16
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Leukocyte Zinc in the Assessment of Zinc Status

&
Pages 95-114 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Vikbladh I. Studies on zinc in blood. II. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1951; 3(2)1
  • Vallee B. L., Fluharty R. G. Zinc metabolism studied by means of the radioactive isotope Zn65. J. Clin. Invest. 1947; 26: 1199
  • Davies I. J. T., Musa M., Dormandy T. L. Measurement of plasma zinc. I. In health and disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 1968; 21: 359
  • Halstead J. A., Smith J. C., Jr. Plasma zinc in health and disease. Lancet 1970; 1: 322
  • Falchuk K. H. Effect of acute disease and ACTH on serum zinc proteins. New Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296(20)1129
  • Pekarek R. S., Wannemacher R. W., Beisel W. R. The effect of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) on the tissue distribution of zinc and iron. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1972; 140: 685
  • Widdowson E. M., McCance R. A., Spray C. M. The chemical composition of the human body. Clin. Sci. 1951; 10: 113
  • Overman R. R., Feldman H. A. The effect of fatal P. knowlesi malaria on simian circulatory and body fluid compartment physiology. J. Clin. Invest. 1947; 26: 1049
  • Das J. B., Eraklis A. J., Gross R. E. Water and cation content of red blood cells and muscle before and after cardio-pulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1969; 57: 824
  • Iyengar C. V., Kollmer W. E., Bowen H. J. M. The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids; a Compilation of Values for Adults. Volag Chemie, New York 1978
  • Cassens R. G., Hoekstra W. G., Faltin E. L., Briskey E. J. Zinc content and subcellular distribution in red versus white porcine skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 1967; 212: 688
  • O'Leary M. J., McClain C. J., Hegarty P. V. Effect of zinc deficiency on the weight, cellularity and zinc concentration of different skeletal muscles in the post-weanling rat. Br. J. Nutr. 1979; 42(3)487
  • Spencer H., Osis D., Kramer L., Norris C. Intake, excretion and retention of zinc in man. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, A. S. Prasad. Academic Press, New York 1976; 345
  • Vallee B. L. Biochemistry, physiology and pathology of zinc. Physiol. Rev. 1959; 39: 443
  • Underwood E. J. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. Academic Press, New York 1977
  • Prasad A. S. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, A. S. Prasad. Academic Press, New York 1976
  • Prasad A. S. Trace Elements and Iron in Human Metabolism. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York 1976
  • Prasad A. S. Zinc in Human Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla 1979
  • Solomons N. W. On the assessment of zinc and copper nutriture in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32(4)856
  • Vallee B. L., Hoch F. L., Hughes W. L. Soluble zinc-containing protein extracted from human leukocytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1954; 48: 347
  • Vallee B. L., Gibson J. G., II. The zinc content of normal human whole blood, leukocytes and erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1948; 176: 445
  • Fredericks R. E., Tanaka K. R., Valentine W. N., Mattson M. Zinc in human blood cells: normal values and abnormalities associated with liver disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1960; 39: 1651
  • Dennes E., Tupper R., Wormall A. The zinc content of erythrocytes and leucocytes of blood from normal and leukaemic subjects. Biochem. J. 1961; 78: 578
  • Miki M. The determination of trace elements in blood cells by neutron activation analysis. Acta Haematol., Jpn. 1973; 36: 883
  • Chvapil M., Stankova L., Zukoski C., Zukoski C. Inhibition of some functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by in vitro zinc. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977; 89: 135
  • Phillips J. L., Azari P. Zinc transferrin. Enhancement of nucleic acid synthesis in phytohemagglutinen-stimulated human lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 1974; 10(1)31
  • Inutsuka S., Araki S. Zinc and copper contents in leukocytes and erythrocytes of patients with malignant tumors. Med. Bull. Fukuoka Univ. 1977; 4: 349
  • Mishi Y. Zinc levels in plasma, erythrocyte and leukocyte in healthy children and adults. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1980; 29(1)7
  • Jones R. B., Hilton P. J., Michael J., Patrick J., Johnson V. E. Zinc transport in normal human leucocytes: dependence on media composition. Clin. Sci. 1980; 59(5)353
  • Whitehouse R. C., Prasad A. S., Rabbani P. I., Cossack Z. T. Zinc in plasma, neutrophils, lymphocytes and erythrocytes as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28(3)475
  • Donaldson J., St Pierre T., Minnich J., Barbeau A. Seizures in rats associated with divalent cation inhibition of Na K ATPase. Can. J. Biochem. 1971; 49: 1217
  • Fraker P. J., Haas S. M., Luecke R. W. Effect of zinc deficiency on the immune responses of the young adult A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 1977; 107(10)1889
  • Golden M. H. N., Golden B. E., Harland P. S. E. G., Jackson A. A. Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition. Lancet 1978; 1: 1226
  • Patrick J., Golden M. H. N., Golden B. E. Leucocyte sodium transport and dietary zinc in protein energy malnutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1980; 33(3)617
  • Patrick J., Michael J., Golden M. H. N., Golden B. E., Hilton P. J. Effect of zinc on leucocyte sodium transport in vitro. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 1978; 54(5)585
  • Brummerstedt E., Flagstad T., Basse A., Andresen E. The effect of zinc on calves with hereditary thymus hyperplasia (lethal trait A 46). Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. (A) 1971; 79: 686
  • Golden M. H. N., Jackson A. A., Golden B. E. Effect of zinc on thymus of recently malnourished children. Lancet 1977; 2: 1057
  • Scribner B. H., Burnell J. M. Symposium: water and electrolytes. Interpretation of the serum potassium concentration. Metabolism 1956; 5: 468
  • Muntwyler E., Griffin G. E. Tissue electrolyte content of potassium and protein-deficient rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1955; 89: 349
  • Golden M. H. N., Golden B. E. Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 34: 900
  • U. S. National Research Council. Recommended Daily Intake, 9th Rev. Food and Nutrition Board, U. S. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, DC 1980
  • Bettger W. J., O'Dell B. L. A critical physiological role of zinc in the structure and function of biomembranes. Life Sci. 1980; 28(13)1425
  • Kirchgessner M., Roth H. P., Weigand E. Biochemical changes in zinc deficiency. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, A. S. Prasad. Academic Press, New York 1976; Vol. 1
  • Shaw J. C. L., Bury A. J., Barber A., Mann L., Taylor A. A micromethod for the analysis of zinc in plasma or serum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using graphite furnace. Clin. Chim. Acta 1982; 118(23)229
  • Kiilerich S., Christiensen M. S., Naestoft J., Christiansen C. Serum and plasma zinc concentrations with special reference to standardized sampling procedure and protein status. Clin. Chim. Acta 1981; 114(1)117
  • Bate L. C. Absorption and elution of trace elements in human hair. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1966; 17: 417
  • Prasad A. S., Miale A., Faria Z., Sandstead H. H., Schulert A. R., Darby W. J. Biochemical studies on dwarfism, hypogonadism and anemia. Arch. Int. Med. 1963; 111: 407
  • Bradfield R. B., Hambidge K. M. Problems with hair zinc as an indicator of body zinc status. Lancet. 1980; 1: 363
  • Gibson R. S. Hair as a biopsy material for the assessment of trace element status in infancy. A review. J. Hum. Nutr. 1980; 34(6)405
  • Garretts M., Molokhia M. Acrodermatitis enteropathica without hypozincemia. J. Pediatr. 1977; 91(3)492
  • Wolman S. L., Anderson G. H., Marliss E. B., Jeejeebhoy K. N. Zinc in total parenteral nutrition: requirements and metabolic effects. Gastroenterology 1979; 76(3)458
  • Buerk C. A., Chandy G., Pearson E., Macauly M. S., Soroff H. S. Zinc deficiency: effect on healing and metabolism in man. Surg. Forum 1973; 24: 101
  • Prasad A. S., Rabbani P., Abbasii A., Bowersox E., Fox M. R. Experimental zinc deficiency in humans. Ann. Int. Med. 1978; 89(4)483
  • Versieck J., Barbier F., Speecke A., Hoste J. Manganese, copper and zinc concentration in serum and packed blood cells during acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and post hepatitic cirrhosis. Clin. Chem. 1974; 20(9)1141
  • Fredricks R. E., Tanaka K. R., Valentine W. N. Variations of human blood cell zinc in disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1964; 43: 304
  • Keeling P. W., Jones R. B., Hilton P. J., Thompson R. P. H. Reduced leucocyte zinc in liver disease. Gut 1980; 21(7)561
  • Keitel H. G. Comparison of the change in the red cell potassium content with total body balance of potassium during potassium therapy. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1957; 49: 267
  • Montgomery M. L., Sheline G. E., Chaikoff I. L. Elimination of administered zinc in pancreatic juice, duodenal juice and bile of dog as measured by its radioactive isotope (65Zn). J. Exp. Med. 1943; 78: 151
  • Patrick J. Assessment of body potassium stores. Kidney Int. 1977; 11(6)476
  • Boyum A. Isolation of leucocytes from human blood—a two-phase system for removal of red cells with methylcellulose as an erythrocyte aggregating agent. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1968; 210(97)9, Isolation of leucocytes from human blood: further observations. Methyl cellulose, dextran and ficoll as erythrocyte-aggregating agents, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 210 (Suppl. 97), 31, 1968
  • Greenwood B. A simple double-centrifugation technique for the separation of sheep leucocytes. Vox Sang. 1968; 15: 315
  • Patrick J., Jones N. F., Bradford B., Gaunt J. Leucocyte potassium in uraemia: comparisons with erythrocyte potassium and total exchangeable potassium. Clin. Sci. 1972; 62: 669
  • Poston L., Jones R. B., Hilton P. J. Sodium transport on polymorphonuclear leucocytes: effect of isolation by the Ficoll/Triosil method. Clin. Sci. 1982; 62: 563
  • Hamburger M. J. Osmotischer Druck und lonerlehre in der Medizinischer Wissenschafter. J. B. Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1902
  • Baron D. N., Levin G. E. Intracellular chemical pathology. Recent Advances in Clinical Biochemistry, K. G. M. M. Alberti. Churchill Livingstone, London 1978; Vol. 1
  • Baron D. N., Ahmed S. A. Intracellular concentrations of water and the principal electrolytes determined by analysis of isolated human leucocytes. Clin. Sci. 1969; 37: 205
  • English D., Anderson B. R. Single-step separation of red blood cells. Granulocytes und mononuclear leukocytes on discontinuous density gradients of Ficoll-Hypaque. J. Immunol. Methods 1974; 5(3)249
  • Foley B., Johnson S. A., Hackley B., Smith J. C., Halsted J. A. Zinc content of human platelets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1968; 1128: 265
  • Ferrebee J. W., Geiman Q. M. Studies on malarial parasites. III. J. Infect. Dis. 1946; 78: 173
  • Skoog W. A., Beck W. S. Studies on the fibrinogen, dextran and phytohemagglutinen methods of isolating leukocytes. Blood 1956; 11: 436
  • Vallee B. L., Hughes W. L., Gibson J. B. A method for the separation of leukocytes from whole blood by flotation on serum albumin. Blood (Spec. Issue) 1947; 1: 82
  • Fallon H. J., Frei E., Davidson J. D., Trier J. S., Burk D. Leukocyte preparations from human blood: evaluation of their morphologic and metabolic state. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1962; 59: 779
  • Fleming J. A., Stewart J. W. A critical and comparative study of methods of isolating tumour cells from blood. J. Clin. Pathol. 1967; 20: 145
  • Hulliger L., Blazkovec A. A. A simple and efficient method of separating peripheral-blood leucocytes for in vitro studies. Lancet 1967; 1: 1304
  • Tullis J. L. Preservation of leukocytes. Blood 1953; 8: 563
  • Jones R. B., Keeling P. W. N., Hilton P. J., Thompson R. P. The relationship between leucocyte and muscle zinc in health and disease. Clin. Sci. 1981; 60(2)237
  • Meadows N. J., Ruse W., Smith M. F., Day J., Keeling P. W., Scopes J. W., Thomson R. P., Bloxham D. L. Zinc and small babies. Lancet 1981; 2: 1135
  • Beach R. S., Gershwin M. E., Hurley L. S. Reversibility of developmental retardation following murine fetal zinc deprivation. J. Nutr. 1982; 112(6)1169
  • Wolff J. P. Untersuchungen zum Pathophysiologic des Zinkenstoffwechsels. Klin. Wschr. 1953; 34: 409
  • Mager M., McNary F. F., Lionetti F. The histochemical detection of zinc. J. Histochem. Cytochem 1953; 1: 493
  • Candura F., Candura M. D. Ricerche sue contenuto in zinco de siero di sangue urano in condizioni normali e pathologiche. Prog. Med. 1957; 13: 801
  • De Nicola P., Candura F. Rapporti tra immaturita cellulare e zinco leucocitario nelle leucosi. Boll. Soc. Hal. Biol. Sper. 1958; 34: 713
  • Milunsky A., Hackley B. M., Halsted J. A. Plasma, erythrocyte and leucocyte zinc levels in Down's syndrome. J. Ment. Defic. Res. 1970; 14: 99
  • Bjorksten B., Back O., Gustavson K. H., Hallmans G., Hagglof B., Tarnvik A. Zinc and immune function in Down's syndrome. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 1980; 69(2)183
  • Vallee B. L., Wacker W. E. C., Bartholomay A. F., Róbin E. D. Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. I. Serum zinc concentrations in Laennec's cirrhosis and their validation by sequential analysis. New Engl. J. Med. 1956; 255: 403
  • Rechenberger J. Beitrag zum Zinkstoffwechsel bei der Leberzirrhose. Dtsch. Z. Verdan Stoff-Wechselkr. 1958; 18: 173
  • Vallee B. L., Wacker W. E. C., Bartholomay A. F., Hoch F. L. Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. II. Correlation of metabolic patterns with biochemical findings. New Engl. Am. J. Med. 1957; 257: 1055
  • Michael J., Hilton P. J., Jones N. F. Zinc and the sodium pump in uremia. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31(10)1945
  • Mahajan S., Prasad A. S., Rabbani P., Briggs W. A., McDonald F. D. Zinc metabolism in uremia. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1979; 94(5)693
  • Mahajan S. K., Prasad A. S., Lambujon J., Abbassi A. A., Briggs W. A., McDonald F. D. Improvment of uremic hypogeusia by zinc: a double-blind study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 33(7)1517
  • Reeds P. J., Jackson A. A., Picou D., Poulier N. Muscle mass and composition in malnuourished infants and children and changes seen after recovery. Pediatr. Res. 1978; 12(5)613
  • Chvapil M., Peng V. M., Aronson A. L., Znkowski C. Effect of zinc on lipid peroxidation and metal content in some tissues of rats. J. Nutr. 1974; 104: 434
  • Ludwig J. C., Chvapil M. Reversible stabilization of liver lysosomes by zinc ions. J. Nutr. 1980; 110(5)945
  • Ebihara K., Imamura Y., Kiriyama S. Effect of dietary mineral composition on nutritional equivalency of amino acid mixtures and casein in rats. J. Nutr. 1979; 109(12)2106
  • Hurley L. S. Developmental Nutrition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1980
  • Hurley L. S. Zinc deficiency in prenatal and neonatal development. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1977; 14: 47
  • Miller E. R., Leucke R. W., Ullrey D. E., Baltzer B. V., Bradley B. L., Hoefer J. A. Biochemical, skeletal and allometric changes due to zinc deficiency in the baby pig. J. Nutr. 1980; 110(3)575
  • Dreosti I. E. Zinc in prenatal development. Clinical Applications of Recent Advances in Zinc Metabolism, I. E. Dreosti. Alan R. Liss, New York 1982; 19
  • Walravens P. A., Hambridge K. M. Growth of infants fed a zinc supplemented formula. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29(10)1114
  • Jameson S. Effects of zinc deficiency in human reproduction. Acta Med. Scand. (Suppl.) 1976; 592: 4
  • Crosby W. M., Metcoff J., Costiloe J. P., Mameesh M., Sandstead H. H., Jacob R. A., McClain P. E., Jacobson G., Reid W., Burns C. Fetal malnutrition: an appraisal of correlated factors. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1977; 128(1)22
  • Mills P. R., Fell G. S. Zinc in inflammatory bowl disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32(11)2172
  • Sturniolo G. C., Molokhai M. M., Shields R., Turnberg L. A. Zinc absorption in Crohn's disease. Gut 1980; 21(5)387
  • Dodge J. A., Yassa J. G. Zinc deficiency syndrome in a British youth with cystic fibrosis. Br. Med. J. 1978; 1: 411
  • Aggett P. J., Thorn J. M., Delves H. T., Harries J. T., Clayton B. E. Trace element malabsorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Monogr. Pediatr. 1979; 10: 8
  • Van Caillie-Bertrand M., Debieville F., Neijens H., Kerrebijn K., Fernandes J., Degenhart H. Trace minerals in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1982; 71: 203
  • Maehr G., Paulsen H. Untersuchung ueber den Zinkgehalt des Serums und der Leukozyten bei Gesunden und Diebetkern. Med. Welt 1968; 19: 716
  • Pidduck H. G., Keenan J. P., Evans D. A. Leucocyte zinc in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1971; 20: 206
  • Jackson M. J., Jones D. A., Edwards R. H. T. Tissue zinc levels as an index of body zinc status. Clin. Physiol. 1982; 2: 333
  • Zarkowsky H. S., Oski F. A., Sha'afi R., Shohet S. B., Nathan D. G. Congenital hemolytic anemia with high sodium and low potassium red cells. New Engl. J. Med. 1968; 278: 573
  • Shah B. G., Belonge B. Zinc bioavailability in infant formulas and cereals. The Nutritional Bioavailability of Zinc, G. E. Inglett. American Chemical Society Symp. No. 210, Washington, DC 1983; 197
  • Patrick J., unpublished data
  • Dervish, Patrick J., unpublished data

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.