1,020
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

How many biomarkers to discriminate neurodegenerative dementia?

&
Pages 314-326 | Received 29 Nov 2013, Accepted 03 May 2015, Published online: 17 Aug 2015

References

  • Consensus report of the Working Group on: “Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer's Disease”. The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer's Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19:109–16
  • Frank RA, Galasko D, Hampel H, et al. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the biological markers working group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:521–36
  • Hampel H, Frank R, Broich K, et al. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: academic, industry and regulatory perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9:560–74
  • Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:270–9
  • Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:734–46
  • McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:263–9
  • Engelborghs S, Le Bastard N. The impact of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers on the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2012;16:135–41
  • Hsich G, Kenney K, Gibbs CJ, et al. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 1996;335:924–30
  • Ghidoni R, Stoppani E, Rossi G, et al. Optimal plasma progranulin cutoff value for predicting null progranulin mutations in neurodegenerative diseases: a multicenter Italian study. Neurodegener Dis 2012;9:121–7
  • Andreasen N, Minthon L, Davidsson P, et al. Evaluation of CSF-tau and CSF-Abeta42 as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease in clinical practice. Arch Neurol 2001;58:373–9
  • Bibl M, Esselmann H, Wiltfang J. Neurochemical biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012;5:335–48
  • Braak H, Braak E. Diagnostic criteria for neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1997;18:S85–8
  • Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach T , et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2012;8:1–13
  • Fagan AM, Roe CM, Xiong C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol 2007;64:343–9
  • Warren JD, Fletcher PD, Golden HL. The paradox of syndromic diversity in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:451–64
  • Clifford DB, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, et al. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in HIV-associated neurologic disease. Neurology 2009;73:1982–7
  • Jack CR, Jr Albert MS, Knopman DS, et al. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:257–62
  • Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2009;461:916–22
  • Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, et al. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:228–34
  • Holland D, Brewer JB, Hagler DJ, et al. Subregional neuroanatomical change as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:20954–9
  • Okello A, Koivunen J, Edison P, et al. Conversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years: an 11C-PIB PET study. Neurology 2009;73:754–60
  • Hampel H, Lista S, Teipel SJ, et al. Perspective on future role of biological markers in clinical therapy trials of Alzheimer's disease: a long-range point of view beyond 2020. Biochem Pharmacol 2014;88:426–49
  • Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002;297:353–6
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Bibl M, et al. Highly conserved and disease-specific patterns of carboxyterminally truncated Abeta peptides 1-37/38/39 in addition to 1-40/42 in Alzheimer's disease and in patients with chronic neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2002;81:481–96
  • Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Otto M, et al. Neurochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia by CSF Abeta42, Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio and total tau. Neurobiol Aging 2004;25:273–81
  • Blennow K, Vanmechelen E, Hampel H. CSF total tau, Abeta42 and phosphorylated tau protein as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2001;24:87–97
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Maler JM, et al. Molecular biology of Alzheimer's dementia and its clinical relevance to early diagnosis and new therapeutic strategies. Gerontology 2001;47:65–71
  • Hulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A, et al. Improved discrimination of AD patients using beta-amyloid(1-42) and tau levels in CSF. Neurology 1999;52:1555–62
  • Mollenhauer B, Cepek L, Bibl M, et al. Tau protein, Abeta42 and S-100B protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;19:164–70
  • Riemenschneider M, Lautenschlager N, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta-amyloid 42 proteins identify Alzheimer disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1729–34
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Smirnov A, et al. Beta-amyloid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2003;54:263–7
  • Mori F, Rossi S, Sancesario G, et al. Cognitive and cortical plasticity deficits correlate with altered amyloid-beta CSF levels in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:559–68
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Bibl M, et al. Amyloid beta peptide ratio 42/40 but not A beta 42 correlates with phospho-Tau in patients with low- and high-CSF A beta 40 load. J Neurochem 2007;101:1053–9
  • Rebelo S, Vieira SI, Esselmann H, et al. Tyr687 dependent APP endocytosis and Abeta production. J Mol Neurosci 2007;32:1–8
  • Springer IN, Wannicke B, Warnke PH, et al. Facial attractiveness: visual impact of symmetry increases significantly towards the midline. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59:156–62
  • De Meyer G, Shapiro F, Vanderstichele H, et al. Diagnosis-independent Alzheimer disease biomarker signature in cognitively normal elderly people. Arch Neurol 2010;67:949–56
  • Hertze J, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, et al. Evaluation of CSF biomarkers as predictors of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical follow-up study of 4.7 years. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;21:1119–28
  • Buchhave P, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:98–106
  • Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, et al. Prediction of Alzheimer's disease using the CSF Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007;23:316–20
  • Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Tau phosphatase activity as a therapeutic target for AD. Drug News Perspect 1998;11:10–14
  • Blennow K, Wallin A, Agren H, et al. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical marker for axonal degeneration in Alzheimer disease? Mol Chem Neuropathol 1995;26:231–45
  • Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L. Increased cerebrospinal fluid tau in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1995;186:189–91
  • Vigo-Pelfrey C, Seubert P, Barbour R, et al. Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:788–93
  • Kang JH, Korecka M, Toledo JB, et al. Clinical utility and analytical challenges in measurement of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta(1-42) and tau proteins as Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Clin Chem 2013;59:903–16
  • Vanderstichele H, De Vreese K, Blennow K, et al. Analytical performance and clinical utility of the INNOTEST PHOSPHO-TAU181P assay for discrimination between Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1472–80
  • Parnetti L, Lanari A, Amici S, et al. CSF phosphorylated tau is a possible marker for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies. Phospho-Tau International Study Group. Neurol Sci 2001;22:77–8
  • Koch G, Belli L, Giudice TL, et al. Frailty among Alzheimer's disease patients. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2013;12:507–11
  • Wallin AK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. CSF biomarkers predict a more malignant outcome in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2010;74:1531–7
  • Schmidt C, Redyk K, Meissner B, et al. Clinical features of rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010;29:371–8
  • Brys M, Pirraglia E, Rich K, et al. Prediction and longitudinal study of CSF biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2009;30:682–90
  • Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2011;134:2456–77
  • Mesulam MM. Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Ann Neurol 1982;11:592–8
  • Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Bigio EH, et al. Nomenclature and nosology for neuropathologic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:1–4
  • Baker M, Mackenzie IR, Pickering-Brown SM, et al. Mutations in progranulin cause tau-negative frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17. Nature 2006;442:916–19
  • Cruts M, Gijselinck I, van der Zee J, et al. Null mutations in progranulin cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17q21. Nature 2006;442:920–4
  • Hutton M, Lendon CL, Rizzu P, et al. Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature 1998;393:702–5
  • DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron 2011;72:245–56
  • Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, et al. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron 2011;72:257–68
  • Sjogren M, Minthon L, Davidsson P, et al. CSF levels of tau, beta-amyloid(1-42) and GAP-43 in frontotemporal dementia, other types of dementia and normal aging. J Neural Transm 2000;107:563–79
  • Bian H, Van Swieten JC, Leight S, et al. CSF biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with known pathology. Neurology 2008;70:1827–35
  • Clark CM, Xie S, Chittams J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta-amyloid: how well do these biomarkers reflect autopsy-confirmed dementia diagnoses? Arch Neurol 2003;60:1696–702
  • Irwin DJ, Trojanowski JQ, Grossman M. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for differentiation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration from Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2013;5:6
  • Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999;58:376–88
  • Zhukareva V, Sundarraj S, Mann D, et al. Selective reduction of soluble tau proteins in sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementias: an international follow-up study. Acta Neuropathol 2003;105:469–76
  • Zhukareva V, Vogelsberg-Ragaglia V, Van Deerlin VM, et al. Loss of brain tau defines novel sporadic and familial tauopathies with frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol 2001;49:165–75
  • Schmidt ML, Gur RE, Gur RC, Trojanowski JQ. Intraneuronal and extracellular neurofibrillary tangles exhibit mutually exclusive cytoskeletal antigens. Ann Neurol 1988;23:184–9
  • Hu WT, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degenerations – progress and challenges. Prog Neurobiol 2011;95:636–48
  • Hu WT, Watts K, Grossman M, et al. Reduced CSF p-Tau181 to Tau ratio is a biomarker for FTLD-TDP. Neurology 2013;81:1945–52
  • Bian H, Grossman M. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: recent progress in antemortem diagnosis. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:23–9
  • Toledo JB, Brettschneider J, Grossman M, et al. CSF biomarkers cutoffs: the importance of coincident neuropathological diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2012;124:23–35
  • Bhandari V, Palfree RG, Bateman A. Isolation and sequence of the granulin precursor cDNA from human bone marrow reveals tandem cysteine-rich granulin domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:1715–19
  • Mackenzie IR. The neuropathology and clinical phenotype of FTD with progranulin mutations. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:49–54
  • Finch N, Baker M, Crook R, et al. Plasma progranulin levels predict progranulin mutation status in frontotemporal dementia patients and asymptomatic family members. Brain 2009;132:583–91
  • Hsiung GY, Fok A, Feldman HH, et al. rs5848 polymorphism and serum progranulin level. J Neurol Sci 2011;300:28–32
  • Foulds P, McAuley E, Gibbons L, et al. TDP-43 protein in plasma may index TDP-43 brain pathology in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2008;116:141–6
  • Kasai T, Tokuda T, Ishigami N, et al. Increased TDP-43 protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2009;117:55–62
  • Steinacker P, Hendrich C, Sperfeld AD, et al. TDP-43 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2008;65:1481–7
  • Jellinger KA. Understanding the pathology of vascular cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci 2005;229–230:57–63
  • Fernando MS, Ince PG. Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people. J Neurol Sci 2004;226:13–17
  • Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2007;113:349–88
  • Crystal H, Dickson D. Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy proven Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23:S54
  • Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet 2001;357:169–75
  • Jellinger KA, Attems J. Prevalence and pathogenic role of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Sci 2005;229–230:37–41
  • Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Steinhorn SC, et al. AD lesions and infarcts in demented and non-demented Japanese-American men. Ann Neurol 2005;57:98–103
  • Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13 Suppl 3:S115–23
  • Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:e1–26
  • Skoog I, Vanmechelen E, Andreasson LA, et al. A population-based study of tau protein and ubiquitin in cerebrospinal fluid in 85-year-olds: relation to severity of dementia and cerebral atrophy, but not to the apolipoprotein E4 allele. Neurodegeneration 1995;4:433–42
  • Andreasen N, Vanmechelen E, Van de Voorde A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein as a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease: a community based follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:298–305
  • Jia JP, Meng R, Sun YX, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau, Abeta1-42 and inflammatory cytokines in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 2005;383:12–16
  • Stefani A, Bernardini S, Panella M, et al. AD with subcortical white matter lesions and vascular dementia: CSF markers for differential diagnosis. J Neurol Sci 2005;237:83–8
  • Arai H, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Higuchi M, et al. No increase in cerebrospinal fluid tau protein levels in patients with vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 1998;256:174–6
  • Paraskevas GP, Kapaki E, Papageorgiou SG, et al. CSF biomarker profile and diagnostic value in vascular dementia. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:205–11
  • Paraskevas GP, Kapaki E, Liappas I, et al. The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid tau protein in dementing and nondementing neuropsychiatric disorders. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005;18:163–73
  • Leszek J, Malyszczak K, Janicka B, et al. Total tau in cerebrospinal fluid differentiates Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:CR484–8
  • Nagga K, Gottfries J, Blennow K, Marcusson J. Cerebrospinal fluid phospho-tau, total tau and beta-amyloid(1-42) in the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002;14:183–90
  • Schonknecht P, Pantel J, Hunt A, et al. Levels of total tau and tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181 in patients with incipient and manifest Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2003;339:172–4
  • Ravaglia S, Bini P, Sinforiani E, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurol Sci 2008;29:417–23
  • Charlton RA, Morris RG, Nitkunan A, Markus HS. The cognitive profiles of CADASIL and sporadic small vessel disease. Neurology 2006;66:1523–6
  • Formichi P, Parnetti L, Radi E, et al. CSF biomarkers profile in CADASIL-A model of pure vascular dementia: usefulness in differential diagnosis in the dementia disorder. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010;2010:pii:959257
  • Chabriat H, Tournier-Lasserve E, Vahedi K, et al. Autosomal dominant migraine with MRI white-matter abnormalities mapping to the CADASIL locus. Neurology 1995;45:1086–91
  • Spillantini MG, Goedert M. The alpha-synucleinopathies: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;920:16–27
  • Galvin JE, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Synucleinopathies: clinical and pathological implications. Arch Neurol 2001;58:186–90
  • Yasuda T, Nakata Y, Mochizuki H. Alpha-synuclein and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurobiol 2013;47:466–83
  • Neumann M, Kahle PJ, Giasson BI, et al. Misfolded proteinase K-resistant hyperphosphorylated alpha-synuclein in aged transgenic mice with locomotor deterioration and in human alpha-synucleinopathies. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1429–39
  • Kramer ML, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurosci 2007;27:1405–10
  • Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees AJ. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain 2002;125:861–70
  • Kaerst L, Kuhlmann A, Wedekind D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and ischemic stroke patients: a critical analysis. J Neurol 2013;260:2722–7
  • Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, et al. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 2008;23:837–44
  • Mollenhauer B, Cullen V, Kahn I, et al. Direct quantification of CSF alpha-synuclein by ELISA and first cross-sectional study in patients with neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2008;213:315–25
  • Parnetti L, Castrioto A, Chiasserini D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:131–40
  • Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2010;120:131–43
  • Hong Z, Shi M, Chung KA, et al. DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2010;133:713–26
  • Mollenhauer B, Locascio JJ, Schulz-Schaeffer W, et al. alpha-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:230–40
  • Tokuda T, Salem SA, Allsop D, et al. Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;349:162–6
  • Tateno F, Sakakibara R, Kawai T, et al. Alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid differentiates synucleinopathies (Parkinson Disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy) from Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012;26:213–16
  • Parnetti L, Chiasserini D, Bellomo G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Tau/alpha-synuclein ratio in Parkinson's disease and degenerative dementias. Mov Disord 2011;26:1428–35
  • Noguchi-Shinohara M, Tokuda T, Yoshita M, et al. CSF alpha-synuclein levels in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2009;1251:1–6
  • Ohrfelt A, Grognet P, Andreasen N, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders – a marker of synapse loss? Neurosci Lett 2009;450:332–5
  • Spies PE, Melis RJ, Sjogren MJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein does not discriminate between dementia disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;16:363–9
  • Aerts MB, Esselink RA, Abdo WF, et al. CSF alpha-synuclein does not differentiate between parkinsonian disorders. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:430.e1–3
  • Wills J, Jones J, Haggerty T, et al. Elevated tauopathy and alpha-synuclein pathology in postmortem Parkinson's disease brains with and without dementia. Exp Neurol 2010;225:210–18
  • Clinton LK, Blurton-Jones M, Myczek K, et al. Synergistic Interactions between Abeta, tau, and alpha-synuclein: acceleration of neuropathology and cognitive decline. J Neurosci 2010;30:7281–9
  • Kasuga K, Tokutake T, Ishikawa A, et al. Differential levels of alpha-synuclein, beta-amyloid42 and tau in CSF between patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:608–10
  • Compta Y, Marti MJ, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, et al. Cerebrospinal tau, phospho-tau, and beta-amyloid and neuropsychological functions in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:2203–10
  • Appleby BS, Appleby KK, Crain BJ, et al. Characteristics of established and proposed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease variants. Arch Neurol 2009;66:208–15
  • Meissner B, Westner IM, Kallenberg K, et al. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: clinical and diagnostic characteristics of the rare VV1 type. Neurology 2005;65:1544–50
  • Lemstra AW, van Meegen MT, Vreyling JP, et al. 14-3-3 testing in diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a prospective study in 112 patients. Neurology 2000;55:514–16
  • Zerr I, Bodemer M, Gefeller O, et al. Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid supports the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 1998;43:32–40
  • Muayqil T, Gronseth G, Camicioli R. Evidence-based guideline: diagnostic accuracy of CSF 14-3-3 protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2012;79:1499–506
  • Coulthart MB, Jansen GH, Olsen E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada: a 6-year prospective study. BMC Neurol 2011;11:133
  • Chohan G, Pennington C, Mackenzie JM, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 and other proteins in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK: a 10-year review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:1243–8
  • World Health Organization. Manual for Strengthening Diagnosis and Surveillance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1998
  • Satoh K, Tobiume M, Matsui Y, et al. Establishment of a standard 14-3-3 protein assay of cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic tool for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lab Invest 2010;90:1637–44
  • Aksamit AJ, Jr Preissner CM, Homburger HA. Quantitation of 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase proteins in CSF in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 2001;57:728–30
  • Teunissen CE, Tumani H, Bennett JL, et al. Consensus guidelines for CSF and blood biobanking for CNS biomarker studies. Mult Scler Int 2011;2011:246412
  • Stoeck K, Sanchez-Juan P, Gawinecka J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker supported diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and rapid dementias: a longitudinal multicentre study over 10 years. Brain 2012;135:3051–61
  • Zanusso G, Fiorini M, Farinazzo A, et al. Phosphorylated 14-3-3zeta protein in the CSF of neuroleptic-treated patients. Neurology 2005;64:1618–20
  • Dorey A, Tholance Y, Vighetto A, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid prion protein levels and the distinction between Alzheimer disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol 2015;72:267–75
  • Buerger K, Otto M, Teipel SJ, et al. Dissociation between CSF total tau and tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006;27:10–15
  • Tagliapietra M, Zanusso G, Fiorini M, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic criteria for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among rapidly progressive dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;34:231–8
  • Hamlin C, Puoti G, Berri S, et al. A comparison of tau and 14-3-3 protein in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 2012;79:547–52
  • Karch A, Zerr I. A comparison of tau and 14-3-3 protein in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 2013;80:2081
  • Blennow K, Johansson A, Zetterberg H. Diagnostic value of 14-3-3beta immunoblot and T-tau/P-tau ratio in clinically suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Int J Mol Med 2005;16:1147–9
  • Motter R, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Kholodenko D, et al. Reduction of beta-amyloid peptide42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1995;38:643–8
  • Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, et al. Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002;416:535–9
  • Kalia LV, Kalia SK, McLean PJ, et al. alpha-Synuclein oligomers and clinical implications for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2013;73:155–69
  • Paleologou KE, Kragh CL, Mann DM, et al. Detection of elevated levels of soluble alpha-synuclein oligomers in post-mortem brain extracts from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2009;132:1093–101
  • Georganopoulou DG, Chang L, Nam JM, et al. Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:2273–6
  • Fukumoto H, Tokuda T, Kasai T, et al. High-molecular-weight beta-amyloid oligomers are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. FASEB J 2010;24:2716–26
  • Gao CM, Yam AY, Wang X, et al. Abeta40 oligomers identified as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2010;5:e15725
  • Santos AN, Ewers M, Minthon L, et al. Amyloid-beta oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;29:171–6
  • Bruggink KA, Jongbloed W, Biemans EA, et al. Amyloid-beta oligomer detection by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. Anal Biochem 2013;433:112–20
  • Sancesario GM, Cencioni MT, Esposito Z, et al. The load of amyloid-beta oligomers is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;31:865–78
  • Fagan AM, Mintun MA, Mach RH, et al. Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans. Ann Neurol 2006;59:512–19
  • Bieschke J, Giese A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, et al. Ultrasensitive detection of pathological prion protein aggregates by dual-color scanning for intensely fluorescent targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:5468–73
  • Lee HJ, Patel S, Lee SJ. Intravesicular localization and exocytosis of alpha-synuclein and its aggregates. J Neurosci 2005;25:6016–24
  • Tokuda T, Qureshi MM, Ardah MT, et al. Detection of elevated levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010;75:1766–72
  • Unterberger U, Lachmann I, Voigtlander T, et al. Detection of disease-associated alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid: a feasibility study. Clin Neuropathol 2014;33:329–34
  • Sehlin D, Sollvander S, Paulie S, et al. Interference from heterophilic antibodies in amyloid-beta oligomer ELISAs. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;21:1295–301
  • Bolstad N, Warren DJ, Bjerner J, et al. Heterophilic antibody interference in commercial immunoassays; a screening study using paired native and pre-blocked sera. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:2001–6
  • Schoonenboom NS, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H, et al. Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid beta (1-42) and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for use in clinical practice. Clin Chem 2005;51:189–95
  • Perret-Liaudet A, Pelpel M, Tholance Y, et al. Risk of Alzheimer's disease biological misdiagnosis linked to cerebrospinal collection tubes. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;31:13–20
  • Sancesario GM, Esposito Z, Nuccetelli M, et al. Abeta1-42 Detection in CSF of Alzheimer's disease is influenced by temperature: indication of reversible Abeta1-42 aggregation? Exp Neurol 2010;223:371–6
  • Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, et al. The Alzheimer's Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:386–95.e6
  • Mollenhauer B, El-Agnaf OM, Marcus K, et al. Quantification of alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker candidate: review of the literature and considerations for future studies. Biomark Med 2010;4:683–99
  • del Campo M, Mollenhauer B, Bertolotto A, et al. Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update. Biomark Med 2012;6:419–30
  • Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, et al. CSF biomarker variability in the Alzheimer's Association quality control program. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9:251–61
  • PPMI. The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Prog Neurobiol 2011;95:629–35
  • Pitschke M, Prior R, Haupt M, Riesner D. Detection of single amyloid beta-protein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's patients by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Nat Med 1998;4:832–4
  • Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Schapira AH. Why have we failed to achieve neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease? Ann Neurol 2008;64 Suppl 2:S101–10
  • Ravina BM, Fagan SC, Hart RG, et al. Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease: a systematic assessment. Neurology 2003;60:1234–40
  • Kieburtz K, Ravina B. Why hasn't neuroprotection worked in Parkinson's disease? Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007;3:240–1

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.