71
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Pepsinogens in Health and Disease

&
Pages 273-328 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Spallanzani L. Experiences sur la digestion de l'homme et de différentes éspèces. Mourer, Lausanne 1785
  • Schwann T. Uber das Wesen des Verdauungsproz. Müllers Arch J. Anat Physiol, 1836: 90–138
  • Northrop J. H. Crystalline pepsin. I. Isolation and tests of purity. II. General properties and experimental methods. J Gen Physiol 1930; 13: 739–80
  • Langley J. N. On the histology of the mammalial gastric glands and the relation of pepsin to the granules of the chief-cells. J Physiol. 1882; 3: 246–68
  • Herriott R. M. Isolation, crystallization, and properties of swine pepsinogen. J Gen Physiol 1938; 21: 501–40
  • Howes E. L., Flood CA, Mullins C. R. The influence of pepsin and hydrochloric acid on the healing of gastric defects. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936; 62: 149–53
  • Schiffrin M. J., Warren A. A. Some factors concerned in the production of experimental ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract in cats. Am J Dig Dis. 1942; 9: 205–8
  • Taylor W. H. Studies on gastric proteolysis. III. The secretion of different pepsins by fundic and pyloric glands of the stomach. Biochem J 1959; 71: 384–8
  • Taylor W. H. Gastric proteolysis in disease. IV. Proteinase activity of extracts of human gastric adenocarcinomata. J Clin Pathol 1960; 13: 52–349
  • Taylor W. H. The pepsins of patients with peptic ulcer. Nature 1970; 227: 76–7
  • Taylor W. H. Electrophoretic characterization of the pepsins: pathophysiological and clinical considerations. Gastric secretion: biochemical and clinical features, M. Plebani, F. Di Mario. Piccin, Padova 1992; 23–41
  • Samloff I. M. Pepsinogens and peptic ulcer. New trends in ulcer disease, Mario F. Di, G. Battaglia, F. Vianello. Piccin, Padova 1988; 17–20
  • Samloff I. M. Peptic ulcer: the many proteinases of aggression. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 586–95
  • Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Enzyme nomenclature. Academic Press, New York 1984
  • Fruton J. S. Pepsin. The enzymes, P. D. Boyer. Academic Press, New York 1971; 119–64
  • Fruton J. S. Aspartic proteinases. New comprehensive biochemistry, A. Neuberger, K. Brocklehurst. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987; 1–37
  • Polgar L. Mechanisms of protease action. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1989; 157–82
  • Samloff I. M., Foltmann B. Discussion of pepsinogen classification, nomenclature and genetics of electrophoretic variants. Pepsinogens in man: clinical and genetic advances, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. Rotter, et al. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 31–40
  • Samloff I. M. Slow moving protease and the seven pepsinogens. Electrophoretic demonstration of the existence of eight proteolytic fractions in human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1969; 57: 659–69
  • Samloff I. M. Pepsinogens, pepsins, and pepsin inhibitors. Gastroenterology 1971; 60: 586–604
  • Samloff I. M., Townes P. L. Pepsinogens: genetic polymorphism in man. Science 1970; 168: 144–5
  • Defize J., Pals G., Pronk J. C., et al. Purification of the pepsinogen A isozymogens by means of high resolution ion-exchange chromatography. Evidence for posttranslational modifications. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985; 45: 649–55
  • Foltmann B. Gastric proteinases. Structure, function, evolution and mechanism of action. Essays Biochem 1981; 17: 53–84
  • Foltmann B. A review on prorennin and rennin. CR Trav Lab Carlsberg 1966; 35: 143–231
  • Keilova H., Tomasek V. Effect of pepsin inhibitor from. Aspartic lumbricoides on Cathepsin D and E. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972; 284: 461–4
  • Tarasova N. I., Szecsi PB, Foltmann B. An aspartic proteinase from human erythrocytes is immunochemically indistinguishable from a non-pepsin, electrophoretically slow-moving proteinase from gastric mucosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 880: 96–110
  • Samloff I. M., Taggart R. T., Shiraishi T., et al. Slow-moving proteinase. Isolation, characterization and immunohistochemical localization in gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 77–84
  • Jupp R. A., Richards A. D., Kay J., et al. Identification of the aspartic proteinases from human erythrocyte membranes and gastric mucosa (slow-moving proteinase) as catalytically equivalent to cathepsin E. Biochem J 1988; 254: 895–8
  • Foltmann B., Axelsen N. H. Gastric proteinases and their zymogens. Phylogenetic and developmental aspects. FEBS Proc 1980; 60: 271–80
  • Zelle B., Geurts, van Kesse J A, De Wit J., et al. Assignment of human pepsinogen A locus to the q 12-pter region of chromosome 11. Hum Genet 1985; 70: 337–40
  • Taggart R. T., Mohandas T. K., Shows T. B., et al. Variable numbers of pepsinogen genes are located in the centromeric region of human chromosome 11 and determine the high-frequency electrophoretic polymorphism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6240–4
  • Bebelman J. P., Evers MPJ, Zelle B., et al. Family and population studies on the human pepsinogen A multigene family. Hum Genet 1989; 82: 142–6
  • Frants R. R., Pronk J. C., Pals G., et al. Genetics of urinary pepsinogen: a new hypothesis. Hum Genet 1984; 65: 385–90
  • Evers MPJ, Zelle B., Bebelman J. P., et al. Nucleotide sequence comparison of five human pepsinogen A (PGA genes): evolution of the PGA multigene family. Genomics. 1989; 4: 487–9
  • Taggart R. T., Samloff I. M. Immunochemical, electrophoretic and genetic heterogeneity of pepsinogen I. Characterization with monoclonal antibodies. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 143–50
  • Korsnes L., Gedde-Dahl T, Jr. Genetics of pepsinogen I. Ann Hum Genet 1980; 43: 199–212
  • Taggart R. T., Samloff I. M., Raffel L. J., et al. Relationships between the human pepsinogen DNA and protein polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet 1986; 38: 848–54
  • Rotter J. I., Petersen G., Samloff I. M., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of hyperpepsinogenemic I and normopepsinogemic duodenal ulcer disease. Ann Int Med 1979; 91: 372–7
  • McConnell R. B., Linaker BD, George J. Genetic markers and severity of duodenal ulcer. Pepsinogens in man: clinical and genetic advances, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. Rotter, A. W. Griksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 315–21
  • Aird I., Bental H. H., Mehigaro J. A., et al. The blood groups in relation to peptic ulceration and carcinoma of the colon, rectum, breast and bronchus. Br Med J 1954; 315–21
  • Clarke C. A., Edwards J. W., Haddock DRW, et al. ABO blood groups and secretor character in duodenal ulcer. Br Med J. 1956; 2: 725–31
  • McConnell R. B. Gastric and duodenal ulcer. The genetics of the gastrointestinal disorders. Oxford University Press, London 1966; 76–101
  • Rotter J. I., Sones J. Q., Samloff I. M., et al. Duodenal ulcer disease associated with elevated serum pepsinogen. I. An inherited autosomal dominant disorder. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 63–6
  • Muto N., Tani S. Genetic variation of pepsinogen I in the rat. Biochem Genet 1982; 20: 1189–93
  • Lai K-H, Wyckoff B., Samloff I. M. Aspartic proteinases in gastric mucosa of the rat. Absence of pepsinogen I, genetic polymorphism of pepsinogen II, and presence of slow-moving proteinase. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 295–301
  • Pals G., Azuma T., Mohandas T. K., et al. Human pepsinogen C gene (progastricsin) polymorphism: evidence for a single locus located at 6 pt 21.1. pter. Genomics. 1989; 4: 137–48
  • Foltmann B., Pedersen V. B. Comparison of the primary structures of acid proteinases and of their zymogens. Adv Exp Med Biol 1977; 95: 3–22
  • Herriott R. M. Pepsinogen and pepsin. J Gen Physiol 1962; 45: 57–62
  • Basson M. D., Modlin I. M. Pepsinogen: biological and pathophysiologic significance. J Surg Res 1988; 44: 82–97
  • Andreeva N. S., Gustchina A. E., Fedorov A. A., et al. X-ray crystallographic studies of pepsin. Adv Exp Med Biol 1977; 95: 23–31
  • Andreeva N. S., Gustchina A. E. On the supersecondary structure of acid proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 87: 32–42
  • BlundeU TL, Jones H. B., Khan G., et al. The active site of acid proteinases. FEBS Proc 1980; 60: 281–8
  • Herriott R. M. Kinetics of the formation of pepsin from swine pepsinogen and identification of an intermediate compound. J Gen Physiol 1939; 22: 65–78
  • Bustin M., Conway-Jacobs A. Intramolecular activation of porcine pepsinogen. J Biol Chem 1971; 246: 615–20
  • McPhie P. A spectrophotometric investigation of the pepsinogen-pepsin conversion. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 4277–81
  • Sachdev G. P., Brownstein AD, Fruton J. S. N-methyl-2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonyl peptides as fluorescent probes for pepsin-substrate interaction. J Biol Chem. 1973; 248: 6292–9
  • Al-Janabi J., Hartsuck JA, Tang J. Kinetics and mechanism of pepsinogen activation. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 4628–32
  • Dykes C. W., Kay J. Conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin is not a one-step process. Biochem J 1976; 153: 141–5
  • Marciniszyn J, Jr, Huang J. S., Hartsuck J. A., et al. Mechanism of intramolecular activation of pepsinogen. Evidence for an intermediate δ and the involvement of the active site of pepsin in the intramolecular activation of pepsinogen. J Biol Chem 1976; 251: 7095–8
  • Christensen K. A., Pedersen VB, Foltmann B. Identification of an enzymatically active intermediate in the activation of porcine pepsinogen. FEBS Lett 1977; 76: 214–8
  • Auer H. E., Glick D. M. Early events of pepsinogen activation. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 2735–7
  • Glick D. M., Auer H. M., Rich D. H., et al. Pepsinogen activation: genesis of the binding site. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 1858–61
  • James MNG, Sielecki A. R. Structure and refinement of penicillopepsin at 1.8A resolution. J MolBiol 1983; 163: 299–303
  • Powers J. C., Harley AD, Myers D. V. Subsite specificity of porcine pepsin. Adv Exp Med Biol 1977; 95: 141–57
  • Inouye K., Fruton J. S. Studies on the specificity of pepsin. Biochemistry 1967; 6: 1765–70
  • Trout G. E., Fruton J. S. The side-chain specificity of pepsin. Biochemistry 1969; 8: 4183–7
  • Auffret C. A., Ryle A. P. The catalytic activity of pig pepsin C toward small synthetic substrates. Biochem J 1979; 179: 239–46
  • James MNG, Hsu I-N, Delbaere LTJ. Mechanism of acid protease catalysis based on the crystal structure of penicillopepsin. Nature 1977; 267: 808–13
  • Umezawa H. Structures and activities of protease inhibitors of microbial origin. Methods Enzymol 1976; 45: 678–82
  • Umezawa H. Low-molecular-weight enzyme inhibitors of microbial origin. Annu Rev Microbiol 1982; 36: 75–8
  • Langley J. N., Edkins J. S. Pepsinogen and pepsin. J Physiol. 1886; 7: 371–415
  • Samloff I. M. Cellular localization of group I pepsinogens in human gastric mucosa by immunofluorescence. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 185–8
  • Samloff I. M., Liebman W. M. Cellular localization of the group II pepsinogens in human stomach and duodenum by immunofluorescence. Gastroenterology 1973; 65: 36–42
  • Suzuki S., Furihata C., Tsuyama S., et al. Immunocytochemical localization of pepsinogen in rat stomach. Histochemistry 1983; 79: 167–76
  • Comaggia M., Capella C., Riva C., et al. Electron immunocytochemical localization of pepsinogen I in chief cells, mucous-neck cells and transitional mucous-neck/chief cells of the human fundic mucosa. Histochemistry 1986; 85: 5–11
  • Comaggia M., Riva C., Capella C., et al. Subcellular localization of pepsinogen II in stomach and duodenum by the immunogold technique. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 585–93
  • Seijffers M. J., Miller LL, Segal H. L. Pepsinogen I in semen. Chromatographic separation of pepsinogen I from human semen. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1965; 118: 405–9
  • Samloff I. M., Liebman W. M. Purification and immunochemical characterization of group II pepsinogens in human seminal fluid. Clin Exp Immunol 1972; 11: 405–14
  • Helander H. F. The normal gastric mucosa. The stomach, S. Gustavsson, D. Kumar, D. Y. Graham. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1991; 1–19
  • Sano J., Miki K., Ichinose M., et al. In situ localization of pepsinogens I and II mRNA in human gastric mucosa. Acta Pathol Jpn 1989; 39: 765–71
  • Reid W. A., Valler MJ, Kay J. The immunolocalization of Cathepsin D in normal and neoplastic human tissues. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 1323–30
  • Basso D., Battistel M., Mantovani G., et al. Cathepsin D in biopsies from gastroduodenal mucosa: any role in peptic ulcer. Digestion 1991; 49(Suppl. 1)27
  • Gilbert A. J., Hersey S. J. Exocytosis in isolated gastric glands induced by secretagogues and hyperosmolarity. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 227: 435–42
  • Hirschowitz B. I. Secretion of pepsinogens. Handbook of Physiology: alimentary canal, C. F. Code. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC 1967; 889–918
  • Pagano R., Pilotto A., Braghetto D., et al. Control of peptic secretion. Peptic secretion, Mario F. Di, F. Vianello, M. Plebani. Piccin, Padova 1985; 21–9
  • Del Tacca M., Blandizzi R, Bemardini M. L. Regulation of pepsinogen secretion. Gastric peptic secretion, R. Cheli, A. Perasso, G. Testino. Raven Press, New York 1990; 21–9
  • Hersey S. J. Pepsinogen secretion. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, L. R. Johnson. Raven Press, New York 1937; 947–57
  • Hengels K. J. Cellular mechanisms of pepsinogen synthesis. Gastric secretion, M. Plebani, F. Di Mario. Piccin, Padova 1992; 15–22
  • Muller-Lissner S. A., Szelenyi I., Engler H., et al. Pirenzepine inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion by the isolated perfused mouse stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 72: 101–3
  • Hirschowitz B. I., Fong J, Molina E. Effects of pirenzepine and atropine on vagal and cholinergic gastric secretions and gastrin release and on heart rate in the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983; 225: 263–8
  • Koelz H. R., Hersey S. J., Sachs G., et al. Pepsinogen release from isolated gastric glands. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: G218–25
  • Hersey S. J., Miller M., May D., et al. Lack of interaction between acid and pepsinogen secretion in isolated gastric glands. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: G775–9
  • Simpson L., Goldenberg D, Hirschowitz B. I. Pepsinogen secretion by the frog esophagus in vitro. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: G79–G84
  • Hirschowitz B. I., Hutchison G. A. Evidence for a histamine H:receptor that inhibits pepsin secretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 1977; 233: E225–8
  • Sanders M. J., Amirian D. A., Ayalon A., et al. Regulation of pepsinogen release from canine chief cells in primary monolayer culture. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: 4641–6
  • Kasbekar D. K., Jensen RT, Gardner J. D. Pepsinogen secretion from dispersed glands from rabbit stomach. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: G392–6
  • Stening G. F., Tohnson LR, Grossman M. I. Effect of secretin on acid and pepsin secretion in cat and dog. Gastroenterology 1969; 56: 468–75
  • Nakajima S., Magee D. F. Influences of duodenal acidification on acid and pepsin secretion of the stomach in dogs. Am J Physiol 1970; 218: 545–9
  • Raufman J-P, Kasbekar D. K., Jensen R. T., et al. Potentiation of pepsinogen secretion from dispersed glands from rat stomach. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: G525–30
  • Sutliff V. E., Raufman J. P., Jensen R. T., et al. Actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin in chief cells prepared from guinea pig stomach. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: G96–G102
  • Hersey S. J., Norris SH, Gilbert A. J. Cellular control of pepsinogen secretion. Ann Rev Physiol 1984; 46: 393–402
  • Raufman J-P. Gastric chief cells: receptors and signal-transduction mechanisms. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 699–710
  • Wollin A., Soil AH, Samloff I. M. Actions of histamine, secretin and PGE2on cyclic AMP production by isolated canine fundic mucosal cells. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: E437–43
  • Norris S. H., Hersey S. J. Stimulation of pepsinogen secretion in permeable isolated gastric glands. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: G408–15
  • Waldum H. L., Jorde R, Gunnes P. Renal excretion of and the effect of posture on serum group I pepsinogens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 253–5
  • ten Kate R. W., Pals G., Pronk J. C., et al. The renal handling of pepsinogens A and C in man. Clin Sci 1988; 75: 649–54
  • ten Kate R. W., Pals G., Eriksson A. W., et al. The renal metabolism of pepsinogen A and C in man. Clin Nephrol 1989; 31: 103–6
  • Plebani M., Tessaro P., Vianello D., et al. Methods. Peptic secretion, Mario F. Di, F. Vianello, M. Plebani. Piccin, Padova 1985; 43–54
  • Anson M. L., Mirsky A. The estimation of pepsin with hemoglobin. J Gen Physiol 1932; 16: 59–63
  • Mirsky I. A., Futterman P, Kaplan S. Blood plasma pepsinogen. II. The activity of the plasma from “normal” subjects, patients with ulcer and patients with pernicious anemia. J Lab Clin Med 1952; 40: 188–99
  • Hirschowitz B. I. Pepsinogen in the blood. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 46: 568–79
  • Uete T., Wasa M, Shimigami A. A simplified method for the determination of pepsinogen in blood and urine. Clin Chem. 1969; J 5: 42–7
  • Lombarts AJPF, Peters H. J. Routine determination of serum pepsinogens. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 36: 195–200
  • Saez-Alquezar A., Marchese M. A., Bezerra TVS, et al. Serum pepsinogen: correlation of techniques and analysis of levels found in different diseases of the stomach and duodenum. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 90: 163–9
  • Plebani M., Di Mario F., Vianello F., et al. Pepsinogen group I radioimmunoassay and total serum pepsinogen colorimetric determination: a comparative study in normal subjects and in peptic ulcer patients. Clin Biochem 1983; 16: 20–2
  • Jones W. O. A single semiautomated method for plasma pepsinogen determination. Anal Biochem 1979; 99: 321–3
  • Miki K., Ichinose M., Furihata C., et al. Potential peptic activity of pepsinogen of human gastro duodenal mucosa determined by fluorescent microassay method using succinyl albumin. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 121: 337–44
  • Trevor-Ford F., Hermon Taylor J, Grant DAW. A sensitive fluorometric assay for the simultaneous estimation of pepsin and pepsinogen in gastric mucosa. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 126: 17–23
  • Rick W., Fritsch W. P. Pepsin (pepsin, gastricsin, pepsinogen, uropepsinogen). Methods ofenzymic analysis, H. U. Bergmeyer. Academic Press, New York 1974; 1047–57
  • Samloff I. M., Liebman W. M. Radioimmunoassay of group I pepsinogens in serum. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 494–502
  • Axelsson C. R., Nielsen MD, Kappelgaard A. M. Solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay of pepsinogen I in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 121: 309–19
  • Biemond I., Jansen JBMJ, Crobach LFSJ, et al. Radioimmunoassay of human pepsinogen A and pepsinogen C. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1989; 27: 19–25
  • Hengels K. J., Strohmeyer G. Pepsinogens A and C: purification from human gastric mucosa and determination in serum by optimized radioimmunoassays. Z Gastroenterol 1989; 27: 406–11
  • Biemond I., Pals G., Giliams J. P., et al. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of pepsinogen I. Progress in clinical and biological research, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. I. Rotter, A. W. Eriksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 55–65
  • Huang S. C., Miki K., Hirano H., et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum pepsinogen I. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 162: 85–96
  • Ichinose M., Miki K., Furihata C., et al. Radioimmunoassay of serum group I and group II pepsinogens in normal controls and patients with various disorders. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 126: 183–91
  • Axelsson C. K. Determination of pepsinogen I in serum by radioimmunoassay. Progress in clinical and biological research, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. I. Rotter, A. W. Eriksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 43–53
  • Huang S. C., Miki K., Furihata C., et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serum pepsinogens I and II using monoclonal antibodies–with data on peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 175: 37–50
  • Samloff I. M. Pepsinogens I and II: purification from gastric mucosa and radioimmunoassay in serum. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 26–33
  • Ichinose M., Miki K., Furihata C., et al. Radioimmunoassay of group II pepsinogen in human serum. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 122: 61–9
  • Plebani M., Masiero M., Di Mario F., et al. Radioimmunoassay for pepsinogen C. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1690
  • Matzku S., Zoller M, Rapp W. Radioimmunological quantitation of human group II pepsinogens. Digestion 1978; 18: 16–26
  • Matsusako K., Itoh M., Yokochi K., et al. An enzyme immunoassay for pepsinogen II (PGII): chronological changes in serum PGII concentrations. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 239: 239–48
  • Samloff I. M., Townes P. L. Electrophoretic heterogeneity and relationships of pepsinogens in human urine, serum, and gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1970; 58: 462–9
  • Yamaguchi T., Takahashi T., Yokota T., et al. Urinary pepsinogen I as a tumor marker of stomach cancer after total gastrectomy. Cancer 1991; 68: 906–9
  • Vianello F., Plebani M., Germana B., et al. Evaluation of peptic secretion. Gastric secretion, M. Plebani, F. Di Mario. Piccin, Padova 1992; 43–59
  • Turner M. D. Pepsinogens and pepsin [review]. Gut. 1968; 9: 134–8
  • Plebani M., Di Mario F., Dal Santo P. G., et al. Measurement of pepsinogen group I in endoscopic gastroduodenal biopsies. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 682–4
  • Kiihn S. H., Bezuidenhout DDJ. Enzymatic analysis of gastric microbiopsy specimens. An aid in the differential diagnosis between peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1983; 51: 1653–5
  • Stemmermann G. N., Samloff IM, Hayashi T. Pepsinogens I and II in carcinoma of the stomach: an immunohistochemical study. Appl Pathol. 1985; 3: 159–63
  • Muto N., Yamamoto M., Tani S., et al. Characteristic distribution of cathepsin E which immunologically cross-reacts with the 86-kDa acid proteinase from rat gastric mucosa. J Biochem 1988; 103: 629–32
  • Shiraishi T., Samloff I. M., Taggart R. T., et al. Slow-moving proteinase in gastric cancer and its relationship to pepsinogens I and II. An immunohistochemical study. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 1466–72
  • Sakai H., Saku T., Kato Y., et al. Quantitation and immunohistochemical localization of cathepsins E and D in rat tissues and blood cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 991: 367–75
  • Perasso A., Testino G. Chief cell mass and pepsinogen I in peptic ulcer. Gastric peptic secretion, R. Cheli, A. Perasso, G. Testino. Cortina International-Raven Press, New York 1990; 101–8
  • Perasso A. Testino G Pepsinogene I serique, masse cellulaire zy mogenique et masse parietale apres traitement par ranitidine dans l'ulcere duodenal. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 27: 154–7
  • Testino G., Perasso A. Masse cellulaire parietale, masse cellulaire zymogenique, secretion acide et pepsinogene I (PGI) de 1'ulcere gastrique. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992; 16: A157
  • Pilotto A., Tessaro P, Plebani M. Secretion. Peptic secretion, Mario F. Di, F. Vianello, M. Plebani. Piccin, Padova 1985; 13–9
  • Samloff I. M., Secrist DM, Passaro E, Jr. A study of the relationship between serum group I pepsinogen levels and gastric acid secretion. Gastroenterology 1975; 69: 1196–200
  • Samloff I. M., Varis K., Ihamaki T., et al. Relationships among serum pepsinogen I, serum pepsinogen II and gastric mucosal histology. A study in relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 204–9
  • Samloff I. M. Peptic activity and peptic inhibitors. Principles and practice of gastroenterology and hepatology, G. Gitnick. Elsevier, New York 1988; Pp. 154–63
  • Tarquini B., Benvenuti M., Cavallini V., et al. Pepsinogen gastrin mesor ratio: a potential simple marker for.gastric secretory function%. Chronobiologia 1984; 11: 11–7
  • Plebani M., Di Mario F., Vianello F., et al. Circadian rhythm of serum pepsinogen group I. J Lab Med. 1986; 2: 97–9
  • Mastropaolo G., Kusstatscher S., Germana B. Circadian rhythm of peptic secretion: influences of endogenous and external factors. Peptic secretion, R. Cheli, A. Perasso, G. Testino. Cortina Int., Verona 1990; 47–52
  • Samloff I. M., Liebman WM, Panitch N. M. Serum group I pepsinogen by radioimmunoassay in control subjects and patients with peptic ulcer. Gastroenterology 1975; 69: 83–90
  • Kekki M., Samloff I. M., Sipponen P., et al. Increase of serum pepsinogen I with age in females with normal gastric mucosa but not in males, possibly due to increase in acid-pepsin secreting area. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 62–4
  • Whitecross D. P., Clarke AD, Piper D. W. The effect of cigarette smoking on human gastric secretion. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1974; 9: 399–403
  • Parente F., Lazzaroni M., Sangaletti O., et al. Cigarette smoking, gastric acid secretion, and serum pepsinogen I concentrations in duodenal ulcer patients. Gut 1985; 26: 1327–32
  • Malesci A., Basilico M., Bersani M., et al. Serum pepsinogen I elevation in cigarette smokers. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 602–6
  • Pelissero A., Di Napoli A., Peyre S., et al. Serum group I pepsinogens level in normal adult. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986; 8: 499
  • Puurunen J. Effect of ethanol on peptic activity in the rat stomach. Digestion 1982; 23: 97–103
  • Peetsalu A., Tamm A., Harkonen M., et al. The effect of vagotomy and antrectomy on serum pepsinogens I and II. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 455–61
  • Magni G., Di Mario F., Rizzardo R., et al. Personality profiles of patients with duodenal ulcer. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 1297–300
  • Magni G., Di Mario F., Cortese M., et al. Relationship between psychosocial factors and serum level of pepsinogen group I and gastrinemia in the normal subject. Int J Psychophysiol. 1988; 6: 71–3
  • Walker P., Luther J., Samloff I. M., et al. Life events stress and psychosocial factors in men with peptic ulcer disease. II. Relationships with serum pepsinogen concentrations and behavioral risk factors. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 323–30
  • Feldman M., Walker P., Goldschmiedt M., et al. Role of affect and personality in gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration. Comparative studies in normal men and in male duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 175–80
  • Massarrat S. Serum pepsin activity as a parameter of gastric acid secretion. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1985; 32: 185–90
  • Feldman M., Richardson C. T., Lam S. K., et al. Comparison of gastric acid secretion rates and serum pepsinogen I and II concentrations in occidental and oriental duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 630–5
  • Ansaldi N., Altare F., Farina L., et al. Serum pepsinogen I in children. Its correlation with gastric acid output and serum gastrin. Ital J Pediatr 1988; 14: 156–9
  • Rotter J. I., Rimoin D. L. Peptic ulcer disease: a heterogeneous group of disorders. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 604–7
  • Plebani M., Di Mario F., Vianello F., et al. Actual role of pepsinogen group I in the study of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Clin Biochem 1983; 16: 310–2
  • Rotter J. I., Petersen G. M. Heterogeneity of peptic ulcer disease. New trends in ulcer disease, Mario F. Di, G. Battaglia, F. Vianello. Piccin, Padova 1988; 21–59
  • Chinn A. B. Studies on a blood serum proteolytic enzyme with particular reference to gastric secretory function. Gastroenterology 1953; 25: 14–23
  • Spiro H. M., Ryan A. E., Jones C. M. The utility of the blood pepsin assay in clinical medicine. N Engl J Med 1955; 253: 261–6
  • Hoar C. S., Browning J. R. Plasma pepsinogen in peptic-ulcer disease and other gastric disorders. A clinical and laboratory investigation. N Engl J Med 1956; 255: 153–8
  • Edwards K., Jepson RP, Wood K. F. Value of plasma pepsinogen estimation. Br Med J. 1960; 1: 30–2
  • Lee T. Studies of plasma pepsinogen. J Formosan Med Assoc 1960; 59: 624–58
  • Anscombe A. R. Plasma pepsinogen: normal and abnormal secretion. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1964; 35: 34–49
  • Naganna B., Balasundaram D, Venkaiah K. R. Plasma pepsinogen in health and gastroduodenal disorders. J Indian Med Assoc 1972; 58: 6–9
  • Modlin I. M., Basson M. D. Blood pepsinogen: clinical and research significance. Clinical investigation of gastric function, C. Scarpignato, G. Bianchi Porro. Karger, Basel 1990; 157–71
  • Niederman J. C., Spiro HM, Sheldon W. H. Blood pepsin as a marker of susceptibility to duodenal ulcer disease. Arch Environ Health 1964; 8: 540–6
  • Ippoliti A., Walsh J. Newer concepts in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Surg Clin North Am 1976; 56: 1479–90
  • Rhodes J. Etiology of gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 171–82
  • Soil A. H. Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer and implications for therapy. A'. Engl J Med 1990; 322: 909–16
  • Vianello F., Plebani M., Piccoli A., et al. Role of serum pepsinogen in detecting ulcer disease. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 172: 335
  • Samloff I. M., Stemmermann G. N., Heiibrun K., et al. Elevated serum pepsinogen I and II levels differ as risk factors for duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 570–45
  • Chuong JJH, Fisher R. L., Chuong RLB, et al. Duodenal ulcer. Incidence, risk factors, and predictive value of plasma pepsinogen. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 1178–84
  • Habibullah C. M., Mujahid Ali M., Ishaq M., et al. Study of duodenal ulcer disease in 100 families using total serum pepsinogen as a genetic marker. Gut 1984; 25: 1380–3
  • Vianello F., Di Mario F., Cedaro P., et al. Subclinical markers in a family with higher prevalence of peptic ulcer. Ital J Gastroenterol 1985; 17: 290–2
  • Taylor I. L., Calam J., Rotter J. I., et al. Family studies of hypergastrinemic, hyperpepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer. Ann Int Med 1981; 95: 421–5
  • Lamers CBHW, Jarisen JBMJ, Rotter J. I., et al. Serum pepsinogen I in hereditary hypergastrinemic peptic ulcer syndromes. Pepsinogens in man: clinical and genetic advances, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. Rotter, A. W. Eriksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 273–81
  • Sumii K., Uemera N, Inbe A. Familial aggregation of duodenal ulcer and an autosomal dominant inheritance of hyperpepsinogenemia I. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1986; 35: 171–5
  • Mourant A. E., Kopec A. C. Domaniewska-Sobczak K. Blood groups and diseases. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1978
  • Sumii K., Inbe A., Uemura N. Multiplicative effect of hyperpepsinogenemia I and non-secretor status on the risk of duodenal ulcer in siblings. Gastroenterol Jpn 1990; 25: 157–61
  • Rotter J. I. Peptic ulcer disease-more than one gene, more than one disease. Progress in medical genetics, A. G. Steinberg, A. G. Beam, A. G. Motulsky, B. Childs. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1980; 1–58
  • Rotter J. I. Peptic ulcer. The principles and practice of medical genetics, AEH Emery, D. L. Rimoin. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1983; 863–78
  • Venturi C., Bortolami M., Di Mario F., et al. Serum pepsinogen I levels and HLA-B22: a genetic association in a subgroup of duodenal ulcer patients. Hal J Gastroenterol 1986; 18: 77–8
  • Petersen G. M., Lam S. K., Samloff I. M., et al. Genetic factors predict duodenal ulcer healing (Abstract). Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 1538
  • Battaglia G., Farini R., Di Mario F., et al. Recurrence of duodenal ulcer under continuous antisecretory treatment: an approach to the detection of predictive markers. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79: 831–4
  • Samloff I. M., Secris DM, Passaro E, Jr. Serum group I pepsinogen levels and their relation to gastric acid secretion in patients with and without recurrent ulcer. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 309–13
  • Sumii K., Inbe A., Uemura N., et al. Increased serum pepsinogen I and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. Stand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 1200–4
  • Tanaka Y., Mine K., Nakai Y., et al. Serum pepsinogen I concentrations in peptic ulcer patients in relation to ulcer location and stage. Gut 1991; 36: 424–30
  • Hui W-M, Ho J., Lam S-K. Pathogenetic role of. Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1991; 36: 424–30
  • Spiro H. M., Schwartz RDL. Superficial gastritis: a cause of temporary achlorhydria and hyperpepsinogenemia. N Engl J Med 1958; 259: 682–84
  • Segal H. L., Samloff I. M. Tubeless gastric analysis techniques in diagnosis of chronic gastritis. JAMA 1966; 197: 717–8
  • Samloff I. M., Varis K., Ihamaki T., et al. Serum pepsinogens I and II and gastric acid output: effect of gastritis. Pepsinogens in man: clinical and genetic advances, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. Rotter, A. W. Eriksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1985; 139–46
  • Bock OAA, Arapakis G., Witt L. I., et al. The serum pepsinogen level with special reference to the histology of the gastric mucosa. Gut 1963; 57: 159–62
  • Varis K., Samloff I. M., Imamaki T., et al. An appraisal of tests for severe atrophic gastritis in relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. Digree's Sc; 1979; 24: 91–187
  • Sipponen P., Samloff I. M., Saukkonen M., et al. Serum pepsinogens I and II and gastric mucosal histology after partial gastrectomy. Gut 1987; 26: 1179–82
  • Miki K., Ichinose M., Shimizu A., et al. Serum pepsinogens as a screening test of extensive chronic gastritis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1987; 22: 133–41
  • Hirayama T. Epidemiology of stomach cancer. Gann Monogr Cancer Res 1971; 11: 3–91
  • Biasco G., Paganelli G. M., Azzaroni D., et al. Early gastric cancer in Italy. Clinical and pathological observations on 80 cases. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 113–20
  • Sipponen P., Kekki M., Haapakoski J., et al. Gastric cancer risk in chronic atrophic gastritis: statistical calculations of cross-sectional data. Int J Cancer 1985; 35: 173–7
  • Stemmermann G. N., Ishidate T, Samloff I. M. Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach in Hawaii and Japan: a study of its relation to serum pepsinogen I, gastrin and parietal cell antibodies. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 815–20
  • Nomura AMY, Stemmermann GN, Samloff I. M. Serum pepsinogen I as a predictor of stomach cancer. Ann Int Med 1980; 93: 531–40
  • Stemmermann G. N., Samloff I. M., Heilbrun L. K., et al. Serum pepsinogens I and II and stomach cancer. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 163: 191–8
  • Miki K., Ichinose M., Kawamura N., et al. The significance of low serum pepsinogen levels to detect stomach cancer associated with extensive chronic gastritis in Japanese subjects. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989; 80: 111–4
  • Plebani M., Burlina A. Biochemical markers of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Chronic atrophic gastritis, Mario F. Di, F. Farinati, G. Leandro. Piccin, Padova 1991; 61–8
  • Westerveld B. D., Pals G., Lamers CBHW, et al. Clinical significance of pepsinogen A isozymogens, serum pepsinogen A and C levels, and serum gastrin levels. Cancer 1987; 59: 952–8
  • Farinati F., Di Mario F., Plebani M., et al. Pepsinogen A/Pepsinogen C or Pepsinogen A multiplied by gastrin in the diagnosis of gastric cancer%. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 223: 194–6
  • Heptner G., Domschke S., Domschke W. Comparison of CA 72–4 with CA 19–9 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the serodiagnostics of gastrointestinal malignancies. Stand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 745–50
  • Plebani M., Burlina A. Aspartic proteinases as tumour markers. Updating on tumor markers in tissue and in biological fluids. Basic aspects and clinical applications, A. Ballesta, G. C. Torre, E. Bombardieri, M. Gion, R. Molina. Minerva Medica, Torino 1993; 273–82
  • Kekki M., Samloff I. M., Varis K., et al. Serum pepsinogen I and serum gastrin in the screening of severe atrophic corpus gastritis. Stand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 109–16
  • Varis K., Kekki M., Harkonen M., et al. Serum pepsinogen I and serum gastrin in the screening of atrophic pangastritis with high risk of gastric cancer. Stand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 117–23
  • Hirsch-Marie H., Loisillier F., Touboul J. P., et al. Immunochemical study and cellular localization of human pepsinogens during ontogenesis and in gastric cancers. Lab Invest. 1976; 6: 623–32
  • Reid W. A., Thompson WD, Kay J. Pepsinogen in gastric carcinoma cells. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 137–9
  • Reid W. A., Kay J. Gastrics in the cells of gastric carcinomas. Dis Markers. 1983; 1: 263–9
  • Meuwissen SGM, Mullink H., Bosma A., et al. Immunocytochemical localization of pepsinogen A and C in the human stomach. Pepsinogens in man: clinical and genetic advances, J. Kreuning, I. M. Samloff, J. I. Rotter, H. W. Eriksson. Alan R. Liss, New York 1984; 185–96
  • Weinstein V. M., Lechago J., Samloff I. M., et al. Pepsinogens in human gastric cardiac and esophageal glands. Clin Res 1977; 25: 690–3
  • Wamer T. F., Donnelly W. J., Hafez G. R., et al. Immunocytochemical evidence for gastric proteases in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer 1986; 58: 1328–32
  • Saku T., Sakai H., Tsuda N., et al. Cathepsins D and E in normal, metaplastic, dysplastic, and carcinomatous gastric tissue: an immunohistochemical study. Gut 1990; 31: 1250–5
  • Fiocca R., Villani L., Tenti P., et al. Characterization of four main cell types in gastric cancer; foveolar, mucopeptic, intestinal columnar and goblet cells. An histopathologic, histochemical and ultrastructural study of “early” and “advanced” tumours. Pathol Res Pract 1987; 182: 308–25
  • Fiocca R., Comaggia M., Villani L., et al. Expression of pepsinogen II in gastric cancer. Its relationship to local invasion and lymph node metastases. Cancer 1988; 61: 956–62
  • Goodwin C. S., Armstrong JA, Chilvers T. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov., Helicobacter mustelae comb, nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1989; 39: 397–405
  • Goodwin C. S., McConnell W, McCulloch R. K., et al. Cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter pylori from primates and ferrets compared with those of other Campylobacters. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 43–938
  • Warren J. R., Marshall B. J. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; I: 5–1273
  • Marshall B. J., Warren J. R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; I: 5–1311
  • Buck G. E., Gourley W. K., Lee W. K., et al. Relation of. Campylobacter pyloridis to gastritis and peptic ulcer. J Infect Dis. 1986; 153: 664–9
  • Dooley C. P., Cohen H., Fitzgibbons P. L., et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1562–6
  • Malfertheiner P., Pieramico O. Helicobacter pylori. The stomach, S. Gustavsson, D. Kumar, D. Y. Graham. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992; 297–311
  • Misiewicz JJ, Tytgat GNJ, Goodwin C. S., et al. The Sydney System: a new classification of gastritis. Working Party Reports of the 9th World Congress of Gastroenterology. Melbourne. 1990; 1–10
  • Misiewicz J. J. The Sydney System: a new classification of gastritis. Introduction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991; 6: 207–8
  • Sipponen P., Price A., Kekki M., et al. Gastritis. The stomach, S. Gustavsson, D. Kumar, D. Y. Graham. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992; 313–39
  • Goodwin C. S., Armstrong JA, Marshall B. J. Campylobacter pyloridis. gastritis, and peptic ulceration. J Clin Pathol. 1986; 39: 353–65
  • Rathbone B. J., Wyatt JI, Heatley R. V. Campylobacter pyloridis - a new factor in peptic ulcer disease%. Gut 1986; 27: 635–41
  • Blaser M. J. Gastric. Campylobacter-like organisms, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 371–83
  • Malfertheiner R. P., Stanesu A., Bode G., et al. Gastric metaplasia in duodenal mucosa-key factor for. H. pyloricolonization and duodenal ulcer pathogenesis.Helicobacter pylori, gastritis and peptic ulcer, P. Malfertheiner, H. Ditshumeit. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1990; 292–301
  • Niemela S., Kartunnen T, Lehtola J. Campylobacter-like organisms in patients with gastric ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 487–90
  • Sidebottam R. L., Baron J. H. Hypothesis: Helicobacter pylori, mucosa, urease and gastric ulcer. Lancet 1990; 335: 193–5
  • Fox J. G., Correa P., Taylor N. S., et al. Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis and immune response in a population at increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989; 84: 775–81
  • Forman D., Sitas F, Newell D. G. Geographic association of Helicobacter pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality in rural China. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 608–11
  • Nomura A., Stemmermann G. N., Chyou P-H, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1132–6
  • Parsonnet J., Friedman G. D., Vandersteen D. P., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1127–31
  • Siurala M., Sipponen P, Kekki M. Chronic gastritis: dynamic and clinical aspects. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 109: 69–76
  • Blaser M. J. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter py/on'-induced gastroduodenal diseases. New antibacterial strategies, H. C. Neu. Churchill Livingstone, London 1990; 143–53
  • Correa P., Haenszel W. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. The Hague, Epidemiology of cancer of the digestive tract, P. Correa, W. Haenszel. Martinus Nijhoff, The Netherlands 1982; 58–84
  • Correa P. The gastric precancerous process. Cancer Surv. 1983; 2: 437–50
  • Correa P. Is gastric carcinoma an infectious disease%. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1170–1
  • Oderda G., Vaira D., Holton J., et al. Serum pepsinogen I and IgG antibody to Campylobacter pylori in non-specific abdominal pain in childhood. Gut 1989; 30: 512–6
  • Oderda G., Vaira D., Dell'Olio D., et al. Serum pepsinogen I and gastrin concentrations in children positive for. Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 762–5
  • Karnes WE, Jr, Samloff I. M., Siurala M., et al. Positive serum antibody and negative tissue staining for. Helicobacter pylori in subjects with atrophic body gastritis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 167–74
  • Plebani M., Di Mario F., Stanghellini V., et al. Serological tests to monitor treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1992; 340: 51–2
  • Chittajallu R. S., Dorrian C. A., Ardill JES, et al. Effect of. Helicobacter pylori on serum pepsinogen I and plasma gastrin in duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992; 27: 20–4
  • Trusdale R. A., Samloff I. M., Chamberlain C. E., et al. Serum pepsinogen I and II levels reflect the status of. Helicobacter pylori infection and response to treatment. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: A180
  • Vianello F., Plebani M., Di Mario F., et al. Total and group I serum pepsinogen after ranitidine and cimetidine injection. J Res Lab Med 1982; 6: 609–12
  • Pkkarainen P., Vuoristo M, Tarpila S. Ulcer healing and serum pepsinogen in cimetidine and glycopyrrolate treated duodenal ulcer patients. Ann Clin Res 1981; 13: 81–4
  • Sewing K. F., Hagle C., Ippoliti A. F., et al. Effect of 1 -month treatment with cimetidine on gastric secretion and serum gastrin and pepsinogen levels. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 376–9
  • Di Mario F., Plebani M., Vianello F., et al. Serum pepsinogen in normal subjects and in peptic ulcer and its modification after ranitidine treatment. Gut 1980; 21: A930
  • Plebani M., Mantovani G., Masiero M., et al. Measurement of aspartic proteinases in endoscopic gastroduodenal biopsies. Gastric secretion, M. Plebani, F. Di Mario. Piccin, Padova 1992; 61–73
  • Gabryelewicz A., Laszewiez W, Sarosiek J. The influence of various secretory inhibitors on peptic activity. Scand J Gastroenterol 1980; 15: 79–85
  • Cesnik R. H. Pepsinogen in gastric juice, blood and urine after proximal selective vagotomy and administration of pirenzepine or cimetidine. Advances in gastroenterology with the selective anti-muscarinic compound pirenzepine, G. Dotevall. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1982; 88–95
  • Vianello F., Di Mario F., Plebani M., et al. Serum pepsinogen after bolus i.v. injection of pirenzepine in healthy subjects and after oral administration in duodenal ulcer patients. J Res Lab Med 1984; 6: 567–79
  • Lind T., Cederberg C., Ekenved G., et al. Effect of omeprazole–a gastric proton pump inhibitor – on pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion in man. Gut 1983; 24: 270–6
  • Baak L. C., Biemond I., Jansen JBMJ, et al. Repeated intravenous bolus injections of omeprazole: effects on 24-h intragastric pH, serum gastrin, and serum pepsinogen A and C. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 737–46
  • Festen HPM, Tuynman HARE Defize J. Effect of single and repeated doses of oral omeprazole on gastric acid and pepsin secretion and fasting serum gastrin and serum pepsinogen I levels. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 561–6
  • Biemond I., Crobach LFST, Jansen JBMJ, et al. Effect of short-term omeprazole administration of serum pepsinogens in relation to fasting serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 37: 345–9
  • Jansen JBMJ, Klinkenberg-Knol E. C., Meuwissen SGM, et al. Effect of long-treatment with omeprazole on serum gastrin and serum group A and C pepsinogens in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 621–8
  • Baak L. C., Jansen JBMJ, Biemond I., et al. Weekend treatment with 20 and 40 mg omeprazole: effect on intragastric pH, fasting and postprandial serum gastrin, and serum pepsinogens. Gut 1991; 32: 977–82
  • Festen HPM, Thys J. C., Lamers CBHW, et al. Effects of oral omeprazole on serum gastrin and serum pepsinogen I levels. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 1030–34
  • Basson M. D., Adrian T. E., Modlin I. M. Dissociation of pepsinogen and acid secretion in guinea pig. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 321–6
  • Fryklund J., Wallmark B, Larsson H. Effect of omeprazole on gastric secretion in H+K+-ATP-ase and in pepsinogen-rich fractions from rabbit gastric mucosa. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33: 273–80
  • ten Kate R. W., Tuynman HARE, Festen HPM, et al. Effect of high dose omeprazole on gastric pepsin secretion and serum pepsinogen levels in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 32: 173–6
  • Samloff I. M., Secrist DM, Passaro E. Effect of betazole on serum group I pepsinogen levels: relationship to gastric acid output in unoperate and postoperative patients. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 845–8
  • Waldum H. L., Burhol P. G. The effect of secretin on serum group I pepsinogens in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1980; 15: 273–6
  • Haukeland H. H., Waldum HL, Johnsen J. A. Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on insulin induced gastric H+and pepsin secretion and serum group I pepsinogens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 555–9
  • Raufman J. P., Sutliff V. E., Kasbekar D. K., et al. Pepsinogen secretion from dispersed chief cells from guinea pig stomach. Am J Physiol 1984; 247: G95–G104
  • Hersey S. J., May D., Schyberg D. Stimulation of pepsinogen release from isolated gastric glands by cholecystokininlike peptides. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: G192–97
  • Roberts N. B., Taylor W. H. The inactivation by carbenoxolone of individual human pepsinogens and pepsins. Clin Sci Mol Med 1973; 45: 213–24
  • Northrop J. H., Kunitz M, Heriott R. M. Crystalline enzymes. Columbia University Press, New York 1948; 303–7
  • Saemundsson J. A method for proteolytic enzyme determination. Acta Med Scand. 1951; 140(Suppl. 259)158–65
  • Kowalewski K., Norvell S. T. Assay of proteolytic enzymes. Can J Biochem Physiol 1955; 33: 599–10
  • Jackson W. T., Schlamowitz M, Shaw A. Kinetics of the pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-diiodotyrosine. Biochemistry 1965; 4: 1537–2053

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.