37
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (Fta-Abs) Test for Syphilis

&
Pages 315-330 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Wallace A. L., Norins L. C. Syphilis serology today. Progress in Clinical Pathology, M. Stefanini. Grune and Stratton, New York 1969; Vol. II: 198
  • Holborow E. J. Standardization in Immunofluorescence. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1970
  • Defined Immu no fluorescent Staining, E. H. Beutner. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York 1971; Vol. 177, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
  • Fribourg-Blanc A. The Adsorbed Fluorescent Antibody Test for the Detection of Treponemal Antibodies: Study of the Adsorbant Reagents. W. H. O. 1969, unpublished working document, WHO/VDT/RES/69.176
  • Deacon W. E., Falcone V. H., Harris A. A fluorescent test for treponemal antibodies. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; 96: 477
  • Serologic Tests for Syphilis. Public Health Service Publication # 411, U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare. 1964
  • Fry C. S., Wilkinson A. E. A note on the use of Evans blue as a background stain in the fluorescent treponemal antibody test. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1963; 39: 190
  • Covert S. V., Kent J. F., Stevens R. W. Fluorescent treponemal antibody test using the Reiter treponeme. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1961; 106: 729
  • Kent J. F., Covert S. V., Reilly H. W., Kinch W. H., Lawson W. B. Evaluation of fluorescent treponemal antibody (RFTA and FTA II) and other test (RPCF and TPI) for syphilis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962; 109: 584
  • Leibovitz A., Oberhofer T. R., Meacham J. T., Jr., Diestelhorst T. N. Enhancement of specificity of the fluorescent treponemal antibody test as compared with the TPI test. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1963; 40: 480
  • Thivolet J., Grospiron D., Murat M. Utilisation de l'immunofluorescence pour le diagnostic de la syphilis. Nota prel. Rev. Hyg. Med. Sci. 1960; 8: 501
  • Nielsen H. Aa., Idsøe O. Evaluation of the fluorescent treponemal antibody test (FTA). Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1963; 57: 331
  • Niel G., Fribourg-Blanc A. Technique actuelle du test d'immunofluorescence applique au diagnostic de la syphilis. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 1962; 102: 616
  • Wood R. M., Inouye Y., Argonza W., Bradford L., Jue R., Jeong Y., Puffer J., Bodily H. L. Comparison of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption and Treponema pallidum immobilization tests on serums from 1182 diagnostic problem cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1967; 47: 521
  • Wilkinson A. E. Fluorescent treponemal antibody test. A preliminary report, Sr. J. Vener. Dis. 1961; 37: 59
  • Wilkinson A. E., Rayner C. F. A. Studies on the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1966; 42: 8
  • Hunter E. F., Deacon W. E., Meyer P. E. An improved FTA test for syphilis, the absorption procedure (FTA-ABS). Public Health Rep. 1964; 79: 410
  • Deacon W. E., Lucas J. B., Price E. V. Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test for syphilis. MAiA. 1966; 198: 624
  • Hunter E. F. Nature and control of false positive reactions in the fluorescent treponemal antibody test. Proceedings of the World Forum on Syphilis and other Treponematoses. U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare, 1962; 269, Public Health Service Publication #997
  • Fife E. H., Jr. Influence of macroglobulins on the specificity of fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test for syphilis. Proceedings of the World Forum on Syphilis and Other Treponematoses. U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare, 1962; 254, Public Health Service Publication #997
  • Clark J. W., Jr. Serological tests for syphilis in healthy rabbits, 5. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 191
  • Magnuson H. J., Eagle H., Fleischman R. The minimal infectious inoculum of Spirochaeta pallida (Nichols strain) and a consideration of its rate of multiplication in vivo. Am. J. Syph. Gon. Verier. Dis. 1948; 32: 1
  • Fife E. H., Jr., Bryan B. M., Sanders R. W., Muschel L. H. Evaluation of the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test for syphilis: comparison with Treponema pallidum immobilization test. Am. J. Gin. Pathol. 1961; 36: 105
  • Logan L. C. Rabbit globulin and antiglobulin factors associated with Treponema pallidum grown in rabbits, submitted for publication
  • Saijo Y., Ueki H. The basic research for the FTA-test (fluorescent treponemal antibody test) for syphilis, Part 1. Studies on the procedure to prepare antigen for the FTA-test, Tokyo-To Laboratories for Medical Sciences: 1969 Annual Report Suppl. 20, 243, 1969
  • Kiraly K. Quantitative Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA) Studies with Balanitis and “Problem” Sera. W. H. O. 1964, unpublished working document, WHO/VDT/RES/60
  • Hunter E. F., Creighton E. T., Lewis J. S. An improved antigen for the FTA-ABS test. Health Lab. Sci. 1970; 1: 237
  • Jones R. H., Nevin T. A., Guest W. J., Logan L. C. Lytic effect of trypsin, lysozyme, and complement on Treponema pallidum. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1968; 44: 193
  • Chandler F. W., Jr., Clark J. W., Jr. Passage of Treponema pallidum through membrane filters of various pore sizes. Appl. Microbial. 1970; 19: 326
  • Rathlev T., Pfau C. J. Purification of the pathogenic Treponema pallidum by density gradient centrifugation. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965; 17: 130
  • Thomas M. L., Clark J. W., Jr., Cline G. B., Anderson N. G., Russell H. Separation of Treponema pallidum from tissue substances by continuous-flow zonal centrifugation. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 23: 714
  • Schmale J. D., Kellogg D. S., Jr., Miller C. E., Schammel P., Thayer J. D. Separation of Treponema pallidum from tissue debris through continuous-particle electrophoresis. Appl. Microbiol. 1970; 19: 287
  • Walker C. B., Smibert R. M. Lipid composition of virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain), in preparation
  • Manual of Tests for Syphilis. Public Health Service Publication #411, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1969
  • Roberts M. E., Miller J. N., Pringle T. C., Binnings G. F. Shelf life of fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test reagents. J. BacterioL 1968; 96: 1507
  • Hunter E. F., Creighton E. T., Lewis J. S. A lyophilization medium for FTA-ABS test antigen. Health Lab. Set 1971; 8: 35
  • Hunter E. F. Characteristics of patient sera, conjugates, and antigens used in FTA-ABS tests. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1971; 177: 48
  • Lewis J. S., Duncan W. P., Stout G. W. Automated fluorescent treponemal antibody test: instrument and evaluation. Appl. Microbiol. 1970; 19: 898
  • Stout G. W., Lewis J. S. Automation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for syphilis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set 1971; 177: 453
  • Wood R. M., Jue R. J., Coffey E. M. Room temperature storage of Treponema pallidum on microscope slides for use in the FTA-ABS tcst. Appl Microbiol. 1969; 17: 335
  • Tourville D., Knauf R., Wertlake P. Evaluation of semi-automated Fluoro-Kit for FTA-ABS testing. J. Invest. Dermatol 1973; 61: 355
  • Davis B. D., Moore D. H., Kabat E. A., Harris A. Electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and immunochemical studies on Wassermann antibody. J. Immunol 1945; 50: 1
  • Laurell A. B. On antibodies separated by paper electrophoresis with special reference to the Wassermann reagins. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand. 1955, Suppl. 103
  • Laurell A. B., Hederstedt B. Fractionation of TPI antibodies and Wassermann reagins. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1958; 44: 88
  • Laurell A. B., Lindau A. Studies on the electrophoretic mobility of the Wassermann reagin in different stages of syphilis. Acta Pathol Microbiol. Scand. 1958; 42: 67
  • Laurell A. B., Malmquist J. Separation of the Wassermann reagins by cellulose column chromotography,.4cf. Pathol Microbiol. Scand. 1961; 51: 187
  • Portnoy J., Julian A. J., Smith J. F., Harris A. Fractionation studies of antibodies detected in serological tests for syphilis, a preliminary report, Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1963; 39: 33
  • Aho K. Studies of syphilitic antibodies. I. Anti-lipoidal antibodies in various stages of syphilis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1967; 43: 259
  • Julian A. J., Logan L. C., Norms L. C. Early syphilis: immunoglobulins reactive in immunofluorescence and other serologic tests. J. Immunol 1969; 102: 1250
  • Kiraly K., Jobbagy A. Distribution of antisyphilis antibodies in the immunoglobulin classes. Borgyogy. Venersyle. 1969; 45: 1
  • Jobbagy A. Distribution of syphilitic antibodies in gel-filtered serum fractions. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 445
  • Ceppellini R., Dray S., Edelman G., Fahey J., Franek F., Franklin E., Goodman H. C., Grabar P., Gurvich A. E., Heremans J. F., Isliker H., Karush F., Press E., Tmka Z. Nomenclature for human immunoglobulins. Bull W.H.O. 1964; 30: 447
  • Henle G., Henle W. Cross-reactions among 7-globulins of various species in indirect immunofluorescence. J. Immunol. 1965; 95: 118
  • Scotti A. T., Logan L. A specific IgM antibody test in neonatal congenital syphilis. J. Pediatr. 1968; 73: 242
  • Brighton W. D., Taylor C. E. D., Tomlinson A. H., Wilkinson A. E. A provisional specification for fluorescein-labelled antibody against human globulin. (IgG), Mon. Bull. Minist. Health (London) 1967; 179
  • Holborow E. J., Lachmann P. J., Batty I., Brighton W. D. Report by a subcommittee on the discussion of requirements for specification of anti-immunoglobulin conjugates that took place during the conference. Standardization in Immunofluorescence, E. J. Holborow. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1970; 275
  • Yamamoto A., Kawamura A., Jr. Standards for manufacturing reagents for the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS) test in Japan. Standardization in Immunofluorescence, E. J. Holborow. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1970; 249
  • Recommendations made by the MRC Working Party on the Clinical Use of Immunological Reagents. Characterization of antisera as reagents. Immunology 1971; 20: 3
  • Hunter E. F., Smith J. F., Lewis J. S., McGrew B. E., Schmale J. D. Immunochemical parameters of some commercial conjugates for the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test. Infect. Immun. 1972; 5: 858
  • Maruhasi T., Mizuoka K., Usui M. Studies on the fluorescent treponemal antibody test using fluorescent anti-γ, anti-α, anti-μ, anti-λ anti- chains and 0ICA.E globulin reagents. Bull. W. H. O. 1966; 34: 466
  • Király K., Backhausz R., Jobbágy A., Lagos J., Kováts L. Fluorescent treponemal antibody test with antihuman immune sera of different specificity. A eta Derm.- Venereol 1968; 48: 362
  • Brown W. J., Kuhn U. S. G., Tolliver E. A., Norms L. C. Experimental syphilis in the chimpanzee: immunoglobulin class of early antibodies reactive with Treponema pallidum. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 198
  • Manikowska-Lesinska W., Jakubowski A. Relationship of antibodies detected by the immunofluorescence method with the various classes of immunoglobulins in cases of untreated syphilis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 380
  • Heitman H. J. Neuere Immunbiologische Untersuchungen bei der Syphilis. Z. Haul Geschlechtskr. 1972; 47: 433
  • Logan L. C., Norins L. C., Atwood W. G., Miller J. L. Treated late syphilis: immunoglobulin class of antibodies reactive with Treponema pallidum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1969; 53: 300
  • Julian A. J., Logan L. C., Norins L. C., Scotti A. T. Latent syphilis: immunoglobulins reactive in immunofluorescence and other serological tests. Infect. Immun. 1971; 3: 559
  • Atwood W. G., Miller J. L. Fluorescent treponemal antibodies in fractionated syphilitic sera: the immunoglobulin class. Arch. Dermatol. 1969; 100: 763
  • O'Neill P., Nicol C. S. IgM class antitreponemal antibody in treated and untreated syphilis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1972; 48: 460
  • Jakubowski A. IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in the course of untreated acquired syphilis. Przegl. Dermatol. (Warszawa) 1972; 59: 153
  • Hunter E. F., et al. Antibody (IgG and IgM) response to Treponema pallidum demonstrated by immunofluorescence, in preparation
  • Cox P. M., Logan L. C., Stout G. W. Further studies of a quantitative automated microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum. Public Health Lab. 1971; 29: 43
  • Nairn R. C. Fluorescent Protein Tracing3rd ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1969
  • Goldman M. Fluorescent Antibody Methods. Academic Press, New York 1968
  • Kawamura A., Jr. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques and Their Applications. University Park Press, Baltimore 1969
  • Cherry W. B., Goldman M., Carski T. R. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques. Public Health Service Publication #729, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. 1960
  • Hebert G. A., Pittman B., McKinney R. M., Cherry W. B. The Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Fluorescent Antibody Reagents. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 1972
  • Hebert G. A., Pelham P. L., Pittman B. Determination of the optimal ammonium sulfate concentration for the fractionation of rabbit, sheep, horse, and goat antisera. Appl. Microbiol. 1973; 25: 26
  • Kaufman L., Cherry W. B. Technical factors affecting the preparation of fluorescent antibody reagents. J. Immunol 1961; 87: 72
  • McKinney R. M., Spillane J. T., Pearce G. W. Factors affecting the rate of reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with serum proteins. J. Immunol. 1964; 93: 232
  • Hebert G. A., Pittman B., Cherry W. B. The definition and application of evaluation techniques as a guide for the improvement of fluorescent antibody reagents. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set. 1971; 177: 54
  • Cherry W. B., McKinney R. M., Emmel V. M., Spillane J. T., Hebert G. A., Pittman B. Evaluation of commercial fluorescein isothiocyanates used in fluorescent antibody studies. Stain Technoi 1969; 44: 179
  • McKinney R. M., Spillane J. T., Pearce G. W. Fluorescein diacetate as a reference color standard in fluorescent antibody studies. Anal. Biochem. 1964; 9: 474
  • Goldwasser R. A., Shepard C. C. Staining of complement and modifications of fluorescent antibody procedures. J. Immunol 1958; 80: 122
  • Wells A. F., Miller C. E., Nadel M. K. Rapid fluorescein and protein assay method for fluorescent-antibody conjugates. Appl. Microbiol. 1966; 14: 271
  • Kabat E. A., Mayer M. M. Experimental Immunochemistry2nd ed. Charles C Thomas, Springfield 1961; 559
  • Kiraly K., Jobbágy A. Control of conjugation of fluorescent protein tracing. Pathol. Microbiol. (Basel) 1966; 29: 865
  • Hardy P. H., Nell E. E. Characteristics of fluorescein labelled antiglobulin preparations that may affect the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test, 4m. J.'Clin. Pathol. 1971; 56: 181
  • Beutner E. H., Sepulveda M. R., Barnett E. V. Quantitative studies of immunofluorescent staining. Bull. W. H. O. 1968; 39: 587
  • Hijmans W., Schuit H. R. E., Jongsma A. P. M., Ploem J. S. Performance testing of fluorescent antisera against human immunoglobulins. Standardization in Immunofluorescence, E. J. Holborow. Black well Scientific Publications, Oxford 1970; 193
  • Holborow E. J., Johnson G. D. Evaluation of anti-IgM conjugates. Standardization in Immunofluorescence, E. J. Holborow. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1970; 213
  • Chantler S., Haire M. Evaluation of the immunological specificity of fluorescein-labelled anti-human IgM conjugates. Immunology 1972; 23: 7
  • Cherry W. B., Reimer C. B. Diagnostic immunofluorescence. Bull. W. H. O. 1973; 48: 737
  • Stout G. W., Kellogg D. S., Jr., Falcone V. H., McGrew B. E., Lewis J. S. Preparation and standardization of the sorbent used in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Health Lab. Scu 1967; 4: 5
  • Cannefax G. R., Hanson A. W., Skaggs R., Jr. An investigation of sorbing substances in the FTA-ABS test for syphilis. Public Health Rep. 1968; 83: 411
  • Rathlev T. Evaluation of the sorbents used in the FTA-ABS test. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1968; 44: 295
  • Sepetjian M., Thivolet J., Monier J. C., Salussola D. Mme. Substrats utilisables pour l'absorption dans la réaction du FTA-ABS. Pathol Biol., (Paris) 1970; 18: 393
  • Wilkinson A. E., Ferguson H. G. Some observations on the sorbing agent used in the absorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS) test, 5r. J. Vener. Dis. 1968; 44: 291
  • Wilkinson A. E., Wiseman C. C. The role of sorbent in the absorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS) test. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1971; 64: 422
  • Hardy P. H., Jr., Nell E. E. A study of the properties of sorbent, the reagent employed in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Am. J. Epidemiol 1972; 96: 141
  • Jakubowski A., Manikowska-Lesinska W. Immunofluorescence Investigations of the Character of Antibodies Against the Treponemal Group Antigen. W. H.O. 1969, unpublished working document, WHO/VDT/RES/69.179
  • Julian A. J., Logan L. C., Norins L. C., Cohen I. R. Immunoglobulin class of natural human antibodies reactive with Treponema pallidum. Infect. Immun. 1970; 1: 555
  • Hederstedt B. Studies on the Treponema pallidum Immobilizing Activity in Normal Human Serum. I. A Method. W. H. O. 1968, unpublished working document, WHO/VDT/RES/68.147
  • Hunter E. F., Norins L. C., Falcone V. H., Stout G. W. The fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test: development, use, and present status. Bull. W.H.O. 1968; 39: 873
  • Mackey D. M., Price E. V., Knox J. M., Scotti A. Specificity of the FTA-ABS test for syphilis. JAMA 1969; 207: 1683
  • Cohen P., Stout G., Ende N. Serologic reactivity in consecutive patients admitted to a general hospital. A comparison of the FTA-ABS, VDRL, and automated reagin tests. Arch. Intern. Med. 1969; 124: 364
  • Serologic Tests for Syphilis. Public Health Service Publication #411, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1959
  • U.S.P.H.S. Serologic Evaluation Study, Fiscal Year 1960, Summary Report of Qualitative and Quantitative Tests, Communicable Disease Center, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, Chamblee, Georgia, June 1960
  • , Syphilis Serologic Proficiency Testing Study: Calendar Year 1974, Summary Report of Qualitative and Quantitative Tests, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, unpublished
  • Burnings G. F., Riley M. J., Roberts M. E., Barnes R., Pringle T. C. Automated instrument for the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test and other immunofluorescence tests. Appl. Microbiol 1969; 18: 861
  • Coffey E. M., Jue R. F., Thomas J. S., Bradford L. L., Wood R. M. Evaluation of an automated fluorescent treponemal antibody test for syphilis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 271
  • Kaufman G. I., Nester J. F., Wasserman D. E. An experimental study of lasers as excitation sources for automated fluorescent antibody instrumentation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1971; 19: 469
  • Kaufman G. I., Nester J. F. Automation of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1972; 20: 255
  • Kasatiya S. S., Lambert N. G., Laurence R. A. Use of tunable, pulsed dye laser for quantitative fluorescence in syphilis serology (FTA-ABS test). Appl. Microbiol 1974; 27: 838
  • O'Neill P., Johnson G. D., Nicol C. S. Evaluation of modified FTA-ABS test: Multispot FTA-ABS. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1970; 46: 278
  • Einbinder J. M., Atwood W. G., Miller J. L. The fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test: a micromethod. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1970; 76: 961
  • Duncan W. P., Jenkins T. W., Parham C. E. Fluorescent treponemal antibody-cerebrospinal fluid (FTA-CSF) test. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1972; 48: 97
  • Metzgar M., Ruczkowska J. A fluorescence microscopic study of adsorption onto Treponema pallidum of a heat-labile serum factor. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1967; 15: 819
  • Niel G., Fribourg-Blanc A. Quantitative Fluorescent Antibody Tests and the Serology of Syphilis. W. H. O. 1964, Report on 10, 000 Sera and Specimens of Cerebrospinal Fluid (1960–1962), unpublished working document, WHO/VDT/315.WHO/VDT/RES/34
  • Seperjian M., Thivotet J., Salussola D., Guerraz F. T., Monier J. C. Comparative study of FTA and FTA-ABS test in man and animals at various stages of syphilis. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 1972; 20: 449
  • Atwood W. G., Miller J. L., Stout G. W., Norins L. C. The TPI and FTA-ABS tests in treated late syphilis. JAMA 1968; 203: 549
  • Schioeter A. L., Lucas J. B., Price E. V., Falcone V. H. Treatment for early syphilis and reactivity of serologic tests. JAMA 1972; 221: 471
  • Sparling P. F. Medical progress. Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1971; 284: 642
  • Grin E. I., Nadazdin M. Non-specific reactions to the quantitative fluorescent antibody test (FTA) in the elderly. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1968; 43: 216
  • Olansky S. Serodiagnosis of syphilis. Med. Clin. North Am. 1972; 56: 1145
  • Reimer C. B., Black C. M., Phillips D. G., Logan L. C., Hunter E. F., Pender B. J., McGrew B. E. The specificity of fetal IgM: Antibody or anti-antibody?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set, to be published
  • Rabin B. S., D'Amanda C. Immunoglobulin alterations associated with heroin addiction. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1973; 14: 359
  • Kaufman R. E., Feeley J. C., Reynolds G. H. Early-warning test for syphilis. Lancet February 2, 1974; 163
  • Duncan W. C., Knox J. M., Wende R. D. the FTA-ABS test in dark-field-positive primary syphilis. JAMA 1974; 228: 859
  • Morbidity and Mortality. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia March 24, 1973; 102 and 107

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.