REFERENCES
- Lambert P-A, Cavas G, Borselli S, et aL: Action neuropsy-chotrope d'un nouvel anti-epileptique; Le Depamide. Ann Med Psychol 1966; 1:707–710
- Okuma T, Kishimoto A, Inoue K, et al.: Antimanic prophy-lactic effects of carbamazepine on manic-depressive psycho-sis. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1973; 27:283–297
- Lindsley DB, Henry CE: The effects of drugs on behavior and the electroencephalograms of children with behavior dis-orders. Psychosom Med 1942; 4:140–149
- Turner WJ: Therapeutic use of diphenylhydantoin in neuro-ses. Int J Neuropsychiatry 1967; 3:94–105
- Kubanek JL, Rowell RC: The use of dilantin in the treatment of psychotic patients unresponsive to other treatment. Dis Nerv Syst 1946; 7:47–50
- Barratt ES, Kent TA, Bryant SG, Felthous AF: A controlled trial of phenytoin in impulsive aggression. J Clin Psychophar-macol 1991; 11:388–389
- Klein DF, Greenberg 1M: Behavioral effects of diphenylhy-dantoin in severe psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1967; 124:847–849
- Looker A, Conners CK: Diphenylhydantoin in children with severe temper tantrums. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970; 23:80–89
- Monroe RR, Wise SP: Combined phenothiazine, chlordiaze-poxide and primidone therapy for uncontrolled psychotic pa-tients. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 122:694–698
- Monroe RR: Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1975; 160:119–126
- Hayes S: Barbiturate anticonvulsants in refractory affective disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993; 5:35–44
- Post RM, Leverich GS, Rosoff AS, Altshuler LL: Car-bamazepine prophylaxis in refractory affective disorders: A focus on long-term follow-up. J din Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:318–327
- Fawcett J, Kravitz HM: The long-term management of bipo-lar disorder with lithium, carbamazepine, and antidepres-sants. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46:58–69
- Hayes SG, Goldsmith BK: Psychosensory symptomatology in anticonvulsant-responsive psychiatric illness. Ann Clin Psy-chiatry 1991; 3:27–35
- Emrich HM, Altman Dose M, von Zerssen D: The use of sodium valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbamazepine in patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1985; 8:243–250
- Puszinski S, Klosiewicz L: Valproic acid amide in the treat-ment of affective and schizoaffective disorders. J Affect Dis-ord 1984; 6:115–121
- Hayes SG: Long-term use of valproate in primary psychiatric disorders. 3 Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50 (Suppi):35–39
- Hayes SG: Long-term valproate prophylaxis in refractory af-fective disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1992; 4:55–63
- Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L: Antimanic effect of clonazepam. Biol Psychiatry 1983; 18:451–466
- Aronson TA, Shukla S, Horowitz J: Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:77–80
- Bergstrom WK, Garzoli RF, Lombroso C, Davidson DT, Wal-lace WM: Observations on the metabolic and clinical effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Am J Dis Child 1952; 84:71–73
- Kaneko N, Tanimukai H, Inui T: Double-blind study on the prophylactic effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on the manic phase. Annu Rep Pharmacopsychiatry Res Found 1973; 5:148–152
- Inoue H, Hazama H, Fukuma E, Nakazawa K, et aL: Studies on the therapy of atypical psychosis with a carbonic anhy-drase inhibitor (acetazolamide). Clin Psychiatry 1976; 18:543–548
- Inui T, Yorifuji K, Kaneko N, Tsujio T, et al: Trial of the therapy of manic disease with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide. Jpn J Clin Psychiatry 1978; 7:497–504
- Fukuma E, Inoue H: Prophylactic effect of carbonic anhy-drase inhibitors on periodic psychosis of childhood. Jpn J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 9:249–254
- Inoue H, Fukuma E: A case of atypical psychosis on which carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was effective. Jpn J Clip Psy-chiatry 1975; 4:205–209
- Inoue H, Hazama H, Hamazoe K, et al: Antipsychotic and prophylactic effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on atypical psychosis. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1984; 38:425–436
- Kurtz S, Ashkenazi I, Melamed S: Major depressive episode secondary to antiglaucoma drugs. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:524–525
- Rowe TO: Acetazolamide delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134:587–588
- Mathew RJ, Wilson WIT, Tant: Responses to hypercarbia in-duced by acetazolamide in panic disorder patients. Am J Psy-chiatry 1989; 146:996–1000
- Klein DF, Papp LA, Gorman JM: Acetazolamide as a control for CO2-induced panic. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:677–678
- Claghorn J, Neblett C, Farrell G, Kraft I: The effects of drugs on hyperactivity in children with some observations of changes in mineral metabolism. J Nerv Ment Dis 1971; 153:118–125
- Sacks W, Cowen MA, Green MR, et aL: Acetazolamide and thiamine (A +T): A preliminary report of an ancillary therapy for chronic mental illness. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8:70
- Sacks W, Esser AH, Feitel B, Abbott K: Acetazolamide and thiamine: An ancillary therapy for chronic mental illness. Psy- chiatry Res 1989; 28:279–288
- Sacks W, Esser AH, Sacks S: Inhibition of pyruvate dehydro-genase complex (PDHC) by antipsychotic drugs. Biol Psy-chiatry 1991; 29:176–182
- Schmutz M, Klebs K, Baltzer V: Inhibition or enhancement of kindling evolution by antiepileptics. J Neural Trans 1988; 72:245–257
- Post RM, Uhde TW, Putnam FW, Ballenger JC, Berrettini WH: Kindling and carbamazepine in affective illness. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982; 120:717–731
- Post RM, Rubinow DR, Ballenger JC: Conditioning and sen-sitization in the longitudinal course of affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149:191–201
- Post RM: Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neu-robiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:999–1010
- Hayes SG: Anticonvulsants in long-term psychiatric treat-ment. Presented at the 142nd annual meeting of the Ameri-can Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, May 6, 1989
- DiMascio A, Weissman MN, Prusoff BA, et al.: Differential symptom reduction of drugs and psychotherapy in acute de-pression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36:1450–1456
- Wehr TA, Goodwin FK: Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36:555–559
- Wehr TA, Goodwin FK: Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1403–1411
- Braff DL, Huey L: Methylphenidate-induced information processing dysfunction in nonschizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:827–832
- Cowdry RW, Wehr TA, Zis AP, Goodwin FK: Thyroid ab-normalities associated with rapid-cycling bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:414–420
- Stein D, Avni J: Thyroid hormones in the treatment of af-fective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77:623–636
- Gualtieri TC, Hicks RE, Mayo JP, Schroeder SR: The per-sistence of stimulant effects in chronically treated children: Further evidence of an inverse relationship between drug ef-fects and placebo levels of response. Psychopharmacology 1984; 83:44–47
- Quitkin FM, Rabkin JD, Markowitz JM, et al.: Use of pattern analysis to identify true drug response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:259–264
- Mellergard M, Rosenberg NK: Patterns of response during placebo treatment of panic disorder. Acta Psychiat Scand 1990; 81:340–344
- Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, Stewart JW, et al.: Heterogeneity of clinical response during placebo treatment. Am J Psychia-try 1991; 148:193–196
- Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Rabkin JG, et al.: Different types of placebo response in patients receiving antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 148:197–203
- RiekeIs K, Lipman RS, Fisher S, et al.: Is a double-blind clini-cal trial really double-blind? Psychopharmacologia 1970; 16:329–326
- Baastrup PC, Schou M: Lithium as a prophylactic agent. Its effect against recurrent depressions and manic-depressive psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967; 10:162–172
- Dunner DL, Fleiss JL, Fieve RR: Lithium carbonate prophy-laxis failure. Br J Psychiatry 1976; 129:40–44
- Endicott J, Spitzer. RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J: The global as-sessment scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:766–771
- Overall JE, Gorham DE: The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 1961; 10:799–812
- Overall JE, Gorham DR: The brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS): Recent developments in ascertainment and scaling. Psychopharm Bull 1988; 24:97–99
- Woerner MG, Mannuzza S, Kane JM: Anchoring the BPRS: An aid to improved reliability. Psychopharm Bull 1988; 24:112–117
- Bech P, Larsen JK, Andersen J: The BPRS: Psychometric developments. Psychopharm Bull 1988; 24:118–121
- Roscoe JT: Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behav-ioral Sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1969
- Woodbury DM, Karler R: The role of carbon dioxide in the nervous system. Anesthesiology 1960; 21:686–703
- Maren TH: Carbonic anhydrase: Chemistry, physiology and inhibition. Physiol Rev 1967; 47:595–781
- Woodbury DM, Esplin DW: Neuropharmacology and neuro-chemistry of anticonvulsant drugs. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1969; 37:24–56
- Falbriard A, Gangloff H: Action d'un inhibiteur de la car-boanhydrase l'acetazolamide, sur l'excitabilite de cortex, du thalamus et du rhinencephale. Experientia 1955; 11:234–235
- Millichap JG: Anticonvulsant action of Diamox in children. Neurology (Minn) 1956; 6:552–559
- Millichap JG, Woodbury DM, Goodman LS: Mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhy-drase inhibitor. I Pharmacol Exp Ther 1955; 115:251–258
- Lombroso CT, Davidson DT Jr, Gross-Bianchi ML: Further evaluation of acetazolamide (Diamox) in treatment of epi-lepsy. JAMA 1956; 160:268–272
- Lombroso CT, Forsythe I: A long-term follow-up of acetazo-lamide (Diamox) in treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1960; 1:493–500
- Chiao DHC, Plumb RL: Diamox in epilepsy. Pediatrics 1961; 58:211–218
- Woodbury DM, Rollins LT, Gardner MD, et al.: Effects of carbon dioxide on brain excitability and electrolytes. Am J Physiol 1958; 192:79–90
- Koch A, Woodbury DM: Effects of carbonic anhydrase inhi-bition on brain excitability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 19XX; 122:355–342
- Woodbury DM, Rollins LT: Anticonvulsant effects of aceta-zolamide, alone and in combination with CO2, on experimen-tal seizures in mice. Fed Proc 1954; 13:418
- Giacobini E: A cytochemical study of the localization of car-bonic anhydrase in the nervous system. J Neurochem 1962; 9:169–177
- Roussel G, Delaunoy JP, Nussbaum JL, Mandel P: Demon-stration of a specific localization of carbonic anhydrase C in the glial cells of rat CNS by an immunohistochemical method. Brain Res 1979; 160:47–55
- Sapirstein VS, Lees MB: Purification of myelin carbonic an-hydrase. J Neurochem 1978; 31:505–511
- Sapirstein VS, Strocchi P, Gilbert JM: Properties and function of brain carbonic anhydrase. Ann NY Acad Sci 1984; 429:481–493
- Koch A, Woodbury DM: Effects of carbonic anhydrase inhi-bition and brain electrolyte composition. Am J Physiol 1960; 198:434–440
- AnseII B, Clarke E: Acetazolamide in treatment of epilepsy. Br Med J 1956; 1:650–651
- Banks DA, Anderson RE Woodbury DM: Induction of new carbonic anhydrase II following treatment with acetazolamide in DBA and C57 mice. Epilepsia 1986; 27:510–515
- Engstrom FL, White HS, Kemp JW, Woodbury DM: Acute and chronic acetazolamide administration in DBA and C57 mice: Effects of age. Epilepsia 1986; 27:19–26
- Anderson RE, Chiu P, Woodbury DM: Mechanisms of tol-erance to the anticonvulsant effects of acetazolamide in mice: Relation to the activity and amount of carbonic anhydrase in brain. Epilepsia 1989; 30:208–216
- Voiculescu V, Pruskauer-Apostol B, Alecu C: Treatment with acetazolamide of brain-stem and spinal paroxysmal distur-bances in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38:191–193
- Buchard JP, Roberge C, van Gelder NM, Barbeau A: Famil-iar periodic ataxia responsive to acetazolamide. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11 (Suppl 4):550–553
- Resor SR, Resor LD: Chronic acetazolamide monotherapy in the treatment of juvenile myoclinic epilepsy. Neurology 1990; 40:1677–1681
- Forsythe WI, Owens JR, Toothill C: Effectiveness of aceta-zolamide in the treatment of carbamazepine-resistant epi-lepsy in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981; 23:761–769
- Oles KS, Penry JK, Cole DLW, Howard G: Use of acetazo-lamide as an adjunct to carbamazepine in refractory partial seizures. Epilepsia 1989; 30:74–78
- Schnell RC: Enhancement of the chlorpromazine-induced suppression of the conditioned avoidance response by car-bonic anhydrase inhibition. Neuropharmacology 1974; 13:847–850
- Reed DJ: The effects of acetazolamide on pentobarbital sleep-time and cerebrospinal fluid flow in rats. Arch Int Phar-macodyn Ther 1968; 171:206–215
- Woodbury DW, Kemp JW: Sulfonamides and derivatives: Acetazolamide. In: Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, eds., Antiepileptic Drugs, 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1989
- Poser CM: Modification of therapy for exacerbation of sei-zures during menstruation (letter). J Pediatr 1974; 84:779
- Albright PS, Burnham WS: Development of a new pharma-cological seizure model: Effects of anticonvulsants on corti-cal- and amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat. Epilepsia 1980; 21:681–689
- McElroy SL, Dessain EC, Pope HG, et aL: Clozapine in the treatment of psychotic mood disorders, schizoaffective disor-der, and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52:411–414
- Graham SR, Kokkinidis L: Clozapine inhibits limbic system kindling: implications for antipsychotic action. Brain Res Bull 1993; 30:597–605
- Lieberman IA, Kane JM, Johns CA: Clozapine: Guidelines for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50:329–338
- Turner IM, Newman SM, Louis S, Kutt H: Pharmacological prophylaxis against the development of kindled amygdaloid seizures. Ann Neurol 1977; 2:221–224
- Silver JM, Shin C, McNamara JO: Antiepileptogenic effects of conventional anticonvulsants in the kindling model of epi-lepsy. Ann Neurol 1991; 29:356–363
- Lothman EW, Williamson J, VanLandingham KE: Intraperi-toneal phenytoin suppresses kindled responses: Effects on motor and electrographic seizures. Epilepsy Res 1991; 9:11–18
- Vancutsem PM, Schwark WS: Effects of fluoroquinolone an-timicrobials alone and in conjunction with theophylline on seizures in amygdaloid kindled rats. Mechanistic and phar-macokinetic study. Epilepsy Res 1992; 13:59–71
- Bell IR, Miller CS, Schwartz GE: An olfactory-limbic model of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome; possible relation-ships to kindling and affective spectrum disorders. Biol Psy-chiatry 1992; 32:218–242
- Loescher W, Rundfeldt C: Kindling as a model of drug-re-sistant partial epilepsy: Selection of phenytoin-resistant and nonresistant rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 258:483–489
- Marley RJ, Goldberg SR: Pharmacogenetic assessment of the effects of carbamazepine on cocaine-kindled and cocaine-in-duced seizures. Brain Res 1992; 579:43–49
- Pelletier MR, Corcoran ME: Intra-amygdaloid infusions of clonidine retard kindling. Brain Res 1992; 598:51–58
- Minabe Y, Emori K, Shibata R, Kurachi M: Antiepileptic ef-fects of MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA-receptor antago-nist, in the low-frequency kindling model of epilepsy. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1992; 46:755–761
- Sakai S, Baba H, Sato M, Wada JA: Effect of DN-1417 on photosensitivity and cortically kindled seizure in Senegalese baboons, Papio papio. Epilepsia 1991; 32:16–21
- Weiss SR, Nierenberg J, Lewis R, Post RM: Corticotropin-releasing hormone: Potentiation of cocaine-kindled seizures and lethality. Epilepsia 1992; 33:248–254
- Rocha L, Engle J Jr, Ackerman RF: Effects of chronic nalox-one pretreatment on amygdaloid kindling in rats. Epilepsy Res 1991; 10:103–110
- Rangel-Guerra RA, Perez-Payan H, Minkoff L, Todd LE: Nuclear magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders. AJNR 1983; 4:229–231
- Griggs RC, Engel WK, Resnick JS: Acetazolamide treatment of hypokalemic periodic paralysis: Prevention of attacks and improvement of persistent weakness. Ann Intern Med 1970; 73:39–48
- Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA: Spectrum of efficacy of val-proate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:431–434