Effects of Preanalytical Factors on the Intraindividual Variation of Analytes in the Blood of Healthy Subjects: Consideration of Preparation of the Subject and Time of Venipuncture

References

• Acland J. D., Gould A. H. Normal variation in the count of circulating eosinophils in man. J. Physiol. (London) 1956; 133: 456
   Google Scholar
• Alström T., Grasbeck R., Hjelm M., Skandsen S. Recommendations concerning the collection of reference values in clinical chemistry and activity report. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 1975; 35(Suppl. 144)1
   Google Scholar
• Annino J. S., Relman A. S. The effect of eating on some clinically important chemical constituents of blood. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1959; 31: 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegarth D. A., Poon S. Interpretation of elevated blood glycine levels in children. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 63: 49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Astrand P. O., Hallback I., Hedman R., Saltin B. Blood lactates after prolonged severe exercise. J. Appl., Physiol. 1963; 18: 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain B. J., England J. M. Variations in leucocyte count during menstrual cycle. Br. Med. J. 1975; 2: 473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balzer E. 24 hourly rhythm of serum bilirubins. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl. 1953; 278: 67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett R. N. Medical significance of laboratory results. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1968; 50: 671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett P. V. D. Hyperbilirubinemia of fasting. JAMA 1971; 217: 1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belin J., Smith A. D., Thompson R. H. S. Effect of short-term oral administration of sunflower seed oil on the pattern of non-esterified fatty acids in human plasma. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 61: 95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellet S., Kershbaum A., Aspe J. The effect of caffeine on free fatty acids. Arch. Intern. Med. 1965; 116: 750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop C., Talbot J. H. Uric acid: its role in biological processes and the influence upon it of physiological, pathological and pharmacological agents. Pharm. Rev. 1953; 5: 231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomer J. R., Barrett P. V., Rodkey F. L., Berlin N. I. Studies on the mechanism of fasting hyperbilirubinemia. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokelund H., Winkel P., Statland B. E. Factors contributing to intraindividual variation of serum constituents. III. Use of randomized duplicate serum specimens to evaluate sources of analytical errors. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1974; 20: 1507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowie E. J. W., Tauxe W. N., Sjoberg W. E., Yamaguchi M. Y. Daily variation in the concentration of iron in serum. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1963; 40: 491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brohult J. Effects of high protein and low protein diets on ornithine carbamyl transferase activity in human serum. Acta. Med. Scand. 1969; 185: 357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown F. A., Jr. The “clocks” turning biologic rhythms. Am. Sci. 1972; 60: 756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraway W. T. Sources of error in clinical chemistry. Stand. Methods Clin. Chem. 1965; 5: 19
   Google Scholar
• Caraway W. T., Kammeyer C. W. Chemical interference by drugs and other substances with clinical laboratory test procedures. Clin. Chem. Acta 1972; 41: 395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlsten A., Hallgren B., Jagenburg R., Svanborg A., Werko L. Arterial concentratio2n of free fatty acids and free amino acids in healthy individuals at rest and at different work loads. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1962; 14: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter N. G., Maynard J. H. Standardization and evaluation of the oral glucose tolerance test. Med. J. Aust. 1970; 1: 1293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cartwright G. E., Wintrobe M. M. Copper metabolism in normal subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1964; 14: 224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers R. A., Healy M. J. R., Lawson A. M., Watts R. W. E. Urinary organic acids in man. II. Effects of individual variation and diet on the urinary excretion of acidic metabolites. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem N.C.) 1976; 22: 1288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs A. W., Kivel R. M., Lieberman A. Effects of ethyl alcohol on hepatic circulation, sulfbromphthalein clearance, and hepatic glutamic oxalacetic transaminase production in man. Gastroenterology 1963; 45: 176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiansen C., Naestoft J., Hvidberg E. F., Larsen N. E., Petersen B. An easy procedure for in vivo estimation of protein binding and correction of elevated serum values induced by venous stasis. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1975; 62: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke J. S., Cruze K., McKissock P. K., Ozeran R. S. Diphasic blood ammonia curves after feeding protein to normal dogs and men. AMA Arch. Surg. 1959; 78: 836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coburn S. P., Seidenberg M., Fuller R. W. Daily rhythm in plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1968; 129: 338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy R. T. W.L., Mills J. N. Human Circadian Rhythms. J. and A. Churchill, London 1970
   Google Scholar
• Cornblath M., Reigne S. H. Blood glucose in the neonate and its clinical significance. N. Engl. J. Med. 1965; 273: 378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotlove E., Harris E. K., Williams G. Z. Biological and analytical components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. III. Physiological and medical implications. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem N.C.) 1970; 16: 1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox D. W. Factors influencing serum ceruloplasmic levels in normal individuals. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1966; 68: 893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Critz J. B., Merrick A. W. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels after exercise in men. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962; 109: 608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale D. C., Allirg D. W., Wolff S. M. Application of time series analysis to serial blood neutrophil counts in normal individuals and patients receiving Cyclophosphamide. Br. J. Haematol. 1973; 24: 57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dave M. E., Hult B. E. Changes in circulating eosinophils in women during the menstrual cycle and reproduction. J. Clin Endocrinol. 1949; 9: 714
   Google Scholar
• Deitrick J. E., Whedon G. D., Shorr E., Barr D. P. Effects of bed rest and immobilization upon various physiological and chemical functions of normal men. Trans 9th Conf. Metabolic Aspects Convalescence Bone Wound Healing. Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, New York 1945; 62
   Google Scholar
• Dent C. E. Some problems of hyperparathyroidism. Brit. Med. J. 1962; 2: 1419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donayre J., Pincus G. Serum enzymes in the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1965; 25: 432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenberg S. Postural changes in plasma volume in hypoalbuminemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 1963; 112: 544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenberg S., Wolf P. C. Plasma volume after posture change in hypertensive subjects. Arch. Intern. Med. 1965; 115: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elwood P. C. Diurnal hemoglobin variation in normal male subjects. Clin. Sci. 1962; 23: 379
   Google Scholar
• Faber S. J., Pellegrino E. D., Conan N. J., Earle D. P. Observations on the plasma potassium level of man. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1951; 221: 678
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabey T. D., Rolph R. Venous and capillary blood hematocrit at rest and following submaximal exercise. Eur. J. App. Physiol. 1975; 34(2)109
   Google Scholar
• Farris E. J. The blood picture of athletes as affected by intercollegiate sports. Am. J. Anat. 1943; 72: 223
   Google Scholar
• Fawcett J. K., Wynn V. Effects of posture on plasma volume and some blood constituents. J. Clin. Pathol. 1960; 13: 304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feign R. D. Blood and urine amino acid aberrations. Physiological and pathological changes in patients without inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1969; 117: 24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feiman C., Moorhouse J. A. Diurnal variation in the levels of glucose and related substances in healthy and diabetic subjects during starvation. Clin. Sci. 1967; 32: 111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forssell G., Nordlander R., Nyquist O., Orinius E., Styrelius I. Creatine phosphokinase after submaximal physical exercise in untrained individuals. Acta. Med. Scand. 1975; 197: 503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fowler W. M., Jr., Chowdhury S. R., Pearson C. M., Gardner G., Bratton R. Changes in serum enzyme levels after exercise in trained and untrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 1962; 17: 943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank H. A., Carr M. H. “Normal” serum electrolytes with a note on seasonal and menstrual variation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1957; 49: 246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Free H. M., Smeby R. R., Cook M. H., Free A. H. A comparative study of qualitative tests for ketones in urine and serum. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1958; 4: 323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freer D., Statland B. E. The effects of moderate ethanol consumption on the activity values of enzymes in serum of healthy subjects. I. Short-term effects. 2nd European Congr. Clinical Chemistry, Prague, October, 1976
   Google Scholar
• Freer D., Statland B. E. The effects of moderate ethanol consumption on the activity values of serum of healthy subjects. II. Intermediate-term effects. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1977; 23: 830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedemann T. E., Haugen G. E., Kmieciak T. C. Pyruvic acid. III. The level of pyruvic and lactic acid on the lactic pyruvic ratio in the blood of human subjects. The effect of food, light muscular activity, and anoxia at high altitudes. J. Biol. Chem. 1945; 157: 673
   Google Scholar
• Fuller J. H., Grainer S. L., Jarrett R. J., Keen H. Possible seasonal variation of plasma lipids in a healthy population. Clin. Chim. Acta 1974; 52: 305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrilove J. L., Volterra M., Jacobs M. D., Soffer L. J. The effect of the parenteral injection of epinephrine on leukocyte counts in normal subjects and patients with Addison's Disease. Blood 1949; 4: 646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galambos J. T., Asda M., Shank J. Z. The effect of intravenous ethanol on serum enzymes in patients with normal diseased liver. Gastroenterology 1963; 44: 267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galteau M. M., Siest G., Poortmans J. Continuous in vivo measurement of creatine kinase variation in man during an exercise. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 66: 89
   Google Scholar
• Garby L., Schneider W., Sundquist O., Vuille J. C. A ferro-erythrokinetic model and its properties. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 1963; 49(Suppl. 216)1
   Google Scholar
• Garrey W. E., Bryan W. R. Variations in white blood cell counts. Physiol. Rev. 1935; 15: 597
   Google Scholar
• Gerbrandy J., vanLeeuwen A. M., Hellendoorn H. B. A., De Vires L. A. The binding between electrolytes and serum proteins calculated from an in vivo filtration method. Clin. Sci. 1960; 19: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerron G. G., Ansley J. D., Isaacs J. W., Kutner M. H., Rudman D. Technical pitfalls in measurement of venous plasma ammonia concentration. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1976; 22: 663
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glassy F. J., Blumenfeld C. M. Individual normal laboratory values. Calif. Med. 1968; 108: 172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenn W. G., Shannon I. L. Normal human serum parameters for simulated altitude and aerospace flights. III. Estimation of change in serum potassium, sodium, and chloride. Aerosp. Med. 1966; 37: 1008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glick J. H., Jr. Expression of random analytical error as percentage of the range of clinical interest. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1976; 22: 475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grannis G. F. Plasma fibrinogen: determination, normal values, physiopathologic shifts, and fluctuations. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1970; 16: 486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg D. M., Lucia S. P., Mackey M. A., Tufts E. V. The magnesium content of the plasma and the red corpuscles in human blood. J. Biol. Chem. 1960; 100: 139
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths P. D. Serum levels of CPK. The normal range and effect of muscular activity. Clin. Chim. Acta 1966; 13: 413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guttler F., Olesen E. S., Wamberg E. Diurnal variations of serum phenylalanine in phenylketonuric children on low phenylalanine diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1969; 22: 1568
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagerman D. D., Wellington F. M. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity during pregnancy and in the newborn. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1959; 77: 348
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halberg F. Biological rhythms. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1975; 54: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halonen P. I., Konttinen A. Effect of physical exercise on some enzymes in the serum. Nature 1962; 193: 942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham T. H., Curtis F. C. Plasma fibrinogen response in man. Influence of the nutritional state, induced hyperpyrexia, infectious disease and liver damage. Medicine (Baltimore) 1938; 17: 413
   Google Scholar
• Hamfelt A. The effect of pyridoxal phosphate on the aminotransferase assay in blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1970; 18(Suppl. 92)181
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton L. D., Gubler C. J., Cartwright G. E., Winthrobe M. M. Diurnal variation in plasma iron level of man. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1950; 75: 64
   Google Scholar
• HammondWentz J. P., Statland B. E., Phillips J. C., Winkel P. Daily variation of lipids and hormones in sera of healthy subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 1976; 73: 347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris E. K. Effects of intra- and inter-individual variation on the appropriate use of normal ranges. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1974; 20: 1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E. K. Some theory of reference values. I. Stratified normal ranges and a method for following an individual's clinical laboratory values. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1975; 21: 1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E. K. Some theory of reference models. II. Comparison of some statistical models of intra-individual variation in blood constituents. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1976; 22: 1343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E. K., Kanofsky P., Shakarji G., Cotlove E. Biological and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. II. Estimating biological components of variations. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1970; 16: 1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen H. N., Blegen E. M. Plasma creatinine concentration and creatinine clearance in clinical work. Ann. Intern. Med. 1955; 43: 731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helman N., Rubenstein L. S. The effects of age, sex, and smoking on erythrocytes and leukocytes. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63(1)35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henrotte J. G., Krishnaraj P. S. Climatic variation of plasma potassium in men. Nature 1962; 195: 184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry R. J. Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Techniques. Harper & Row, New York 1964
   Google Scholar
• Hetland O., Brubakk E. Diurnal variation in serum zinc concentration. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1973; 32: 225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbie R. K., Halberg F. Rhythmometry made easy, Biorhythms and Reproduction, M. Ferin, F. Halberg, R. M. Richart, R. L. Uandaviele. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1972
   Google Scholar
• Hollister L. E., Beckman W. G., Baker M. Comparative variability of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1964; 248: 329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollister L. E., Wright A. Diurnal variation of serum lipids. J. Atheroscler. Res. 1965; 5: 445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honma Y., Nimura T. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in chronic alcoholics. Jpn. J. Stud. Alcohol 1969; 4: 87
   Google Scholar
• Horder K., Klorder M. Plasma haptoglobin and physical exercise: changes in healthy individuals concomitant with strenuous march. Clin. Chim. Acta 1970; 30: 369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoyer K. Physiologic variations in the iron content of human blood serum. Acta. Med. Scand. 1944; 119: 562
   Google Scholar
• Huckabee W. E. Relationship of pyruvate and lactate during anerobic metabolism. Effects of infusion of pyruvate or glucose and of hyperventilation. J. Clin. Invest. 1958; 37: 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckabee W. E. Abnormal resting blood lactate. Am. J. Med. 1961; 30: 833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurkate P. C., Jain M. Some haematological changes during exercise. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1973; 17(1)71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husdan H., Rapoport A., Locke S. Influence of posture on the serum concentration of calcium. Metabolism 1973; 22: 787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husdan H., Rapoport A., Locke S., Oreopoulos D. Effect of venous occlusion of the arm on the concentration of calcium in serum, and methods for its compensation. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1974; 20: 529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingenbleek Y. Albumin, transferrin and the thyroxine-binding prealbumin/retinol-binding protein (TBPA-RBP) complex in assessment of malnutrition. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 63: 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett R. J., Keen H. Further observations on the diurnal variation in oral glucose tolerance. Br. Med. J. 1970; 4: 334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John T. J. Leukocytosis during steroid therapy. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1966; 11: 68
   Google Scholar
• Kachadorian W. A., Johnson R. E. The effect of exercise on some clinical measures of renal function. Am. Heart. J. 1971; 82: 278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanabrocki E. L., Greco J., Wilkoff L., Veach R. Comparison of plasma uric acid levels obtained with five different methods. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1957; 3: 156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karvonen M. J., Kunnas M. Factor analysis of haematological changes in heavy manual work. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1953; 29: 220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennon B., Shipp M. E., Hetherington D. C. A study of the white blood cell picture in six young men. Am. J. Physiol. 1937; 118: 690
   Google Scholar
• Kerr A. C. The effect of mental stress on the eosinophil leukocyte count in man. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1956; 41: 18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keys A., Anderson J. T., Fidanza F., Keys M. H., Swahn B. Effect of diet on blood lipids in man. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1955; 1: 34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keys A., Parlin R. W. Serum cholesterol response to changes in dietary lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1966; 19: 175
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimzey S. L., Johnson P. C., Ritzman S. E., Mengel C. E. Hematology and immunology studies: the second manned Skylab mission. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1976; 47(4)383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King S., Statland B. E. The effects of a short burst of enzyme activity values in sera of healthy subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 1976; 72: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerselman H. B., Lewis R., Pilkington T. R. E. The effect of venous occlusion on the level of serum cholesterol. J. Atheroscler. Res. 1961; 1: 85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keuppers F., Brackertz D., Czygan P. J. Serum α 1 -antitrypsin levels during the ovarian cycle. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1972; 39: 131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange H. F. The normal plasma protein values and their relative variations. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl. 1946; 176: 1
   Google Scholar
• Laurell C. B. The diurnal variation of the serum iron concentration. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1953; 5: 118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leonhardt W., et al. Long-term and short-term observations of the intraindividual variations of lipids in serum. 2nd European Congr. of Clinical Chemistry, Prague, October, 1976
   Google Scholar
• Lieber C. S. Interference of ethanol in hepatic cellular metabolism. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 252: 24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedén G., Höglund S., Ehn L. Changes in certain iron metabolism variables after a single blood donation. Acta Med. Scand. 1975; 197(1–2)27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackie J. A., Arvan D. A., Mullen J. L., Rawnsley H. M. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels after the administration of certain preparations of human albumin. Am. J. Surg. 1971; 121: 57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maughan W. Z., Bishop C. R., Pryor T. A., Athens J. W. The question of cycling of the blood neutrophil concentrations and pitfalls in the statistical analysis of sampled data. Blood 1973; 41: 85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarthy E. F., Van Slyke D. D. Diurnal variations of hemoglobin in the blood of normal men. J. Biol. Chem. 1939; 128: 567
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin M., Raggatt P. R., Fairney A., Brown D. J., Lester E., Wills M. R. Seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in healthy people. Lancet 1974; 1(857)536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milby T. H., Mitchell J. E., Freeman T. S. Seasonal neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics 1969; 43: 601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milhorat A. T., Small S. M., Diethelm O. Leukocytosis during various emotional states. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 1942; 47: 779
   Google Scholar
• Mole R. H. Diurnal and sampling variations in the determination of haemoglobin. J. Physiol., (London) 1945; 104: 1
   Google Scholar
• Morley A. A. A neutrophil cycle in healthy individuals. Lancet 1966; 1: 1220
   Google Scholar
• Munkner C. Fasting concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids in diabetic and non-diabetic plasma and diurnal variations in normal subjects. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1959; 11: 388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naismith D. J., Akinyanju P. A., Szanto S., Yudkin J. The effect in volunteers of coffee and decaffeinated coffee on blood glucose, insulin, plasma lipids and some factors involved in blood clotting. Nutr. Metab. 1970; 12: 144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson D. H., Sanberg A. A., Palmer J. G., Tyler F. H. Blood levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids following the administration of adrenal steroids and their relation to levels of circulating leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1952; 31: 843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niejadlik D. C. The glucose tolerance test. An evaluation. Postgrad. Med. 1974; 55(6)73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttal F. Q., Jones B. Creatine kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity in serum: kinetics of change with exercise and effect of physical conditioning. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 71: 847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olusi S. O., McFariane H., Osunkoya B. O., Adesina H. Specific protein assays in protein-calorie malnutrition. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 62: 107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page I. M., Moinuddin M. The effect of venous occlusion on serum cholesterol and total protein concentration – a warning. Circulation 1962; 25: 651
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page I. M., Moinuddin M. Hourly variations in serum cholesterol. J. Arheroscler. Res. 1962; 2: 181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panek E., Siest G., Gueguen R. Variations in human biological parameters as a function of sampling time. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 1974; 12(5)270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasternack A., Kuhlbäch B. Diurnal variations of serum and urine creatine and creatinine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1971; 27: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak C. L., Kahali B. S. Cyclic variations in the eosinophil count during the phases of the menstrual cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; 17: 862
   Google Scholar
• Pepper H., Lindsay S. Levels of eosinophils, platelets, leukocytes and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids during normal menstrual cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1960; 104: 145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen K. O. On the cause and degree of intra-individual serum calcium variability. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1972; 30: 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralls J. O. Urea is not equally distributed between the water of the blood cell and that of plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1943; 151: 529
   Google Scholar
• Reed A. H., Cannon D. C., Winkelman J. W., Bhasin Y. P., Henry R. J., Pileggi V. J. Estimation of normal ranges from a controlled sample survey. I. Sex- and age-related influence on the SMA 12/60 screening groups of tests. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1972; 18: 57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refsum H. E., Treit B., Meen H. D., Strömme S. B. Serum electrolyte, fluid and acid-base balance after prolonged heavy exercise and low environmental temperature. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1973; 32: 111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refsum H. E., Meen H. D., Strömme S. B. Whole blood, serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations after repeated heavy exercise of long duration. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1973; 32: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley W. J., Pyke F. S., Roberts A. D., England J. F. The effect of long-distance running on some biochemical variables. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 65: 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollason J. G., Pincherie G., Robinson D. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in relation to alcohol consumption. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 39: 75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman H. Normal variation in the count of circulating basophil leukocytes in man. Acta Allergol. 1962; 17: 49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin E., Lieber C. S. Alcohol-induced hepatic injury in nonalcoholic volunteers. N. Engl. J. Med. 1968; 278: 869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin R. T., Plow J. A., Arthur R. J., Clark B. R., Rahe R. H. Serum uric acid, diurnal and hebdomadal variability in norm-reactive subjects. JAMA 1969; 208: 1184
   Google Scholar
• Samuels A. J. Primary and secondary leukocyte changes following the intramuscular injection of epinephrine hydrochloride. J. Clin. Invest. 1951; 30: 941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent F., Weinman K. P. Physiological individuality. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1966; 134: 696
   Google Scholar
• Savory J., Sobel R. E. Physiological variations in serum triglycerides. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1972; 2: 126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schnohr P. Enzyme concentrations in serum after prolonged physical exercise. Dan. Med. Bul. 1974; 21: 68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz M. K. Interferences in diagnostic biochemical procedures. Adv. Clin. Chem. 1973; 16: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• See G. C., Heffelfinger R., Childers D. M. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and the alcoholic patient's response to abstinence. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1976; 6: 349
   Google Scholar
• Segal S., Blair A. E., Wyngaarden J. B. An enzymatic spectrophotometric method for the determination of pyruvic acid in blood. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1956; 48: 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp G. W. G. The effect of light on diurnal leucocyte variations. J. Endocrinol. 1960; 21: 213
   Google Scholar
• Sidell F. R., Kaminskis A. Temporal intrapersonal physiological variability of cholmesterase activity in human plasma and erythrocytes. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1975; 21: 1961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirota J. H., Baldwin D. S., Villarreal H. Diurnal variations of renal function in man. J. Clin. Invest. 1950; 29: 187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snedecor G. W., Cochran W. G. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State University Press, Ames 1967
   Google Scholar
• Snyderman S. E., Holt L. E., Jr., Norton P. M., Roitman E., Phansalkes S. V. The plasma aminogram. I. Influence of the level of protein intake and a comparison of whole protein and amino acid diets. Pediatr. Res. 1968; 2: 131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sollberger A. Rhythmic changes in clinical laboratory values. CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1975; 6(4)247
   Google Scholar
• Song S. K., Rubin E. Ethanol produces muscle damage in human volunteers. Science 1972; 175: 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stam D. Tagesschwankungen der Normalbereiche diagnostisch wichtiger Blutbestandteile. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur innere Medizin. I.F. Bergmann, Munich 1967; 983
   Google Scholar
• Starkweather W. H., Spencer H. H., Schwarz E. L., Schoch H. K. The electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and their evaluation in clinical medicine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1966; 67: 329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents. I. Within-day variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1973; 19: 1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents. II. Effects of exercise and diet on variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin. Chem. (Wiston-Salem, N.C.) 1973; 19: 1390
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Serum alkaline phosphatase after fatty meals: the effect of substrate on the assay procedure. Clin. Chim. Acta 1973; 49: 299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Statland B. E., Bokelund H., Winkel P. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents. IV. Effects of posture and tourniquet application on variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1974; 20: 1513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Factors contributing to variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on Clinical Enzymology, A. Burlina. 1974; 180
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Variations of serum iron concentration in young healthy men: within-day and day-to-day changes. Clin. Biochem. 1974; 9: 26
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P. Problems of precision and accuracy related to specimen collection and handling. Technical Improvement Service 1976; 24: 60
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Killingsworth L. M. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents. VI. Physiologic day-to-day variation of concentration values of ten specific proteins in the sera of healthy subjects. Clin Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1976; 22: 1635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Cross R. E. Physiologic variation of Enzyme Activities in Serum. presented at 7th Int. Symp. on Clinical Enzymology, Venice, April 6, 1976
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Bokelund H. Variation of cholesterol and total lipid concentration values in serum of healthy young men: differentiating analytic error from biologic variability. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 66: 935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P. The relationship of the day-to-day variation of serum iron concentration values to the iron binding capacity values in a group of healthy young women. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1977; 67: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Harris S. C., Burdsall M. J., Saunders A. M. A study of variation of concentration values of leukocyte types. I. Biological components of variation in healthy subjects. Advances in Automated Analysis, Technicon International Congress. Mediad Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y. December, 1976, unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Statland B. E., Winkel P., Harris S. C., Burdsall M. J., Saunders A. M. Evaluation of biological sources of variation of leukocyte counts and other hematological quantities using very precise automated analyzers. Am. J. Clin Pathol., in press
   Google Scholar
• Steinmetz J., Panek E, Sourieau F., Siest G. Influence of food intake on biological parameters. Proc. 2nd Int. Colloquium on Automation and Prospective Biology. Karger, Basel 1973; 193
   Google Scholar
• Stengle J. M., Schade A. L. Diurnal-nocturnal variations of certain blood constituents in normal human subjects. Br. J. Haematol. 1957; 3: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker D. J., Wynn V., Robertson G. Effect of posture on the plasma cholesterol level. Br. Med. J. 1966; 1: 336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Studlar M., Hammert H., Nebosis G., Fichner G. Tagesprofile der freien Fettsäuren, des freien Glycerins, der Triglyceride und des Blutzuckers bei Stoffwechselgesunden (circadian variations). Klin. Wochenschr. 1970; 48: 238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stulb S. C., McDonoudh J. R., Greenberg B. G., Hames C. G. The relationship of nutrient intake and exercise to serum cholesterol levels in white males in Evans County, Georgia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1965; 16: 238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sturgis C. C., Bethell P. H. Quantitative and qualitative variations in normal leukocytes. Physiol. Rev. 1943; 23: 279
   Google Scholar
• Stutzman F. L., Amatuzio D. S. A study of serum and spinal fluid calcium and magnesium in normal humans. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1952; 39: 271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swaiman K. F., Awad E. A. Creatine phosphokinase and other serum enzyme activity after controlled exercise. Neurology 1964; 14: 971
   Google Scholar
• Tan M. H., Wilmshurst E. G., Gleason R. E., Soeldner J. S. Effect of posture on serum lipids. N. Eng. J. Med. 1973; 289: 116
   Google Scholar
• Thomas C. B., Holljes H. W. D., Eisenberg F. F. Observations on seasonal variations in total serum cholesterol level among healthy young prisoners. Ann. Intern. Med. 1961; 54: 413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas C. B., Murphy E. A. Further studies on cholesterol levels in the Johns Hopkins medical students, The effect of stress at examination. J. Chronic Dis. 1958; 8: 661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson W. O., Thompson P. K., Daily M. E. The effect of posture upon the composition and volume of the blood in man. J. Clin. Invest. 1928; 5: 573
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson W. H. S., Sweetin J. C., Hamilton I. J. D. ATP and muscle enzyme efflux after physical exertion. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 59: 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thonnard-Neumnn E. The influence of hormones on the basophilic leukocytes. Acta Haematol. 1961; 25: 261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tietz N. W., Borden T., Stepleton J. D. An improved method for the determination of lipase in serum. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1959; 31: 148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonks D. B. A study of the accuracy and precision of clinical chemistry determinations in 170 Canadian laboratories. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1963; 9: 217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhrbrand H. The number of circulating eosinophils. Acta Med. Scand. 1958; 160: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallee B. L. The time course of serum copper concentrations of patients with myocardial infarctions. Metabolism 1952; 1: 420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallee B. L. Mineral Metabolism, C. L. Comar, F. Bronner. Academic Press, New York 1962; Vol. 2B: 443
   Google Scholar
• Vanzetti G., Valente D. A sensitive method for the determination of hemoglobin in plasma. Clin. Chim. Acta 1965; 11: 442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuille J. C. Computer simulation of ferrokinetic models. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1965; 65(Suppl. 253)1
   Google Scholar
• Wald N., Howard S. Letter: variations in carboxyhaemoglobin levels in smokers. Br. Med. J. 1975; 1(5954)393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallach S., Cahill L. N., Rogan R. H., Jones H. L. Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium in health and disease. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1962; 59: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C. C., Applhanz J. A preliminary report on some extraneous factors that may influence serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase level. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem N.C.) 1956; 2: 249
   Google Scholar
• Warnick G. R., Albers J. J. Physiological and analytical variation in cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipids 1975; 11: 203
   Google Scholar
• Watchorn E., McCance R. A. Inorganic constituents of cerebrospinal fluid. II. The ultrafiltration of calcium and magnesium from human sera. Biochem J. 1932; 26: 54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werkman Th H.P., Trijbels J. M. F., Schretlen E. D. A.M. The short-term iron rhythm. Clin. Chim. Acta 1974; 53: 65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wetstone H. S., LaMotta R. V. The clinical stability of serum cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem. (Wiiston-Salem, N.C.) 1965; 11: 653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead T. P., Prior A. P., Barrowelift D. F. Effect of rest and activity on serum protein fractions. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1959; 24: 1265
   Google Scholar
• Widdowson E. M., McCance R. A. The effect of undernutrition and of posture on the volume and composition of the body fluids. Med. Res. Counc. G. B. Spec. Rep. Ser. 1951; 215: 165
   Google Scholar
• Williams G. Z., Young D. S., Stein M. R., Cotlove E. Biological and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. I. Objectives, subject selection, laboratory procedures, and estimation of analytic deviation. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1970; 16: 1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltink W. F., Kruithof J., Mol C., Bos M. G., Van Eijk H. G. Diurnal and noctural variations of the serum iron in normal subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 1973; 49: 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E., Nielsen M. K. Biologic and analytic components of variation of concentration values of selected serum proteins: Within-day variation in a group of healthy young men. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1976; 36: 531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E. Using the subject as his own referent in assessing day-to-day changes of laboratory test results. Contemp. Top. Clin. Anal. Chem. 1977; 1: 281
   Google Scholar
• Winkel P., Bokelund H., Statland B. E. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents. V. Short-term day-to-day and within-hour variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1974; 20: 1520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E., Bokelund H. The effects of time of venipuncture on variation of serum constituents: consideration of within-day and day-to-day changes in a group of healthy young men. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 64: 433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E., Bokelund H., Johnson E. A. Correlation of selected serum constituents. I. Inter-individual variation and analytical error. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1975; 21: 1592
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E. Correlation of selected serum constituents. II. Consistency of means, variances, and correlation coefficients over a four month period. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1976; 22: 1855
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkel P., Statland B. E., Burdsall M. J., Harris S. C., Luntrup J., Saunders A. M. A study of variation of concentration values of leukocyte types. II. Analytical considerations – manual versus automated cell counting. Advances in Automatic Analysis, Technicon International Congress. Mediad Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y. December, 1976, unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman J. W., Cannon D. C., Pileggi V. J., Reed A. H. Estimation of norms from a controlled sample survey. II. Influence of body habitus, oral contraceptives, and other factors on values for the normal range derived from the SMA 12/60 screening group of tests. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1973; 19: 488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winsten S. The ecology of normal values in clinical chemistry. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1976; 6: 319
   Google Scholar
• Wirth W. A., Thompson R. L. The effect of various conditions and substances on the results of laboratory procedures. Am J. Clin. Pathol. 1965; 43: 579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• With T. K. Biology of Bile pigments. Arne Frost Hansen, Copenhagen 1954
   Google Scholar
• Wroblewski F. The clinical significance of alterations in transaminase activities of serum and other body fluids. Adv. Clin. Chem. 1958; 1: 313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wroblewski F., LaDue J. S. Lactic dehydrogenase activity in blood. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1955; 90: 210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurtman R. J., Chou C., Rose C. M. Daily rhythm in tyrosine concentration in human plasma: persistence on low-protein diets. Science 1967; 158: 660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young D. S. Factors influencing the concentration of serum constituents in well individuals. Med. Instrum. (Baltimore) 1974; 8: 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young D. S., Epley J. A., Goldman P. Influence of a chemically defined diet on the composition of serum and urine. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem. N.C.) 1971; 17: 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young D. S., Harris E. K., Cotlove E. BioIogical and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. IV. Results of a study designed to eliminate long-term analytic deviations. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1971; 17: 403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young D. S., Pestaner L. C., Ginberman V. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1975; 21: ID
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar