5
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Present Status of the Rheumatoid Factor

Pages 173-209 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Meyer K. Über Hägglutininvermehrung und Hämgglutinationsfödernde wirkung bei menschlichen Seren. Z. Immunitätsforsch. 1922; 34: 229
  • Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutination of sheep blood corpuscles. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1940; 17: 172
  • Rose H. M., Ragan C., Pearce E., Lipman M. O. Differential agglutination of normal and sensitized sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1948; 68: 1
  • Dean H. R. On the factors concerned in agglutination. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1912; 84: 416
  • Cecil R. L., Nicholis E. E., Stainsby W. J. Characteristics of streptococci isolated from patients with rheumatic fever and chronic infectious arthritis, Proc. Amer. Ass. Pathologists and Bacteriologists. Amer. J. Pathol. 1930; 6: 619
  • Nicholla E. E., Stainsby W. J. Streptococcal agglutinins in chronic infectious arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 1931; 10: 323
  • McEven C., Chasis H., Alexander R. C. Agglutination and precipitation between hemolytic streptococci of various groups and sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1935; 33: 133
  • McEven C., Bunim J. J., Alexander R. C. Bacteriologic and immunologic studies in arthritis. II. Results of various immunologic tests in different forms of arthritis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1936; 21: 465
  • Cecil R. L., Nicholls E. E., Stainsby W. J. Rheurnatoid arthritis. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 1931; 181: 12
  • Williams R. C., Jr., Kunkel H. G. Rheumatoid factor, complement and conglutinin aberrations in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. J. Clin. Invest. 1962; 41: 66
  • Bartfield H. Distribution of rheumatoid factor activity in non-rheumatoid states. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 30
  • Franklin E. C., Holman H. R., Müller-Eberhard H. J., Kunkel H. G. An unusual protein component of high molecular weight in the serum of certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 1957; 105: 425
  • Kunkel H. G., Ward J. R. Clinical and laboratory findings in seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis with large amounts of high molecule weight rheumatoid factor complex. Arthritis Rheum. 1959; 2: 95
  • Epstein W., Johnson A., Ragan C. Observations on a precipitin reaction between serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a preparation (Cohn Fraction II) of human gamma globulin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1956; 91: 235
  • Epstein W. V., Engleman E. P., Ross M. Quantitative studies of the precipitation and agglutination reactions between serum of patients with “connective tissue” diseases and a preparation (Cohn Fraction II) of human gamma globulin. J. Immunol. 1951; 79: 441
  • Grubb R. Interactions between rheumatoid arthritic sera and human gamma globulin, Proc. 6th Congr. Europ. Soc. Haemat., Copenhagen 1957. Acta Haematol. 1958; 20: 246
  • Harboe M. Interactions between red cells coated with incomplete anti-D and rheumatoid sera. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1960; 50: 4
  • Vaughan J. H. Serum responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Amer. J. Med. 1959; 26: 596
  • Metzger H. Characterization of a human macroglobulin. V. A. Waldenström macroglobulin with antibody activity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1967; 57: 1490
  • Bandilla K. K., McDuffie F. C. Reactivity of rheumatoid factor with autologous IgG antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 1969; 12: 74
  • Hannestad K. Rheumatoid factors reacting with autologous native γ-G aggregates. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1968; 3: 671
  • Hannestad K. Monoclonal and polyclonal γM rheumatoid factors with anti-di- and anti-trinitrophenyl activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1969; 4: 555
  • Hannestad K. γM rheumatoid factors reacting with nitrophenyl groups and deoxyribonucleic acid. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 63
  • Butler V. P., Vaughan J. H. Hemagglutination by rheumatoid factor of cells coated with animal gamma globulins. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1964; 116: 585
  • Payne R. B. A latex fixation test using British latex and bovine gamma globulin. J. Clin. Pathol. 1961; 14: 309
  • Milgrom F., Witebsky E. Rabbit antibodies against γ-globulins resembling the rheumatoid factor. Fed. Proc. 1960; 19: 197
  • Abruzzo J. L., Christian C. L. The induction of a rheumatoid factor-like substance in rabbits. J. Exp. Med. 1961; 114: 791
  • Barth W. F., Asofsdy R., Liddy T. J., Tanake Y., Rowe D. S., Fahey J. L. An antibody deficiency syndrome; selective immunoglobulin deficiency with reduced synthesis of gamma and immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. Amer. J. Med. 1965; 39: 319
  • Bradley J., Normansell D., Rowe D. S. The metabolism of autologous IgM and 19S rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1969; 4: 537
  • Normansell D. E. Anti-γ-globulin in rheumatoid arthritis sera. I. Studies on the 22S complex. Immunochemistry 1970; 7: 787
  • Brown J. C., Epstein W. V. Influence of human rheumatoid factor on numbers of antibody producing cells. Arthritis Rheum. 1969; 12: 1
  • Azar M. M. The effect of active and inactive rheumatoid factors on tolerance to human γ-globulin in Swiss mice. J. Immunol. 1966; 97: 445
  • Waller M., Lawler S. D. A study of the properties of the rhesus antibody (Ri) diagnostic for the rheumatoid factor and its application to Gm grouping. Vox Sung. 1962; 7: 591
  • Waller M., Decker B., Toone E. C., Irby R. Evaluation of rheumatoid factor tests. Arthritis Rheum. 1961; 4: 579
  • Grubb R. Agglutination of erythrocytes coated with “incomplete” anti-Rh by certain rheumatoid arthritic sera and some other sera: The existence of human serum groups. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1956; 39: 195
  • Fudenberg H., Kunkel H. G. Specificity of the reaction between rheumatoid factors and γ-globulin. J. Exp. Med. 1961; 114: 257
  • Aho K., Simons K. Studies of the antibody nature of the rheumatoid factor: Reaction of the rheumatoid factor with human specific precipitates and with native human gamma globulin. Arthritis Rheum. 1963; 6: 686
  • Fudenberg H. H., Franklin E. C. Rheumatoid factors and the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1965; 124: 884
  • Tönder O., Natvig J. B., Milgrom F. Reactions of rheumatoid factor with natural human antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 1966; 9: 703
  • Allen J. C., Kunkel H. G. Hidden rheumatoid factors with specificity for native γ-globulin. Arthritis Rheum. 1966; 9: 758
  • Vaughan J. H. Behavior of the rheumatoid arthritis agglutinating factor with immune precipitates. J. Immunol. 1956; 77: 181
  • Harboe M., Reinskou T., Heistö H., Björnstad P. Studies on a serum with peculiar haemagglutinating properties. Vox Sang. 1961; 6: 409
  • Christian C. L. Characterization of the “reactant” (γ-globulin factor) in the FII precipitin reaction and the FII tanned sheep cell agglutination test. J. Exp. Med. 1958; 108: 139
  • Edelman G. M., Kunkel H. G., Franklin E. C. Interaction of the rheumatoid factor with antigen-antibody complexes and aggregated γ-globulin. J. Exp. Med. 1958; 108: 105
  • Julkunen H., Tilkainen A. Importance of an increased γ-globulin level in the determination of Gm groups in collagen diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dix. 1959; 18: 318
  • Henney C. S., Stanworth D. R. Reaction of rheumatoid factor with the isolated polypeptide chains of human 7S γ-globulin. Nature (London) 1964; 201: 511
  • Rawson A. J., Abelson N. M., McCarty D. J. The isohemagglutinin partition in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1961; 4: 463
  • Waller M., Sever J., Curry N., Gilkeson M. R. Relationship between anti-viral antibodies and rheumatoid factor in pregnant women. Ann. Rheum. Dis 1966; 25: 327
  • Ropartz C. Les groupes sériques Gm. Etat actuel de la question. Rev. Franc. Clin. Biol. 1960; 5: 933
  • Harboe M., Lundevall J. A new type in the Gm system. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1959; 45: 357
  • Allen J. C., Kunkel H. G. Antibodies to genetic types of γ-globulin after multiple transfusions. Science 1963; 139: 418
  • Fudenberg H. H., Stiehm E. R., Franklin E. C., Meltzer M., Frangione B. Antigenicity of hereditary human γ-globulin (Gm) factors-biological and biochemical aspects. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1964; 29: 463
  • Steinberg A. G., Wilson J. A. Hereditary globulin factors and immune tolerance in man. Science 1963; 140: 303
  • Stiehm E. R., Fudenberg H. H. Antibodies to γ-globulin in infants and children exposed to isologous γ-globulin. Pediatrics 1965; 35: 229
  • Vierucci A. Gm groups and anti-Gm antibodies in children with Cooley's anemia. Vox Sang. 1965; 10: 82
  • Heller G., Jacobson A. S., Kolodny M. H., Kammerer W. H. The hemagglutination test for rheumatoid arthritis. II. The influence of human plasma fraction II (γ-globulin) on the reaction. J. Immunol. 1954; 72: 66
  • Foz A., Batalla E., Barcolo P. The agglutination of sensitized erythrocytes by the serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev. Expan. Reumot., Number dedicated to the Second European Congress of Rheumatology, Barcelona, 1951
  • Waller M. V., Vaughan J. H. Use of anti-Rh sera for demonstrating agglutination activating factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1956; 92: 198
  • Singer J. M., Plotz C. M. The latex fixation test. I. Application to the serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Amer. J. Med. 1956; 21: 88
  • Franklin E. C., Kunkel H. G., Müller-Eberhard H. J., Holman H. R. Relation of high molecular weight proteins to the serological reactions in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1957; 16: 315
  • Franklin E. C. The interaction of rheumatoid factors and γ-globulins. Minerva Med. 1961; 2: 804
  • Glynn L. Rheumatoid arthritis and the rheumatoid factor. Clinical Aspects of Immunology, P. G. H. Gell, R. R. A. Coombs. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1962; 593
  • McCluskey R. T., Miller F., Benacerraf B. Sensitization to denatured autologous γ-globulin. J. Exp. Med. 1963; 115: 253
  • Henney C. S. Structural and conformational specificity of the antigen for rheumatoid factor. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 52
  • Brine K. L., Wedgwood R. J., Clark W. S. The effects of serum complement and its components on the rheumatoid latex fixation test. Arthritis Rheum. 1958; 1: 230
  • Schubart A. F., Cohen A. S., Calkins E. Latex-fixation test in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Clinical significance of a thermolabile inhibitor by a serologic study. New Eng. J. Med. 1959; 261: 263
  • Schubart A. F. Latex-fixation test in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Characterization of the thermolabile inhibitor by a serologic study. New Eng. J. Med. 1959; 261: 579
  • Singer J. Serological reactions of rheumatoid arthritis, Summary of the first conference, R. W. Lamont-Havers. Arthritis and Rheumatism Foundation, 1957
  • Laurell A. B., Grubb R. Complement, complement components, properdin, and agglutination promoting factors in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1958; 43: 310
  • Bernhard G. G., Cheng W., Talmage D. W. The reaction of rheumatoid factor and complement with γ-globulin coated latex. J. Immunol. 1962; 88: 750
  • Helmer R., Levin F. M., Primach A., Corcos J. M., Nosenzo C. Inhibition of complement fixation by human serum. J. Immunol. 1962; 89: 382
  • Helmer R., Levin F. M., Kahn M. F. Inhibition of complement fixation by human serum. II. The activity of a γM, globulin and rheumatoid factor in complement fixation reactions. J. Immunol. 1963; 91: 866
  • Zvaifler N. J., Bloch K. J. Rheumatoid factor: An inhibitor of the complement fixation reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 1962; 5: 127
  • Davis J. S., Bollet A. J. Protection of a complement sensitive enzyme system by rheumatoid factor. J. Immunol. 1964; 92: 139
  • Wiedermann G., Miescher P. A., Franklin E. C. Effect of mercaptoethanol on complement binding ability of human 7S γ-globulin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1963; 113: 609
  • Vaughan J. H., Bayles T. B., Favour C. B. Serum complement in rheumatoid arthritis. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 1951; 222: 186
  • Williams R. C., Law D. H. Serum complement in connective tissue disorders. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 52: 273
  • Ellis H. A., Felix-Davies D. Serum complement, rheumatoid factor and other serum proteins in rheumatoid disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1959; 18: 215
  • Perkin T. J., Zvaifler N. J. Hemolytic complement in synovial fluid. J. Clin. Invest. 1964; 43: 1372
  • Fostiropoulos G., Austen K. F., Block K. J. Total hemolytic complement (C'H50) and second component of complement (C2hu) activity in serum and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 219
  • Gough W. W., Davis J. S. Effects of rheumatoid factor on complement levels in vivo. Arthritis Rheum. 1966; 9: 555
  • Zvaifler N. J. Rheumatoid factor and the fixation of complement. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 146
  • Schmidt F. R. General discussion. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 169: 158
  • Cunniff R. V., Stollar B. D. Properties of 19S antibodies in complement fixation. I. Temperature dependence and role of antigen structure. J. Immunol. 1968; 100: 7
  • Ishizaka T., Tada T., Ishizaka K. Fixation of C' and C'la by rabbit gamma G- and gamma M-antibodies with particulate and soluble antigens. J. Immunol. 1968; 100: 1145
  • David J. S., Noell P. Rheumatoid factor, complement and antigen-antibody complement complexes. Arthritis Rheum. 1969; 12: 289
  • Humphrey J. H. The mechanism of Arthus reactions. I. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other factors in reversed passive Arthus reactions in rabbits. Brit. J. Exp. Path. 1955; 36: 268
  • Cochrane C. G., Weigle W. O., Dixon F. J. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the initiation and cessation of the Arthus vasculitis. J. Exp. Med. 1959; 110: 481
  • Glynn L. E. Arthropathy in man and animals. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1965; 58: 365
  • Rawson A. J., Torralba T. P. Induction of proliferative synovitis in rabbits by intra-articular injection of immune complexes. Arthritis Rheum. 1967; 10: 44
  • Mellors R. C., Heimer R., Corcos J., Korngold L. Cellular origin of rheumatoid factor. J. Exp. Med. 1959; 110: 875
  • McCormick J. N. An immunofluorescence study of rheumatoid factor. Ann. Rheum Dis. 1963; 22: 1
  • Hollander J. L., McCarty D. J., Jr., Astorga G., Castro-Murillo E. Studies on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid joint inflammation. I. The “R. A. cell” and a working hypothesis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1965; 62: 271
  • Delbarre F., Kahon A., Amor B., Krassinine G. Value of the synovial ragocyte in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Presse Med. 1964; 72: 2129
  • Astorga G., Bollet A. J. Diagnostic specifcity and possible pathogenic significance of inclusions in synovial leucocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 511
  • Willkens R. F., Healey L. A. The nonspecifcity of synovial leukocyte inclusions. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1966; 68: 628
  • Weissmann G. Lysosomes, autoimmune phenomena and connective tissue disease. Lancet 1964; 2: 1173
  • Weissmann G., Spilberg I., Krakauer K. Arthritis induced in rabbits by lysates of granulocyte lysosomes. Arthritis Rheum. 1969; 12: 103
  • Smith C., Hamerman D. Acid phosphatase in human synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1962; 5: 411
  • Lehman M. A., Kream J., Brogua D. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and synovial fluid of patients with arthritis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1964; 46A: 1732
  • Zucker-Franklin D. The phagosomes in rheumatoid synovial fluid leukocytes. A light fluorescent and electron microscopy study. Arthritis Rheum. 1966; 9: 24
  • Nakoneczna I., Forbes J. C., Rogers K. S. The arthritogenic effect of indole, skatole and other tryptophan metabolites in rabbits. Amer. J. Pathol. 1969; 57: 523
  • Rawson A. J., Hollander J. L., Quismorio F. P., Abelson N. M. Experimental arthritis in man and rabbit dependent upon serum anti-immunoglobulin factors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 188
  • Mandy W. J. A new serum factor in normal rabbits. III. Specificity for antigenic determinants uncovered by papain or pepsin digestion. J. Immunol. 1967; 99: 815
  • Rawson A. J., Quismorio F. P., Abelson N. M. The induction of synovitis in the normal rabbit with Fab. Amer. J. Pathol. 1969; 54: 95
  • Waller M. Serological studies of enzymatically fragmented IgG globulins. Wenner Gren Center Int. Symp. Ser., Pergamon Press, Oxford, in press
  • Waller M., Duma R. J., Farley E. D., Atkinson J. The influence of infection on titers of anti-globulin antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol., in press
  • Mellors R. C., Nowoslawski A., Korngold L. Rheumatoid arthritis and the cellular origin of rheumatoid factors. Amer. J. Pathol. 1961; 39: 533
  • Bonomo L., Tursi A., Gillardi U. Distribution of anti-γ-globulin factors in the synovial membrane and other tissues in different diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1968; 27: 122
  • Restifo R. A., Lussier A. J., Rawson A. J., Rockey J. H., Hollander J. L. Studies on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid joint inflammation. III. The experimental production of arthritis by the intraarticular injection of purified 7S γ-globulin. Ann. Intern. Med. 1965; 62: 285
  • Hannestad K. Presence of aggregated γ-globulin in certain rheumatoid synovial effusions. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1967; 2: 511
  • Fehr K., Lospalluto J., Ziff M. Exposure of hidden antigenic sites in human IgG after digestion by lysosomal proteases. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11: 822, (Abstract)
  • Harris J., Vaughan J. H. Transfusion studies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1961; 4: 47
  • Hedberg H. Studies on the depressed hemolytic complement activity of synovial fluid in adult rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Rheum. Scand. 1963; 9: 165
  • Zvaifler N. J., Pekin T. J. Complement components in synovial fluids. Clin Res. 1963; 11: 180
  • Winchester R. J., Agnello V., Kunkel H. G. The joint-fluid γG globulin complexes and their relationship to intraarticular complement diminution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 195
  • Winchester R. J., Kunkel H. G. High molecular weight complexes involving γ-globulin in joint fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11: 849, (Abstract).
  • Vaughan J. H., Barnett E. V., Sobel M. V., Jacox R. F. Intracytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulins in rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 9: 127
  • Ruddy S., Britton M. C., Schur P. H., Austen K. F. Complement components in synovial fluid: Activation and fixation in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 161
  • Hurd E. R., Lospalluto J., Ziff M. Studies on the formation of leukocyte inclusions in vivo and in vitro. Arthritis Rheum., in press
  • Bonomo L., Dammaco F., Tursi A., Trixio D. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with anti-IgG activity: A series of five cases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1970; 6: 531
  • Epstein W. V., Tan M., Melmon K. L. Rheumatoid factor and kinin generation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 173
  • Melchiorri P. Occurrence of bradykinin in the synovia of subjects affected with rheumatoid arthritis. Bradykinin and Its Precursors, F. Sicuteri. Centro Editionale Publicario Italiano, Rome 1963; 65
  • Jensen K. B., Rinvik S. F., Cyrud O. K. Excretion of urinary kinins in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1965; 23: 231
  • Breseid K., Dyrud O. K., Rinvik S. F. Determination of plasma kininogen, plasma kininase and erythrocyte kininase in men with rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1966; 24: 179
  • Melmon K. L., Webster M. E., Goldfinger S. E., Seegmiller J. E. The presence of a kinin in inflammatory synovial effusion from arthritides of varying etiologies. Arthritis Rheum. 1967; 10: 13
  • Baumal R., Broder I. Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. I. A biological assay for soluble complexes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1968; 3: 525
  • Broder I., Baumal R., Keystone E. Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. II. Criteria for distinguishing soluble complexes from other macromolecular histamine releasers. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1968; 3: 537
  • Baumal R., Broder I. Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. III. Rheumatoid arthritis and other human diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1968; 3: 555
  • Gordon D. A., Bell D. A., Baumal R., Broder I. Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. IV. Correlation between the rheumatoid biologically active factor (RBAF) and the clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1969; 5: 57
  • Broder I., Baumal R., Gordon D., Bell D. Histamine-releasing activity of rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid serum and synovial fluid. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 126
  • Marcus R. L., Townes A. S. Identification of single-stranded (heat denatured) DNA as an antigenic determinant in the complement-fixing activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11: 497
  • Thomas A. S., Stewart C. R., Marcus R. L. Anti-complementary activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1966; 9: 878
  • Zvaifler N. J. A speculation on the pathogenesis of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 289
  • Riddle J. M., Bluhm G. B., Barnhart M. I. Interrelationships between fibrin neutrophils and rheumatoid synovitis. J. Reticuloendothelial Soc. 1965; 2: 420
  • Milgrom F., Dubiski S., Woznicko G. Human sera with “anti-body,”. Vox Sang. 1956; 1: 172
  • Natvig J. B. Heterogenity of anti-γglobulin factors detected by pepsin digested human γ-G globulin. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1966; 66: 369
  • Natvig J. B. Reactions of human anti-antibodies with incomplete anti-D and its sub-units. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1966; 66: 383
  • Osterland C. K., Harboe M., Kunkel H. G. Anti-γ-gloublin factors in human sera revealed by enzymatic splitting of anti-Rh antibodies. Vox Sang. 1963; 8: 133
  • Waller M. Serum agglutinators of erythrocytes sensitized with enzyme digested anti-Rh antibodies. Vox Sang. 1967; 13: 233
  • Kormeier L. C., Ing J. T., Mandy W. J. Specificity of anti-globulin factors in normal human serum reacting with enzyme digested γG-globulin. J. Immunol. 1968; 100: 612
  • Waller M., Blaylock K. Further studies on the anti-globulin factors in human serum to the pepsin digested fragment of the Ri anti-Rh antibody. J. Immunol. 1966; 97: 438
  • Waller M. Autologous agglutinators to erythrocytes sensitized with the Ripley anti-Rh antibody digested with 14 different proteolytic enzymes. MCV Quart. 1967; 3: 4
  • Waller M. The relationship between rheumatoid factor and serum agglutinators. Immunology 1967; 13: 623
  • Waller M., Toone E. C. Normal individuals with positive tests for rheumatoid factor. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11: 50
  • Ball J., Lawrence J. S. The relationship of rheumatoid serum factor to rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1963; 22: 311
  • Waller M., Carry N., Richard A. J. Serological specificity of IgG and IgM antiglobulin antibodies in anti-Gm(a) antisera. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1968; 3: 631
  • Williams R. C., Kunkrel H. G. Antibodies to rabbit-γ-globulin after immunizing with various preparations of autologous γ-globulin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1963; 112: 554
  • Waller M., Richard A. J., Mallory J. Immunochemical and serological studies of enzymatically fragmented human IgG globulins. II. Hydrolysis with subtilisin, elastase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Immunochemistry 1969; 6: 207
  • Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases. Proc. Third Int. Symp., P. H. Bennett, P. G. N. Wood. Excerpta Medical Found., New York 1966
  • Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures in the Rheumatic Diseases, A. S. Cohen. Little, Brown and Co., Boston 1967
  • Hall A. P. Serologic tests in rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 1961; 45: 1181
  • Barter R. W. Familial incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and acute rheumatism in 100 rheumatoid arthritics. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1952; 11: 39
  • de Blecourt J. J., Polman A., de Blecourt-Meindersma T. Hereditary factors in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1961; 20: 215
  • Gowans J. D. C., Evangelista I., O'Sullivan M. A. Familial factors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1964; 113: 744
  • Lewis-Faning E. Report on enquiry into aetiological factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., (Suppl.) 1950; 9: 94
  • Mid W. E. Rheumatoid arthritis in males. An epidemiological study of a Welsh mining community. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1955; 14: 150
  • Short C. L., Abrams N. R., Sartwell P. E. Factors associated with onset of rheumatoid arthritis: A statistical study of 293 patients and controls. Amer. Rheum. Assoc., Rheum. Dis. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1952
  • Stecher R. M., Hersh A. H., Solomon W. M., Wolpaw R. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: Analysis of 224 families. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 1953; 5: 118
  • Bunim J. J., Burch T. A., O'Brien W. M. Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid factor in American Indians. Bull. Rheum. Dis. 1964; 15: 349
  • Moesmann G. Factors precipitating and predisposing to rheumatoid arthritis as illustrated by studies on monozygotic twins. Acta Rheum. Scand. 1959; 5: 291
  • Brandt G., Weike F. A. Polyarthritis Rheumatica bei Zwillingen. Z. Menschl. Vererb. Konstitutionslehre 1939; 23: 169
  • Siegel M., Lee S. L., Widelock D., Gwon N. V., Kravitz H. A comparative family study of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. New Eng. J. Med. 1965; 273: 893
  • Kapusta M. A., Metrakos J. D., Pinsky L., Shugar J. L., Naimark A. P. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a mother and her identical twin sons. Arthritis Rheum. 1969; 12: 411
  • Buchanan W. W., Boyle J. A., Grieg W. R., McAndrew R., Barr M., Anderson J. R., Goudie R. B. Distribution of certain autoantibodies in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1966; 25: 463
  • McDevitt H. O., Benacerraf B. Genetic control of specific immune responses. Advan. Immunol. 1969; 11: 31
  • Herzenberg L. A., McDevitt H. O. Genetic antibodies. Ann. Rev. Genet. 1968; 2: 209
  • Levine B. B., Ojeda A., Benacerraf B. Studies on artificial antigens. III. The genetic control of the immune response to hapten-poly-L-lysine conjugates in guinea pigs. J. Exp. Med. 1963; 118: 953
  • Ben-Efraim S., Maurer P. H. Immune response to polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids) in inbred guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 1966; 97: 577
  • Arquilla E. R., Finn J. Genetic control of combining sites of insulin antibodies produced by guinea pigs. J. Exp. Med. 1965; 122: 771
  • Moses E., McDevitt H. O., Jaton J C., Sela M. The nature of the antigenic determinant in a genetic control of the antibody response. J. Exp. Med. 1969; 130: 493
  • Gill T. J., III, Kunz H. W., Stechschulte D. J., Austen K. F. Genetic and cellular factors in the immune response. I. Genetic control of the antibody response to poly Glu52 Lys33 Tyr15 in the inbred rat strains ACI and F344. J. Immunol. 1970; 105: 14
  • Nijenhuis L. E., Bratlie K. ABO antibodies in twins. Vox Sang. 1962; 7: 236
  • Grundbacher F. J. Quantity of hemolytic anti-A and anti-B in individuals of a human population: Correlations with isoagglutinins and effects of the individual's age and sex. Z. Immunitatsforsch. Allergie Klin. Immunol. 1967; 134: 317
  • Washburn T. C., Medearis D. N., Childs B. Sex difference in susceptibility to infections. Pediatrics 1965; 35: 57
  • Rhodes K., Scott A., Markham R. L., Monk-Jones M. E. Immunological sex differences: A study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, their relatives, and controls. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1969; 28: 104
  • Lichtman M. A., Vaughan J. H., Hames C. G. The distribution of serum immunoglobulins, anti-γ-G globulins (“rheumatoid factors”) and antinuclear antibodies in white and Negro subjects in Evans County, Georgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1967; 10: 204
  • Butterworth M., McClellan B., Allansmith M. Influence of sex on immunoglobulin levels. Nature 1967; 214: 1224
  • Pollak V. E., Mandema E., Doig A. B., Moore M., Kark R. M. Observations on electrophoresis of serum proteins from healthy North American Caucasian and Negro subjects and from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1961; 58: 353
  • Fudenberg H. γ-globulin levels in several populations. Vox Sang. 1963; 8: 249
  • Cohen S., McGreggor I. A., Carrington S. γ-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria. Nature 1961; 192: 733
  • Ball J., Lawrence J. S. Epidemiology of the sheep cell agglutination tests. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1961; 20: 235
  • Litwin S. D., Singer J. M. Studies of the incidence and significance of anti-γ-globulin factors in the aging. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 538
  • Heimer R., Levin F. M. On the distribution of rheumatoid factors among the immunoglobulins. Immunochemistry 1966; 3: 1
  • Chodirker W. B., Tomasi T. B., Jr. Low molecular weight rheumatoid factor. J. Clin. Invest. 1963; 42: 876
  • Clem L. W., Sigel M. M. Phylogeny of Immunity, R. T. Smith, P. A. Miescher, R. A. Godd. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville 1966; 209
  • Onoue K., Grossberg A. L., Yazi Y., Pressman D. Immunoglobulin M antibodies with ten combining sites. Science 1968; 162: 574
  • Svehag S E., Mandel B. The production and properties of poliovirus neutralizing antibody of rabbit origin. Virology 1962; 18: 508
  • LoSpalluto J., Miller W., Jr., Dorward B., Fink C. W. The formation of macroglobulin antibodies. I. Studies on adult humans. J. Clin. Invest. 1962; 41: 1415
  • Waller M., Ellman H. M., Toone E. C. Brucella immunization in patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Rheum. Scand. 1966; 12: 250
  • Blumberg B. S. Genetics and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1960; 3: 178
  • Lawrence J. S., Ball J. Genetic studies on rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1958; 17: 160
  • Ziff M., Schmid F. R., Lewis A. J., Tanner M. Familial occurrence of the rheumatoid factor. Arthritis Rheum. 1958; 1: 392
  • Jacox R. F., Meyerwitz S., Hess W. Monozygotic twins discordant for rheumatoid arthritis: A genetic, clinical and psychological study of eight sets. Population Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, P. H. Bennett, P. H. Wood. Excerpta Medica Found., New York 1968; 128
  • Meyerowitz S., Jacox R. F., Hess D. W. Monozygotic twins discordant for rheumatoid arthritis: A genetic, clinical and psychological study of eight sets. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11: 1
  • Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases. Proc. Third Int. Symp., P. H. Bennett, P. H. Wood. Excerpta Med. Found., New York 1968; 510
  • Fudenberg H. H., Kunkel H. G., Franklin E. C. (1959) High molecular weight antibodies. Proc. 7th Cong. Int. Soc. Blood Transf., Rome, 1958, 522
  • Waller M., Mullinax F., Toone E., Thurman L. A study of rheumatoid factor titers in patients receiving plasma and gamma globulin. Arthritis Rheum. 1965; 8: 50
  • Messner R. P., Caperton E. M., King R. A., Williams R. C., Jr. Interactions among rheumatoid factors, γ-G antibodies, lymphocytes and phagocytes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969; 168: 93
  • Laxdal T., Messner R. P., Williams R. C., Jr., Quie P. G. Opsonic agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 71: 638
  • Messner R. P., Laxdal T., Quie P. G., Williams R. C., Jr. Serum opsonin, bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocyte interactions in subacute bacterial endocarditis: Anti-γ-globulin factors and their interaction with specific opsonins. J. Clin. Invest. 1968; 47: 1109
  • Quie P. G., Messner R. P., Williams R. C. Phagocytosis in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Localization of the primary opsonic site to Fc fragment. J. Exp. Med. 1968; 128: 553
  • Parker R. L., Schmid F. R. Phagocytosis of particulate complexes of γ-globulin and rheumatoid factor. J. Immunol. 1962; 88: 519
  • MacKenzie M. R., Warner N. L., Linscott W. D., Fudenberg H. H. Differentiation of human IgM subclasses by the ability to interact with a factor resembling the first component of complement. J. Immunol. 1969; 103: 607
  • Fudenberg H. H., Gold E. R., Vyas G. N., MacKenzie M. R. Human antibodies to human IgA globulins. Immunochemistry 1968; 5: 203
  • Kunkel H. G., Smith W. K., Joslin F. G., Natvig J. B., Litwin S. D. Genetic marker of the γA2 subgroup of γA immunoglobulins. Nature 1969; 223: 1247

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.