatry 30:635–636, 1991
- Bacher NM, Lewis HA: Lithium plus reserpine in refractory manic patients. Am J Psychiatry 136:811–815, 1979
- Haykal RF, Akiskal HS: Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. J Clin Psychiatry 51:450–455, 1990