20
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes

&
Pages 1-30 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Moss D. W. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Technical and clinical aspects. Enzyme 1975; 20: 20
  • Briere R. O. Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes, Commission on continuing education, Check Sample Program. American Society of Clinical Pathology, Chicago 1973, Advanced Clinical Chemistry, No. 8
  • Schiebelbein R., Brounlow K., Elevitch F. R. The Enigma of Solitary Elevated Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (abstr.). Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, College of American Pathologists, Chicago, 1973
  • Neale F. C., Clubb J. S., Hotchkis D., Posen S. Heat stability of human placental alkaline phosphatase. J. Clin. Pathol. 1965; 18: 359
  • Posen S., Neale F. C., Clubb J. S. Heat inactivation in the study of human alkaline phosphatases. Ann. Intern. Med. 1965; 63: 1234
  • Tan It-Koon, Chio Foon L., Teow-Suah L. Heat stability of human serum alkaline phosphatase in bone and liver disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 41: 329
  • Moss D. W., Shakespear M. J., Thomas D. M. Observation on the heat stability of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 40
  • Clerc Petit C. Quantitative fractionation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes according to their thermostability. Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 42
  • Oaren A., Levanthal C. A fine structure genetic and chemical study of enzyme alkaline phosphatase of E. coli. I. Purification and characteristics of alkaline phosphatase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1960; 38: 470
  • Wolf M., Dinwoodie A., Morgan H. G. Comparison of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity using five standard methods. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1969; 24: 131
  • Fitzgerald M. X., Jennelly J. J., McOeeney K. The value of differential alkaline phosphatase thermostability in clinical diagnosis. Am. J. Clin Pathol. 1969; 51: 194
  • Whitby L. G., Moss D. W. Analysis of heat inactivation curves of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 59: 361
  • Cadeau B. J., Malkin A. A relative heat stability test for the identification of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1973; 45: 235
  • Moss D. W., Whitby L. O. A simplified heat inactivation method for investigating alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 61: 63
  • Peacock A. C., Reed R. A., Highsmith E. M. Separation of serum alkaline phosphatase in normal subjects by continuous flow electrophoresis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1963; 8: 914
  • Callaghan P., Martin N. G. The relation of the rotary dispersion behavior of human serum albumin to its configuration. Biochem. J. 1962; 83: 144
  • Callaghan P., Martin N. H. Optical rotatory dispersion and the conformation of human gammaglobulin. Biochemical J. 1963; 87: 225
  • Fenneily J. J., Fitzgerald M. X., McGenney K. Value of differential thermostability, urea inhibition, and gel filtration of alkaline phosphatase in the identification of disease states. Gut 1969; 10: 45
  • Horme M., Cornish C. J., Posen S. Use of urea denaturation in the indentification of human alkaline phosphatase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 72: 905
  • Ohosh N. K., Fishman W. H. L-Phenylalanine inhibition of rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase: a homosteric phenomenon. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1968; 126: 700
  • Ghosh N. K., Fishman W. H. On the mechanism of inhibition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase by L-phenylalanine. J. Biol. Chem. 1966; 214: 2516
  • Green S., Anstiss C. L., Fishman W. H. Automated differential isoenzyme analysis. II. The fractionation of serum alkaline phosphatase into “liver,” “intestinal” and “other” components. Enzymologica 1971; 41: 9
  • Borgers M. In electromicroscopy and cytochemistry, E. Wissen, W. T. Dames, J. Molenaar, P. Van Duijn. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1973; 51
  • Chan A. W., Kellen J. A. Resistance to ievamisole (R12456) in heat stable alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1975; 60: 91
  • Fishman W. H., Su H. G. L-Homoarginic; an inhibitor of serum “bone and liver” alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1970; 29: 330
  • Batsakis J. G. The biliary tract enzymes, A.S.C.P. Commission on continuing education check sample program 1974; ACC-9
  • Lum G., Gambino S. R. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidate activity as an indication of diseases of liver, pancreas or bone. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 358
  • Miyazaki S., Okumura M. Changes of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase level and isoenzyme pattern in hepatobiliary pancreatic disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 40: 93
  • Betro M. G., Oon R. S. C., Edwards J. B. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in diseases of the liver and bone. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 60: 672
  • Szasz G., Rosenthal P., Fritzsche W. GGT-Aktivitat in Serum bei hepatobiliaren Erkrankungen. Dtsch. Med. Woschenschr. 1969; 94: 1911
  • Shore G. M., Hoberman L., Dowdeg B. C., Combes B. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in normal children. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63: 245
  • Zein M., Discombe G. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase as a diagnostic aid. Lancet 1970; 2: 748
  • Agostini A., Ideo G., Stabilini R. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in myocardial infarction. Br. Heart J. 1965; 27: 688
  • Ewens L. M., Griffiths J. Patterns of enzyme activity following myocardial infarction and ischemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1971; 56: 614
  • Ravens K. G., Gudbyarnsen S., Cowan C. M. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in myocardial infarction. Circulation 1969; 39: 693
  • Betro M. G., Oon R. C. S., Edwards J. B. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and other liver function tests in myocardial infarction and heart failure. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 60: 679
  • Dimov D. A study of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in myocardial infarction. Cor Vasa 1968; 10: 245
  • Aber C. P., Brunt P. E., Wyn E., Richards T. G., Short A. H., Bernstein V. Liver function after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1966; 1: 1393
  • Whitfield J. B., Moss D. W., Neale G., Orme M., Breckenridge A. Changes in plasma gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity associated with alterations in drug metabolism in man. Br. Med. J. 1973; 18: 316
  • Cucuianu M., Zdrenghea D., Pop M., Opincaru A. Increased serum gamma glutamyl transferase in hypertrig-lyceridemia: comparison with serum pseudocholinesterase. Clin. Chim. Acta 1976; 71: 419
  • Martin J., Martin J. V., Goldberg D. M. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides, and enzyme induction. Br. Med. J. 1975; 1: 17
  • Dent C. E., Richens A., Rowe D. J. F., Stamp T. C. B. Osteomalacia with long-term anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 1970; 4: 69
  • Hahn T. J., Birge S. J., Scharp C. R., Avioli L. V. Phenobarbitalinduced alterations in vitamin D metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. 1972; 51: 741
  • Ewens L. M., Griffiths J. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase: elevated activities in certain neurologic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 59: 2
  • Skillen A. W., Pierides A. M. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Clin. Chim. Acta 1976; 72: 245
  • Boone D. J., Tietz N. W., Weinstock A. Significance of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity measurements in alcohol-induced hepatic injury. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1977; 7: 25
  • Rosalki S. B., Rau D. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in alcoholism. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 39: 41
  • Nygren A. Serum CPK activity in chronic alcoholism in connection with acute alcohol intoxication. Acta Med. Scand. 1966; 179: 623
  • Horner F., Kellen J. A., Malkin A. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in alcoholism. Clin. Chem. 1975; 21: 997
  • Wachstein M. Enzymatic histochemistry of the liver. Gastroenterology 1959; 37: 525
  • Ooldbarg J. A., Pineda E. P., Rutenburg A. M. The measurement of activity of leucine aminopeptidase in serum, urine, bile and tissue. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1959; 32: 571
  • Hill P. G., Sammons H. G. The PH optimum of human 5-nucleotidase enzyme 1971; 12: 201
  • Boyer S. H. Alkaline phosphatase in human sera and placentae. Science 1961; 134: 1002
  • Inglis N. R., Kirley S., Stolback L. L., Fishman W. H. Pbenotype of the Regan isoenzyme and identity between the placental D-variant and Nagao isoenzyme. Cancer Res. 1973; 33: 1657
  • Fishman L. Acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase of human tissues, serum, and aches fluid using Triton X-100 in the sample and the gel matrix. Biochem. Med. 1974; 9: 309
  • Wieme R. J. Agar Gel Electrophoresis. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1965
  • Sunblad L., Wallin-Nilsson M., Brohult J. Characterization of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum by agar gel electrophoresis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1973; 45: 219
  • Johnson R. B., Ellingboe K., Gibbs P. A study of various electrophoresis and inhibition techniques for separating serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 110
  • Smith I., Lightstone P. J., Perry J. D. Separation of human tissue alkaline phosphatase by electrophoresis on acrylamide disc gels. Clin. Chan. Acta. 1968; 19: 449
  • Fritsche H. A., Adam-Park H. R. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human serum and tissue. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 419
  • Siede W. H., Seiffert V. B. Quantitative alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme determination by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 28
  • Rand W. C., Mancuia S. J., Du Frene J. K. Isoenzymes with phenolphthalein monophosphate following cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Clin. Chem. 1968; 14: 47
  • Morton R. K. Separation and purification of enzymes associated with insoluble particles. Nature 1950; 166: 1092
  • Wilkenson J. H. Isoenzymes. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1970
  • Higashino I., Hashinotsume M., Yamamura Y. Effect of neuraminic acid removal on the properties of a variant alkaline phosphatase in hepatoma. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 40: 305
  • Dale G., Latner A. L. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Lancet 1968; 1: 847
  • Fishman W. H. Persepctives on alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Am. J. Med. 1974; 56: 617
  • Robson B. B., Harris H. Genetics of the alkaline phosphatase polymorphism of the human placenta. Nature 1965; 207: 1257
  • Beckman L., Beckman G. Christodoulou, and C. Ifekwumigive, A., Variations in human placental alkaline phosphatase. Acta Genet. Stat. Med. 1967; 17: 406
  • Beckman L., Beckman G. A genetic variant of placental alkaline phosphatase with unusual electrophoretic properties. Ada Genet. Stat. Med. 1968; 18: 543
  • Fishman W. H., Inglis N. R., Stalbach L. L. A serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme of human neoplastic cell origin. Cancer Res. 1968; 28: 150
  • Griffin M. J., Cox R. P. Studies on the mechanisms of hormone induction of alkaline phosphatase in human cell cultures. II. Rate of enzyme synthesis and properties of base level and induced enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 1966; 56: 946
  • Gault M. H., Cohen M. W., Hahana L. M. Serum enzymes in patients with carcinoma of the lung: lactic acid dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, alkaline phosphatase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1966; 96: 87
  • Nicholes F., Bower B., Williams H. Adrenocortical Carcinoma in the Adult: reemphasis and New Aspects. 48th Annu. Meet. Endocrine Soc., Chicago, 1966, 107
  • Stolbach L. L., Krant M. J., Fishman W. H. Ectopic production of an alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in patients with cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 281: 757–762
  • Inglis N. R., Guzek D. T., Kirley S., Green S., Fishman W. H. Rapid electrophoretic microzone membrane technique for Regan isoenzyme (placental type alkaline phosphatase) using a fluorogenic substrate. Clin. Chim. Acta 1971; 33: 287
  • Nathanson L., Fishman W. H. New observations on the Regan isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in cancer patients. Cancer 1971; 27: 1388
  • Nakayama T., Yoshida M., Kitamura M. L-Leucine sensitive, heat stable alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes detected in a patient with pleuritic carcinomatosa. Clin. Chim. Acta 1969; 24: 5
  • Warnock M. L., Reisman R. Variant alkaline phosphatase in human hepatocellular cancers. Clin. Chim. Acta 1969; 24: 5
  • Higashino K., Hashinotsume M., Kang K. Y., Takahoshi Y., Yamamura Y. Studies on a variant alkaline phosphatase in sera of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 40: 67
  • Higashino K., Ohtani R., Kudo S., Hashinotsuma M., Hada T., Kang K. Y., Ohkochi T., Takahashi Y., Yamamura Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma and a variant alkaline phosphatase. Ann. Intern. Med. 1975; 83: 74
  • Jacoby B., Bagobawe K. D. Placental type alkaline phosphatase from human tumor tissue. Clin. Chim. Acta 1971; 35: 473
  • Higashino K., Kudo S., Yamamura Y., Takeshi H., Sakurai J. Possible identity between the hepatoma alkaline phosphatase and an isoenzyme of human aminotic membrane (F L Cells). Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 60: 267
  • McKenzie D., Henderson A. R. The occurrence of the Regan variant alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the serum of a case of adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 62: 447
  • Connell M. D., Dinwoodie A. J. Diagnostic use of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and 5′-nucleotidase. Clin. Chim. Acta 1970; 30: 235
  • Streifler C., Schnitzer N., Harell A. A rare isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in 4 patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1972; 38: 244
  • Cha C. J. M., Mastrobrancesco B., Cha S., Randall H. T. Electrophoretic patterns of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human sera with abnormally high activity, and an unusual band observed in sera of patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin. Chem. 1975; 21: 1067
  • Qirbi A. A., Moss D. W. Incidence and some properties of an electrophoretically slow form of alkaline phosphatase in sera of patients with diseases of the intestine. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 60: 1
  • Otani R., Higashino K., Yamamura Y. Electrophoretically variant alkaline phosphatase in a human liver. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 60: 113
  • Romslo I., Bjark P., Solberg C. O. Ectopic alkaline phosphatase production in metastasizing ventricular carcinoma. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1971; 28: 21
  • Henderson A. R., Grace D. M. Liver originating isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in the serum: a paraneoplastic manifestation of a malignant schwannoma of the sciatic nerve. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 29: 237
  • Dingian R. C., Postma T., Stroes J. A. P. The diagnostic value of certain alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in human serum, fractions obtained by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 60: 169
  • Rosalki S. B., Hurst N. P. Transient presence in serum of an atypical alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chim. Acta 1976; 73: 149
  • Fishman W. H., Green S., Inglis N. I. L-Phenylalanine: an organ specific sterospecific inhibitor of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Nature 1963; 198: 685
  • Fishman W. H., Inglis N. I., Krant M. J. Serum alkaline phosphatase of intestinal origin in patients with cancer and with cirrhosis of the liver. Clin. Chim. Acta 1965; 12: 298
  • It-Koon T., Moss D. W. The estimation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in human blood serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 1969; 25: 117
  • Posen S., Neale F. C., Birkett D. J., Brudenell-Woods J. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1967; 48: 81
  • Blomstrand R., Werner B. Alkaline phosphatase activity in human thoracic duct lymph. Acta Clin Scand. 1965; 129: 177
  • Keiding N. R. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase of human lymph. Clin. Sci. 1964; 26: 291
  • Keiding N. R. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in human lymph and serum. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1966; 18: 134
  • Arfors K. E., Beckman L., Beckman L. G. Genetic variations of human serum phosphatase. Acta Genet, Stat. Med., Basel 1963; 13: 89
  • Bounous G., Jempson L. G., Gurd F. N. Cellular nucleotides in hemorrhagic shock. Ann. Surg. 1964; 160: 650
  • Bounous G., Hugon J. Serum levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in relation to shock. Surgery 1971; 69: 238
  • Walker A. W. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in serum of patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1974; 55: 395
  • Henderson L. W., Metz M., Wilkinson J. H. Serum enzyme elevation in giutethimide intoxication. Br. Med. J. 1970; 3: 751
  • Culvertaft C. N., Luffman J. E., Roboson E. B., Harris H., Langman M. J. S. Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in patients operated upon for peptic ulcer. Lancet 1967; 237
  • Langman M. J. S., Constantinopoius A., Bouchier I. A. D. ABO blood groups, secretor status and intestinal mucosal concentrations of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Nature 1968; 217: 863
  • Dent C. E., Norris T., Smith R., Sutton R. A. L., Temperley J. M. Steatorrhoea with striking increase of plasma-alkaline phosphatase of intestinal origin. Lancet 1968; 1: 1333
  • Zimmet P., Breidahl H. D., Nayier W. D. Plasma ionized calcium in hypomagenesaemia. Br. Med. J. 1968; 1: 622
  • Solbach L. L., Krant M. J., Inglish N. I., Fishman W. H. Correlation of serum L-phenylalanine sensitive alkaline phosphatase derived from intestine, with the ABO blood group of cirrhotics. Gastroenterology 1954; 52: 819
  • Klein V. E. Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1969; 11: 526
  • Rambaud J. C., Bognel C., Prost A., Bernier J. J., Le Quintrec Y., Lambling A., Danon F., Hurez D., Seligmann M. Clinico-pathological study of patient with “Mediterranean” type abdominal lymphoma and a new type of IGA abnormality (alpha chain disease). Digestion 1968; 1: 321
  • Danovitch S. H., Baer P. N., Lester L. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in hypophosphatasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1968; 278
  • Warshaw J. B., Littlefield J. W., Inglish N. R., Fishman W. H., Stolbach L. L. Tissue origins of serum alkaline phosphatase in hypophosphatasia. J. Clin. Invest. 1971; 50: 2137
  • Jennings R. C., Brocklenurst D., Jurst M. A comparative study of alkaline phosphatase enzymes using starch gel electrophoresis and sephadex gel filtration with special reference to high molecular weight enzymes. Clin. Chim. Acta 1970; 30: 509
  • Hagerstrand I., Lindholm K., Lendioth Y. Endothelial and bile canalicular alkaline phosphate in human liver and serum. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1976; 36: 131
  • Price C. P., Hill P. G., Sammons H. G. The nature of alkaline phosphatase of bile. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 25: 149
  • Stauffer M. H. Nephrogenic hepalosplenomegaly. Gastroenterology 1961; 40: 694
  • Walsh P. N., Kissane J. M. Nonmetastatic hypernephroma with reversible hepatic dysfunction. Arch. Intern. Med. 1968; 122: 214
  • Abels J. C., Gorham A. T., Craver L. F., Rhoads C. P. Metabolic studies in patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract: II. Hepatic dysfunction. Ann. Intern. Med. 1942; 16: 221
  • Risenberg A. C., Kaplan M. M., Rieder S. V. Serum alkaline phosphatase at the onset of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1970; 26: 318
  • Brensilver H. L., Kaplan M. M. Significance of elevated liver alkaline phosphatase in serum. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1556
  • Krjkman J. H., Kloppenberg P. W. C. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in pulmonary infarction. Acta Med. Scand. 1966; 180: 273
  • Ewen L. M., Griffiths J. Patterns of enzyme activity following myocardial infarction and ischemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1971; 56: 614
  • Sleeper C. A., Palmer D. L., Bell H. E., Itano M. Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes and Lipoprotein Phenotypes. Commission of continuing education. Check Sample Program, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, Chicago 1973
  • Sharland D. E. Serum alkaline phosphatase: the levels and patterns of isoenzymes in the non-hospitalized elderly. Age Ageing 1972; 1: 168
  • Sharland D. E. alkaline phosphatase: the isoenzyme pattern in the elderly and changes in total serum levels with age. Clin. Chim. Acta 1974; 56: 187
  • Canapa-Anson R., Howe D. J. F. Electrophoretic separation of tissue specific serum alkaline phosphatase. J. Clin. Pathol. 1970; 23: 499
  • Donovan D. J., Fordham E. W., Oilday O. M., Haman E. S., Jr., Meares E. M., Jr., Muroff L. R., Southwick H. W., Wolter J. Focus on bone scanning, a clinical approach. MEDCOM Publishers, New York
  • Brodz J. I., Ryan W. N., Harden M. A. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sickle cell anemia. JAMA 1975; 232: 736
  • Fenuku R. Source of raised serum alkaline phosphatase during prolonged lactation. Clin. Chim. Acta 1977; 79: 265

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.