5
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Tourette Syndrome: A Hereditary Neuropsychiatric Spectrum Disorder

Pages 235-247 | Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987
  • Comings DE, Himes JA, Comings BG: An epidemiological study of Tourette syndrome in a single school district. J Clin Psychiat 1990; 51:463–469
  • Comings DE: Tourette syndrome and human behavior. Duarte, CA: Hope Press; 1990:1–828
  • Comings DE: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VII. Summary: A common genetic disorder causing disinhibition of the limbic system. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:839–866
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled family history study of Tourette syndrome. III. Other psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiat 1990; 51:288–291
  • PauIs DL, Leckman JF, Raymond CL, Hurst CR, Stevenson JM: A family study of Tourette's syndrome: Evidence against the hypothesis of association with a wide range of psychiatric phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43:A64
  • Sverd J: Clinical presentation of the Tourette's syndrome diathesis. J Multihandicapped Person 1989; 2:311–326
  • Singer HS, Rosenberg LA: Development of behavioral and emotional problems in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 1989; 5:41–44
  • Comings DE, Comings BG, Knell E: Hypothesis: Homozy-gosity in Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1989; 34:413–421
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome-Revisited. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 42:209–216
  • PauIs DL, Leckman JF: The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:993–997
  • PauIs DL, Cohen DJ, Kidd KK, Leckman JF: Tourette syn-drome and neuropsychiatric disorders: Is there a genetic re-lationship? Am J Hum Genet 1988; 42:206–209
  • Comings DE: Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and rela-tives. I. Drug abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994; 35:1–16
  • Comings DE: Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and rela-tives. II. Alcohol abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994; 35:17–24
  • Comings DE: The role of genetic factors in human sexual behavior based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsych Genet) 1994; 54:227–241
  • Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahba-hrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW, Levy DL, Smith M, Kane JM, Lieberman JA, Klein DN, MacMurray J, Tosk J, Sverd J, Gysin R, Flanagan S: The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neurop-sychiatric disorders. JAMA 1991266:1793-1800
  • Robins LN, Helzer J, Croughan J, Ratclif KS: National In-stitute of Health diagnostic interview schedule. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:381–389
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Alternative hypotheses on the in-heritance of Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 1992; 58:189–199
  • Grove WM, Eckert ED, Heston L, Bouchard T1, Segal N, Lykken DT: Heritability of substance abuse and antisocial behavior: A study of monozygotic twins reared apart. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27:1293–1304
  • Maser JD, Cloninger CR: Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990;1–869
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Tourette syndrome: A neuropsy-chiatric spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 53:418
  • Cochran WG: Some methods for strengthening the common X2 tests. Biometrics 1954; 10:417–454
  • Armitage P: Test for linear trend in proportions and frequen-cies. Biometrics 1955; 11:375–386
  • Comings BG, Comings DE: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. V. Depression and mania. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:804–821
  • Bleich A, Bernout E, Apter A, Tyano S: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and mania in an adolescent. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146:664–665
  • Kerbeshian J, Burd L: Tourette disorder and bipolar symp-tomatology in children and adolescence. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34:230–233
  • Kerbeshian J, Burd L: Differential responsiveness to lithium in patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1988; 12:247–250
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Hereditary agoraphobia and ob-sessive-compulsive behaviour in relatives of patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br I Psychiatry 1987; 151:195–199
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. IV. Obsessions, compulsions, and schizoid behav-iors. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:782–803
  • Pitman RK, Green RC, Jenike MA, Mesulam MM: Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1166–1171
  • Frankel M, Cummings JL, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Hill MA, Benson DF: Obsessions and compulsions in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology 1986; 36:378–382
  • Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rettew DC, Gershon ES, Rapoport JL: Tics and Tourette's disorder: A 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive compulsive children. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1244–1251
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Tourette's syndrome and atten-tion deficit disorder with hyperactivity: are they genetically related. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984; 23:138–146
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:701–741
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Tourette's syndrome and atten-tion deficit disorder. In: Cohen DJ, Bruun RD, Leckman JF, eds. Tourette's Syndrome, and Tic Disorders: Clinical Under-standing and Treatment. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1988:120–135
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled family history study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity dis-order, learning disorders and dyslexia. J Clin Psychiat 1990; 51:275–280
  • Knell E, Comings DE: Tourette syndrome and attention defi-cit hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for a genetic relationship. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54:331–337
  • Kerbeshian J, Burd L: Are schizophreniform symptoms pre-sent in attenuated form in children with Tourette disorder and other developmental disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32;123–135
  • Sverd J, Montero G, Gurvevich N: Coexistence of autistic dis-order and schizophrenia-like psychosis: Cases for a Tourette syndrome connection and a distinct category of childhood psychosis. J Autism Dev Disord 1993; 23:407–413
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. III. Phobias and panic attacks. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:761–781
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. II. Conduct. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:742–760
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled family history study of Tourette syndrome. II. Alcoholism, drug abuse and obe-sity. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51:281–287
  • Caine ED: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. A review of clini-cal and research studies and consideration of future direc-tions for investigation. Arch Neurol 1985; 42:393–397
  • Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Rice J, et al.: Birth-cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of pa-tients with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:689–693
  • Comings DE: The genetics of human behavior: Lessons for two societies. Am J Hum Genet 1989; 44:452–460
  • Andrews G, Stewart G, Morris-Yates A, Holt P, Henderson S: Evidence for a general neurotic syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:6–12
  • Pauls DL, Leckman IF, Cohen DJ: Evidence against a genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and anxiety, de-pression, panic and phobic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:215–221
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I-VII. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41:701–866
  • Ketty SS, Rosenthal D, Wender P, Schulsinger F: The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adop-tive families of adopted schizophrenics. In: Ketty SS, Rosen-thal D, eds. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. England: Oxford; 1968:345–362
  • Winokur G: The division of depressive illness into depression spectrum disease and pure depressive disease. Int Pharma-copsychiatry 1974; 9:5–13
  • Winokur G, Coryell W: Familial subtypes of unipolar depres-sion: A prospective study of familial depressive disease com-pared to depression spectrum disease. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32:1012–1018
  • van Praag HM, Kahn RS, Asnis GM, Wetzer S, Brown SL, Bleich A, Korn ML: Denosologication of biological psychia-try or the specificity of 5-HT disturbances in psychiatric dis-orders. J Affect Disord 1987; 13:1–8
  • van Praag HM: Serotonergic dysfunction and aggression con-trol. Psychol Med 1991; 21:15–19
  • Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr: Affective spectrum disorder: Does antidepressant response identify a family of disorders with a common pathophysiology? Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:552–564
  • McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr, Keck PE, Aizley HG: The DSM-III-R impulse control disorders not elsewhere clas-sified: Clinical characteristics and relationship to other psy-chiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:318–327
  • McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Keck PE Jr, White KL: Kleptomania: A report of 20 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:652–657
  • Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr: Fibromyalagia and psychopathology: Is fibromyalagia a form of "Affective spectrum disorder?" J Rheumatol 1989; Suppl 19:15–22
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Comorbid behavioral disorders. In: Kurlan R, ed. Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:111–147
  • Grove WM, Andreasen NC: Quantitative and qualitative dis-tinctions between psychiatric disorders. In: Robins LN, Bar-rett JE, eds. The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis. New York: Raven Press; 1989
  • Kendler KS: The impact of diagnostic miscalculation on the pattern of familial aggregation and coaggregation of psychi-atric illness. J Psychiatr Res 1987; 21:55–91
  • Kendler KS: Clinical validity. Psychol Med 1989; 47:969–973
  • Blacker D, Tsuang MT: Contested boundaries of bipolar dis-order and the limits of categorical diagnosis in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1473–1483
  • PauIs DL, Hurst CR, Kruger SD, Leckman JF, Kidd KK, Co-hen DJ: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and attention defi-cit disorder with hyperactivity. Evidence against a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:1177–1179
  • Hamer DH, Hu S, Magnuson VL, Hu N, Pattatucci AML: A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science 1993; 261:321–327
  • Comings DE, Comings BG: Common genes for spectrum dis-orders: Implications for psychiatric genetics. Psychiat Genet 1991; 2:5–6
  • Comings DE: Genetic mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disor-ders. In: Blum K, Noble EP, Sparks RS, Sheridan PJ, eds. Handbook of Psychoneurogenetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1995 (in press)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.