Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Arthropod Bites

References

• Atkins J. A., Wingo C. W., Sodeman W. S. Probable cause of necrotic spider bite in the Midwest. Science 1957; 126: 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins J. A., Wingo C. W., Sodeman W. S., Flynn J. E. Necrotic arachnidism. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1958; 7: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillaha C. J., et al. North American loxoscelism. J.A.M.A 1964; 188: 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingo C. W. Poisonous Spiders. Bulletin 738, Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Missouri. 1967
   Google Scholar
• Cashatt E. D. The Brown Recluse Spider. The Living Museum 1971; 23: 42
   Google Scholar
• Simmons R., Curtin J. W. Brown recluse spider bite. Ill. J. Med. J. 1974; 145: 43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madon M. B., Hall R. E. First record of Loxosceles rufescens in California. Toxicon 1970; 8: 91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell F. E., Waldion W. G., Madon M. B. Bites by the brown spiders Loxosceles unicolor and Loxosceles arizonica in California and Arizona. Toxicon 1969; 7: 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreibei M. M., Shapiro S. I. Necrotic arachnidism in the southwestern United States. Cutis 1971; 7: 674
   Google Scholar
• Berger R. S. The unremarkable brown recluse spider bite. J.A.M.A. 1973; 225: 1109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey F. B., Aulenbacher C. E. Surgical treatment of brown spider bites. Ann. Surg. 1969; 170: 300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horen W. P. Arachnidism in the United States. J.A.M.A. 1963; 185: 125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asel N. D. Spider bites (Loxosceles reclusa). Curr. Ther. 1970; 888
   Google Scholar
• Hershey F. B., Aulenbacher C. E. Bite of Missouri brown spider can cause fatal gangrene. Mod. Med. June 1, 1970
   Google Scholar
• Russell F. E., Wainschel J., Gertsch W. J. Bites of spiders and other arthropods. Curr. Ther. 1974; 865
   Google Scholar
• Gorham J. R., Theney T. B. Envenomation by the spiders Chiracanthium inclusum and Argiope aurantia. JAMA 1968; 206: 1958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell F. E. Venomous animal injuries. Curr. Prob. Pediatr. 1973; 3: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vorse H., Seccareccio P., Woodruff K., Humphrey G. B. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy following fatal brown spider bite (necrotic arachnidism). J. Pediatr. 1972; 80: 1035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bute W. C., Stacy L. D., Heryford N. N. Arachnidism in rabbits. Arch. Pathol. 1971; 91: 97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen G. T., Morgan P. M., McQueen J. N., Bennett W. E. Brown recluse spider bite: controlled evaluation of treatment using white rabbit as animal model. South. Med. J. 1971; 64: 1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P. C. Treatment of severe loxoscelism. Mo. Med. 1971; 68: 609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berger R. S., Adelstein E. H., Anderson P. C. Intravascular coagulation: the cause of necrotic arachnidism. J. Invest. Dermatol 1973; 61: 142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P. C. What's new in loxoscelism?. Mo. Med. 1973; 70: 711
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright R. P. Enzymic characterization of brown recluse spider venom. Bulletin Missouri Academy of Science. 1973, Suppl. 2
   Google Scholar
• Denny W. F., Dillaha C. J., Morgan P. N. Hemolytic effect of Loxosceles reclusa venom: in vivo and in vitro studies. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1964; 64: 691
   Google Scholar
• Smith C. W., Micks D. W. A comparative study of the venom and other components of three species of Loxosceles Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1968; 17: 651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nance W. E. Hemolytic anemia in necrotic arachnidism. Am. J. Med. 1961; 31: 801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson J. F., Nicholson B. H. Hemolytic anemia from brown spider bite, necrotic arachnidism. J. Okla. St. Med Assoc. 1962; 55: 234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor E. H., Denney W. F. Hemolysis, renal failure and sudden death presumed secondary to bite of brown recluse spider. South. Med. J. 1966; 59: 1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minton S. A., Olson C. A case of spider bite with scrgen hemolytic reaction. Pediatrics 1964; 33: 283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez G., Schonone H., Socias T. Loxosceles laeta venom -partial purification. Toxicon 1971; 9: 291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniker W. T., Morgan P. N., Flanigan W. J., Reagan P. W., Dillahaa C. J. An inhibitor of complement in the venom of the brown recluse spider Loxosceles reclusa. Roc. Soc. Exp. BioL Med. 1969; 131: 1432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith C. W., Micks D. W. The role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in lesions caused by the venom of the brown spider. Loxosceles reclusa, Lab. Invest. 1970; 22: 90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersh E. M., Butler W. T., Rossen R. D., Morgan R. O., Suki W. In vitro studies of the human response to organ allografts: appearance and detection of circulating activation lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 1971; 107: 571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beger R. S., MiUikan L. E., Conway F. An in vitro test for Loxosceles reclusa spider bites. Toxicon 1973; 11: 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finke J. H., Campbell B. J., Barrett J. T. A serodiagnostic test for Loxosceles reclusa bites, accepted for publication. Clin. Toxicol. July, 1974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto J. E. B., Rothlin R. P., Dagrosa E. E., Barrio A. Peripheral adrenergic effect of Latrodectus mactans venom. Toxicon 1973; 11: 395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granata F., Paggi P., Frontali N. Effects of chromatographic fractions of black widow spider venom on in vitro biological systems. Toxicon 1972; 10: 551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettini S. On the mode of action of Latrodectus species venom. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 1971; 7: 1, author's abstract, Toxicon 10, 662, 1972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maroli M., Betttini S. Effects of Latrodectus mactans tredecim guttates venom on the dynamics of vertebrates vojuntary muscles. Ann. Ist. Super. Sunita 1971; 7: 44, authors' abstract, Toxicon 10, 662, 1972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longenecker H. E., Jr., Hurlbut W. P., Mauro A., Clark W. A. Effects of black widow spider venom on the frog neuromuscular junction. Nature 1970; 225: 701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths D. J. G., Smyth T., Jr. Action of black widow spider venom at insect neuromuscular junctions. Toxicon 1973; 11: 369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanbrcher F. L., Lee C. K., Hall J. E., Wilson I. B., Howell D. E., Odell G. U. Composition and properties of tarantula Dugesiella hentzi (Girard) venom. Toxicon. 1973; 11: 21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell F. C. Bite of the spider Phidippus formosus: case history. Toxicon 1970; 8: 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson Bahr P. H. Manson's Tropical Diseases14th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1954
   Google Scholar
• Yarom R. Scorpion venom: a tutorial review of its effects in men and experimental animals. Clin. Toxicol. 1970; 3: 561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horen W. P. Insect and scorpion stings. J.A.M.A. 1972; 221: 894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahnke H. L. Arizona's lethal scorpion. Ariz. Med. 1972; 24: 490
   Google Scholar
• Watt D. D., McIntosh M. E. Effects of lethality of toxins in venom from the scorpion Cenfruroides sculpfumtus by group specific reagents. Toxicon. 1972; 10: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt D. D., McIntosh M. E. Molecular aspects of the neurotoxic principle in venom of the scorpion Centrumides sculpfumfus, Ch. 4, chap. 2. Animal Toxins, F. E. Russell, P. R. Saunders. Onofrio. Pergamon, 41
   Google Scholar
• Ziotkin E., Blondheim S. A., Shdov A. S. Effect of the venom of scorpion Leiutus quinquesbiatus on the tympanic nerve of the locust Migratoriu migraforiodes. Toxicon 1970; 8: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ymm R., Braun K. Cardiovascular effects of scorpion venom, morphological changes in the myocardium. Toxicon 1970; 8: 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masco H. L. Scorpion bite treatment with chlorpromazine. J.A.M.A. 1970; 212: 2122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahnke H. L. Effect of thorazine and Valium on scorpion venom toxicity. Ariz. Med. 1972; 24: 424
   Google Scholar
• Burgdorfer W. Hemolymph test: a technique for detection of rickettsiae in ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970; 19: 1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Failing R. M., Lyon C. B., McKittrick J. E. The pajaroello tick bite. Glif. Med. 1972; 116: 16
   Google Scholar
• Haller J. S., Fabara J. A. Tick paralysis. Am. J. Dis. Child 1972; 124: 915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geczy A. F., Naughton M. A., Clegg J. B., Hewetson R. W. Research notes: esterases and a carbohy-rate-splitting enzyme in the saliva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. J. Parasitol. 1971; 57: 437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson J. D. Antigenic properties of tick secretions. J. Purasito1. 1970; 56: 1038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenberg J. L., Ward P. A., Sonenshine D. E. Tick-bite injury: mediation by a complement-derived chemotictic chemotactic factor. J. Immunol 1972; 109: 451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English F. P. Demodex folliculonrm and oedema of the eyelash. Br. J. Ophthamol 1971; 55: 742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst A. Studies of Acari, No.1 the genus. Demodex owen, Nutl. Hist. (London) 1919
   Google Scholar
• Shrank A. B., Alexander S. L. Scabies: another epidemic?. Br. Med. 1967; 1: 669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin Milton. The resurgence of scabies. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1971; 217: 593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haydon J. R., Caplan R. M. Epidemic scabies. Arch. Dermtol. 1971; 103: 168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herwitz S. Scabies in babies. Am J. Dis Child. 1974; 126: 226
   Google Scholar
• Anthony B. F., Perlman L. V., Wannamaker L. W. Skin infections and acute nephritis in American Indian children. Pediatrics 1967; 39: 263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber H. W. Ch. 26. Medical Diseases of War. London 1940
   Google Scholar
• Swtman M., Potter E. V., Finklia J. F., Poon-King T., Earl D. P. Epidermic scabies and acute gromerial nefritis in Trinidad. Lancet 1972; 1: 249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson J. W. Scabies. Arch Dermatol. 1971; 104: 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller G., Jacobs P. H., Moore N. E. Scraping for human scabies. Arch. Dermatol. 1973; 107: 70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins D. W. Trombiculate mites affecting man, 1: bionomics with reference to epidemiology in the United States. Am J. Hyg. 1948; 48: 22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumus R. B. Chigger mites of Kansas (acarina, trombiculidae). Univ. Kan Sci Bull. 29 June, 1956; 37(Part 2)1195
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher A. H., Heppli R. Histochemical reactions to trombicutid mites with special reference to the structure and function of the stylestome. Z. Tropenmed. Purasitol. 1963; 14: 192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hepple S., McMillian A. L. Purpuric dermatoses due to housedust mite (Dermatophagiodes spp.) allergy: a case report. Clin. Allergy,. 1973; 3: 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assam E. S. K., Macllen M. K. Serum regents and leucoctye response in patients with housedust mite allergy. Br. Med. J. 1970; 2: 504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani S., Billiotti G., Pasraleva A. Mites and housedust allergy. Clin. Allergy 1973; 3: 51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parrish H. M. Analysis of 460 fatalities from venomous animals in the United States. Am J. Med Sci 1963; 245: 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pnrrish H. M. Deaths from bites and stings of venomous animals and insects in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 1959; 104: 198
   Google Scholar
• Insect Sting Allergy. A questionable study of 2,606 cases, Insect Allergy Committee, American Academy of Allergy. J.A.M.A. 1965; 193: 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard J. H. Studies of 400 hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973; 52: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bur S. E. Allergy to hymenoptera stings. J.A.M.A. 1974; 228: 718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bur S. E. Skin test reactivity to the stinging insects. Ann Allergy 1972; 30: 282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLean D. C., Taylor A. D., Lowance M. I. Repository insect antigen desensitization. Ann Allergy 1972; 30: 413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torsney P. J. Treatment failure: insect desensitization. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973; 52: 303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisman R. E. Stinging insect allergy -treatment failure. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1973; 52: 257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fmzier C. A. Diagnosis of bites and stings. Cutis 1968; 4: 845
   Google Scholar
• Yocum M. W., Johnstone D. E., Condemi J. J. Leucocyte histamine release in Hymenoptera-allergic patients. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1973; 52: 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobotka A. K., Valentine M. D., Benton A. W., Lichenstein L. M. Allergy to insect stings in diagnosis of IgE-mediated Hymenoptera sensitivity by venom induced histamine release. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 1974; 53: 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermann E. Bee and wasp venoms. Science 1972; 177: 314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjal D., Elliot W. B. Further studies on the properties of phospholipase A from honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom. Toxicon 1972; 10: 367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobotka A. K., Franklin R., Valentine M. D., Adkinson N. F., Lichenstein L. M. Honeybee venom: phosphotipase A as the majo allergen. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 1974; 53: 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse W., Reed C. E., Lichtenstein L. M., Reisman R. E. Protection following honeybee venom immunotherapy in a case of beesting anaphylaxis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1974; 53: 104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein L. M., Sobotka A., Valentine M. D., Adkinson N. F. Treatment of honeybee anaphylactic sensitivity with honeybee venom: a case report. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1974; 53: 104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine M. D., Sobotka A., Lichtenstein L. M. Blocking antibody to bee venom: induction by venom and not by whole body extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1974; 53: 105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• For insect-sting victims: venom. Med. World News March 22, 1974; 77, Anon.
   Google Scholar
• Vick J. A., Shipman W. H. Effects of whole bee venom and its fractions (Apamin and Mellitin) on plasma corticol levels in the dog. Toxicon 1972; 10: 337
   Google Scholar
• Vick J. A., Mehlman B., Brooks R. Effect of bee venom and mellitin on plasma cortisol in the anesthetized monkey. Toxicon 1972; 10: 501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The fire ant: painful pest. Arch. Intern. Med 1973; 132: 644, Anon.
   Google Scholar
• Brown L. L. Fire ant allergy. South. Med. J. 1972; 65: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplett R. F. Sensitivity to the imported fire ant: successful treatment with immunotherapy. South. Med. J. 1973; 66: 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand J. M., Blum M. S. Fire ant venoms: comparative analyses of alkaloidal components. Toxicon 1972; 10: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand J. M., Blum M. S., Badin M. R. Fire ant venoms: intraspecific and interspecific variation among castes and individuals. Toxicon 1973; 11: 325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narauanan E., Manja K. S., Bedi B. M. S. Arthropod feeding experiments in lepromatous leprosy. Lepr. Rev. 1972; 43: 188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang J. C. P., Musgrave A. J. Morphology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of mycetome and its rickettsial symbiotes in Cimex lectularius L. Can. J. Microbiol 1973; 19: 1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar