57
Views
78
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Human Cryptosporidiosis

, &
Pages 113-159 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Weinstein L., Edelstein S. M., Madara J. L., Falchuk K. R., McManus B. M., Trier J. S. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis complicated by disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 584
  • Stemmermann G. N., Hayashi T., Glober G. A., Oishi N., Frankel R. I. Cryptosporidiosis. Report of a fatal case complicated by disseminated toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Med. 1980; 69: 637
  • Tzipori S., Angus K. W., Gray E. W., Campbell I. Vomiting and diarrhea associated with cryptosporidial infection ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 818
  • Weisburger W. R., Hutcheon D. F., Yardley J. H., Roche J. C., Hillis W. D., Charache P. Cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed renal-transplant recipient with IgA deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1979; 72: 473
  • Lasser K. H., Lewin K. J., Ryning F. W. Cryptosporidial enteritis in a patient with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. Hum. Pathol. 1979; 10: 234
  • Meisel J. L., Perera D. R., Meligro C., Rubin C. E. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 1156
  • Nime F. A., Burek J. D., Page D. L., Holscher M. A., Yardley J. H. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 592
  • Fayer R., Ungar B. L. Cryptosporidium spp., and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol. Rev. 1986; 50: 458
  • Navin T. R., Juranek D. D. Cryptosporidiosis: clinical, epidemiologic, and parasitologic review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1984; 6: 313
  • Current W. L., Reese N. C., Ernst J. V., Bailey W. S., Heyman M. B., Weinstein W. M. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 308: 1252
  • Combee C. L., Collinge M. L., Britt E. M. Cryptosporidiosis in a hospital-associated day care center. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1986; 5: 528
  • Mann E. D., Sekla L. H., Nayar G. P., Koschik C. Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and cattle in Manitoba. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1986; 50: 174
  • Alpert G., Bell L. M., Kirkpatrick C. E., Budnick L. D., Campos J. M., Friedman H. M., Plotkin S. A. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a day-care center. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 152
  • Taylor J. P., Perdue J. N., Dingley D., Gustafson T. L., Patterson M., Reed L. A. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a day-care center. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1985; 139: 1023
  • Wolfson J. S., Richter J. M., Waldron M. A., Weber D. J., McCarthy D. M., Hopkins C. C. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 1278
  • Cryptosporidiosis among children attending day-care centers. — Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, California, New Mexico. MMWR 1984; 33: 599
  • Alpert G., Bell L. M., Kirkpatrick C. E., Budnick L. D., Campos J. M., Friedman H. M., Plotkin S. A. Cryptosporidiosis in a day-care center ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311: 860
  • Katz M., Despommier D. D., Deckelbaum R. J. Cryptosporidiosis or an Aesop fable for modern times. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1987; 6: 619
  • Heijbel H., Slaine K., Seigel B., Wall P., McNabb S. J., Gibbons W., Istre G. R. Outbreak of diarrhea in a day care center with spread to household members: the role of Cryptosporidium. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1987; 6: 532
  • Crawford F. G., Vermund S. H. Parasitic infections in day care centers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1987; 6: 744
  • Pickering L. K., Bartlett A. V., Woodward W. E. Acute infectious diarrhea among children in day care. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1986; 8: 539
  • Fischer M. C., Agger W. A. Cryptosporidiosis. Am. Fam. Physician 1987; 36: 201
  • Hjelt K., Paerregaard A., Nielsen O. H., Graubaile P. C., Gaarslev K., Andersen Holten W., Tvede M., Orskov F., Krasilnikoff P. A. Acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centres with special reference to rotavirus infections. I. Aetiology and epidemiologic aspects. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1987; 76: 754
  • Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1643
  • Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M., Jokipii L. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis in a rural population is asymptomatic and associated with contact to cattle. Acta Vet. Scand. 1986; 27: 91
  • Elsser K. A., Moricz M., Proctor E. M. Cryptosporidium infections: a laboratory survey. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1986; 135: 211
  • Skeels M. R., Sokolow R., Hubbard C. V., Foster L. R. Screening for coinfection with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Oregon public health clinic patients. Am. J. Public Health 1986; 76: 270
  • Sterling C. R., Seegar K., Sinclair N. A. Cryptosporidium as a causative agent of traveler's diarrhea ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 153: 380
  • Jokipii A. M., Hemila M., Jokipii L. Prospective study of acquisition of Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia and gastrointestinal illness. Lancet 1985; 2: 487
  • Jokipii L., Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M. Cryptosporidiosis associated with traveling and giardiasis. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 838
  • Ma P., Kaufman D. L., Helmick C. G., D'Souza A. J., Navin T. R. Cryptosporidiosis in tourists returning from the Caribbean ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 647
  • Soave R., Ma P. Cryptosporidiosis. Traveler's diarrhea in two families. Arch. Intern. Med. 1985; 145: 70
  • Jokipii L., Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M. Cryptosporidium: a frequent finding in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet 1983; 2: 358
  • Ma P., Vermund S. H., Bunin J. R., Lehman J. S., Tsaihong J. Travel to warm climate countries as a risk factor for Cryptosporidium in men with AIDS in New York City. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1986, Abstr. 148
  • Dryjanski J., Gold J. W., Ritchie M. T., Kurtz R. C., Lim S. L., Armstrong D. Cryptosporidiosis. Case report in a health team worker. Am. J. Med. 1986; 80: 751
  • Koch K. L., Phillips D. J., Aber R. C., Current W. L. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital personnel. Evidence for person-to-person transmission. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985; 102: 593
  • Rahman A. S., Sanyal S. C., Mahmud Al K. A., Sobhan A. Cryptosporidium diarrhoea in calves and their handlers in Bangladesh. Indian J. Med. Res. 1985; 82: 510
  • Carter M. J., Anzimlt T. Cryptosporidium: an important cause of gastrointestinal disease in immunocompetent patients. N.Z. Med. J. 1986; 99: 101
  • Hunt D. A., Shannon R., Palmer S. R., Jephcott A. E. Cryptosporidiosis in an urban community. Br. Med. J. ‘Clin. Res.’ 1984; 289: 814
  • Leads from the MMWR. Cryptosporidiosis—New Mexico, 1986. JAMA 1987; 258: 1586
  • Pape J. W., Levine E., Beaulieu M. E., Marshall F., Verdier R., Johnson W. D., Jr. Cryptosporidiosis in Haitian children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 36: 333
  • Pohjola S., Oksanen H., Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 18: 173
  • Anderson B. C., Donndelinger T., Wilkins R. M., Smith J. Cryptosporidiosis in a veterinary student. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982; 180: 408
  • Williams J. E., Ellis D. S., Smith M. D., Daziel R. Safe method for identifying Cryptosporidium cysts in the faeces of patients with suspected AIDS, or those infected with other serious concomitant pathogens ‘letter’. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 38: 1313
  • Zierdt W. S. Concentration and identification of Cryptosporidium sp. by use of a parasite concentrator. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 860
  • Blagburn B. L., Current W. L. Accidental infection of a researcher with human Cryptosporidium ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 148: 772
  • Ma P. Cryptosporidium—biology and diagnosis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1986; 202: 135
  • Mead G. M., Sweetenham J. W., Ewins D. L., Furlong M., Lowes J. A. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a complication of cancer treatment. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1986; 70: 769
  • Baxby D., Hart C. A., Taylor C. Human cryptosporidiosis: a possible case of hospital cross infection. Br. Med. J. ‘Clin. Res.’ 1983; 287: 1760
  • Carstensen H., Hansen H. L., Kristiansen H. O., Gomme G. Cryptosporidiosis in children in southern Guinea-Bissau ‘letter’. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1986; 5: 718
  • Magd Aboul L.A., Shady Abou O. A preliminary study of human cryptosporidiosis. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1986; 16: 573
  • Miller N. M., van den Ende J. Seasonal prevalence of Cryptosporidium associated diarrhoea in young children ‘letter’. S. Afr. Med. J. 1986; 70: 636
  • Weitz J. C., Mercado T. M., Tassara R., Espinoza M., Lorca P., Herskovic P., Atias A. Frequency of Cryptosporidium sp. in hospitalized patients with digestive symptoms. Rev. Child. Pediatr. 1986; 57: 10
  • Robinson M., Hart C. A., Baxby D., Battin M., Suliman G. I., el Seed A. M., Coulter J. B. Cryptosporidium as a cause of gastro-enteritis in Sudanese children. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1986; 6: 155
  • Hojlyng N., Molbak K., Hanson A. P., Jepsen S. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Liberian children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 23: 1109
  • Weitz J. C., Mercado R., Tassara R., Espinoza M., Lorca P., Herskovic P., Atias A. Cryptosporidium in Chile (letter). Rev. Med. Chil. 1985; 113: 695
  • Albert M. J. Significance of Cryptosporidium and other enteric pathogens in developing countries ‘letter’. Lancet 1986; 1: 921
  • Addy P. A., Bekoe Aikins P. Cryptosporidiosis in diarrhoeal children in Kumasi, Ghana ‘letter’. Lancet 1986; 1: 735
  • Ungar B. L., Soave R., Fayer R., Nash T. E. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 153: 570
  • Mata L. Cryptosporidium and other protozoa in diarrheal disease in less developed countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1986; 5: 117
  • Taylor D. N., Echeverria P. When does Cryptosporidium cause diarrhoea? ‘letter’. Lancet 1986; 320
  • Mathan M. M., Venkatesan S., George R., Mathew M., Mathan V. I. Cryptosporidium and diarrhoea in southern Indian children. Lancet 1985; 2: 1172
  • Schael Perez I., Boher Y., Mata L., Perez M., Tapia F. J. Cryptosporidiosis in Venezuelan children with acute diarrhea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985; 34: 721
  • Mata L., Bolanos H., Pizarro D., Vives M. Cryptosporidiosis in children of Costa Rica: a cross section and longitudinal study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 1984; 32: 129
  • Lumb R., Erlich J., Davidson G. P. Cryptosporidia detection ‘letter’. Med. J. Aust. 1985; 142: 329
  • Brea Lopez M., Picazo Garcia L., Del Rey M. C. Cryptosporidium in children and adults in Madrid ‘letter’. J. Infect. 1986; 13: 314
  • Soave R., Armstrong D. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1986; 8: 1012
  • McColl D., Mooney T. J. Cryptosporidia in Tasmania ‘letter’. Med. J. Aust. 1984; 141: 900
  • Hojlyng N., Molbak K., Jepsen S., Hansson A. P. Cryptosporidiosis in Liberian children ‘letter’. Lancet 1984; 1: 734
  • Mata L., Bolanos H., Pizarro D., Vives M. Cryptosporidiosis in children from some highland Costa Rican rural and urban areas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984; 33: 24
  • Guderian R. H., Sandoval C. A., Mackenzie C. D. Cryptosporidiosis in Ecuadorian children with acute diarrhoea. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1986; 32: 290
  • Chiasson M. A., Vermund S. H., Ma P., Guigli P. E., Stevens C. E. A prevalence survey for Cryptosporidium and other parasites in healthy homosexual men in New York City. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, Abstr. 203
  • Bennett M., Baxby D., Blundell N., Gaskell C. J., Hart C. A., Kelly D. F. Cryptosporidiosis in the domestic cat. Vet. Rec. 1985; 116: 73
  • Lewis I. J., Hart C. A., Baxby D. Diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch. Dis. Child. 1985; 60: 60
  • Rahaman A. S., Sanyal S. C., Mahmud Al K. A., Sobhan A., Hossain K. S., Anderson B. C. Cryptosporidiosis in calves and their handlers in Bangladesh ‘letter’. Lancet 1984; 2: 221
  • Miller R. A., Holmberg R. E., Jr., Clausen C. R. Life-threatening diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in a child undergoing therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. J. Pediatr. 1983; 103: 256
  • Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans. Microbiol. Rev. 1983; 47: 84
  • Ongerth J. E., Stibbs H. H. Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987; 53: 672
  • Ernest J. A., Blagburn B. L., Lindsay D. S., Current W. L. Infection dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) in neonatal mice (Mus musculus). J. Parasitol. 1986; 72: 796
  • Panciera R. J., Thomassen R. W., Garner F. M. Cryptosporidial infection in a calf. Vet. Pathol. 1971; 8: 479
  • Tyzzer E. E. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1907; 5: 12
  • Tyzzer E. E. An extra cellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et. sp. nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse. J. Med. Res. 1910; 23: 487
  • Tyzzer E. E. Cryptosporidium parum (sp. nov), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Archives fur Protistenkunde 1912; 26: 394
  • Tyzzer E. E. Coccidiosis in gallinaceocis birds. Am. J. Hyg. 1929; 10: 269
  • Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.). J. Comp. Pathol. 1955; 65: 262
  • Muller H. E. Cryptosporidiosis—causative agent, epidemiology, clinical picture and diagnosis. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1986; 111: 146
  • Upton S. J., Current W. L. The species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting mammals. J. Parasitol. 1985; 71: 625
  • Levine N. D. Taxonomy and review of the coccidian genus Cryptosporidium (protozoa, apicomplexa). J. Protozool. 1984; 31: 94
  • Levine N. D. Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, J. J. Lee, S. H. Hutner, B. C. Bovee. Society for Protozoology, Lawrence, Kansas 1985; 322
  • Levine N. D. Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature. J. Parasitol. 1980; 66: 830
  • Levine N. D. The Biology of the Coccidia, P. L. Long. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland 1982; 1
  • Levine N. D., Corliss J. O., Cox F. E. G., Deroux G., Grain J., Honigberg B. M., Leedale G. F., Loeblich A. R., III, Lom J., Lynn D., Merinfeld E. G., Page F. C., Poljansky G., Sprague V., Vavra J., Wallace F. G. A newly revised classification of the protozoa. J. Protozool. 1980; 27: 37
  • Levine N. D. The genera Cryptosporidium and Epieimeria in the coccidian family Cryptosporidiidae (Protozoa: Apicomplexa). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1984; 103: 205
  • Current W. L., Reese N. C. A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice. J. Protozool. 1986; 33: 98
  • Marcial M. A., Madara J. L. Cryptosporidium: cellular localization, structural analysis of absorptive cell-parasite membrane-membrane interactions in guinea pigs, and suggestion of protozoan transport by M cells. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 583
  • Current W. L. Cryptosporidium: its biology and potential for environmental transmission. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 1986; 17: 21
  • Goebel E., Braendler U. Ultrastructure of microgametogenesis, microgametes, and gametogamy of Cryptosporidium sp. in the small intestines of mice. Protistologica 1982; 18: 331
  • O'Donoghue P. J. Cryptosporidium infections in man, animals, birds and fish. Aust. Vet. J. 1985; 62: 253
  • Kovatch R. M., White J. D. Cryptosporidiosis in two juvenile rhesus monkeys. Vet. Pathol. 1971; 9: 426
  • De Rycke J., Bernard S., Laporte J., Naciri M., Popoff M. R., Rodolakis A. Prevalence of various enteropathogens in the feces of diarrheic and healthy calves. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1986; 17: 159
  • Ma P. Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases, J. Remington, M. Schwartz. McGraw-Hill, New York 1987; 99
  • Current W. L., Upton S. J., Haynes T. B. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J. Protozoal. 1986; 33: 289
  • Current W. L. Cryptosporidiosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1985; 187: 1334
  • Chandra R. K. Nutrition, immunity, and infection: present knowledge and future directions. Lancet 1983; 1: 688
  • Current W. L., Long P. L. Development of human and calf Cryptosporidium in chicken embryos. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 148: 1108
  • Current W. L., Haynes T. B. Complete development of Cryptosporidium in cell culture. Science 1984; 224: 603
  • Despommier D. D., Karapelou J. W. Parasite Life Cycles. Springer-Verlag, New York 1987
  • Fayer R., Leek R. G. The effects of reducing conditions, medium, pH, temperature, and time on in vitro excystation of Cryptosporidium. J. Protozool. 1984; 31: 567
  • Reduker D. W., Speer C. A. Factors influencing excystation in Cryptosporidium oocysts from cattle. J. Parasitol. 1985; 71: 112
  • Woodmansee D. B., Powell E. C., Pohlenz J. F., Moon H. W. Factors affecting motility and morphology of Cryptosporidium sporozoites in vitro. J. Protozool. 1987; 34: 295
  • Baxby D., Blundell N., Hart C. A. Excretion of atypical oocysts by patients with cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 1: 974
  • Garcia L. S., Bruckner D. A., Brewer T. C., Shimizu R. Y. Techniques for the recovery and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983; 18: 185
  • Ma P., Soave R. Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 147: 824
  • Garcia L. S., Brewer T. C., Bruckner D. A. Fluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens by using monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 119
  • Holley H. P., Jr., Dover C. Cryptosporidium: a common cause of parasitic diarrhea in otherwise healthy individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 153: 365
  • McNabb S. J., Hensel D. M., Welch D. F., Heijbel H., McKee G. L., Istre G. R. Comparison of sedimentation and flotation techniques for identification of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in a large outbreak of human diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985; 22: 587
  • Soave R., Johnson W. D., Jr. Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1988; 157: 225
  • Waldman E., Tzipori S., Forsyth J. R. Separation of Cryptosporidium species oocysts from feces by using apercoll discontinuous density gradient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 23: 199
  • Heyman M. B., Shigekuni L. K., Ammann A. J. Separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from fecal debris by density gradient centrifugation and glass bead columns. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 23: 789
  • Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R. Isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites using discontinuous sucrose and isopycnic Percoll gradients. J. Parasitol. 1987; 73: 314
  • Pohlenz J., Moon H. W., Cherille N. F., Bemrick W. J. Cryptosporidiosis as a probable factor in neonatal diarrhea of calves. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1978; 172: 452
  • Henriksen S. A., Pohlenz J. F. L. Staining of Cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet. Scand. 1981; 22: 594
  • Treem W. R. The visualization of “yeast cells” in stools, a clue to the presence of Cryptosporidium ‘letter’. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1987; 141: 1037
  • Casemore D. P., Sands R. L., Curry A. Cryptosporidium species a “new” human pathogen. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 38: 1321
  • Pohjola S., Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Dimethylsulphoxide-Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique for detection of Cryptosporidial oocysts. Vet. Rec. 1985; 116: 442
  • Casemore D. P., Armstrong M., Sands R. L. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 38: 1337
  • Baxby D., Blundell N., Hart C. A. The development and performance of a simple, sensitive method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces. J. Hyg. (London) 1984; 93: 317
  • Cartensen H., Hansen H. L., Kristiansen H. O., Gomme G. The epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitoses in children in southern Guinea-Bissau. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 81: 860
  • Bogaerts J., Lepage P., Rouvroy D., Vandepitte J. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Central Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 874
  • Hart C. A., Baxby D., Blundell N. Gastro-enteritis due to Cryptosporidium: a prospective survey in a children's hospital. J. Infect. 1984; 9: 264
  • Stibbs H. H., Ongerth J. E. Immunofluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal smears. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 24: 517
  • McLauchlin J., Casemore D. P., Harrison T. G., Gerson P. J., Samuel D., Taylor A. G. Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts by monoclonal antibody ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 1: 51
  • Thumar B., Laughon B. E. Evaluation of the Merifluor Cryptosporidium immunofluorescent system with specimens from homosexual men and patients with AIDS. Interscience Conf. on Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1987; 242, Abstr. 832
  • Sterling C. R., Arrowood M. J. Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. infections using a direct immunofluorescent assay. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1986; 5: 139
  • Blakey J. Cryptosporidium in stools ‘letter’. Med. J. Aust. 1984; 141: 686
  • Campbell P. N., Current W. L. Demonstration of serum antibodies to Cryptosporidium sp. in normal and immunodeficient humans with confirmed infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983; 18: 165
  • Tzipori S., Campbell I. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium antibodies in 10 animal species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1981; 14: 455
  • Casemore D. P., Jessop E. G., Douce D., Jackson F. B. Cryptosporidium plus Campylobacter: an outbreak in a semi-rural population. J. Hyg. (London) 1986; 96: 95
  • Casemore D. P. The antibody response to Cryptosporidium: development of a serological test and its use in a study of immunologically normal persons. J. Infect. 1987; 14: 125
  • Ungar B. L., Nash T. E. Quantification of specific antibody response to Cryptosporidium antigens by laser densitometry. Infect. Immun. 1986; 53: 124
  • Luft B. J., Payne D., Woodmansee D., Kim C. W. Characterization of the Cryptosporidium antigens from sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect. Immun. 1987; 55: 2436
  • Marshall A. R., Jumaili Al I. J., Fenwick G. A., Bint A. J., Record C. O. Cryptosporidiosis in patients at a large teaching hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 172
  • Nachamkin I., Jones A., Hasyn H. Routine parasitological examination for Cryptosporidium ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 154: 369
  • Atterholm I., Castor B., Norlin K. Cryptosporidiosis in southern Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 19: 231
  • Vermund S. H., LaFleur F., MacLeod S. Parasitic infections in a New York City hospital: trend s from 1971 to 1984. Am. J. Public Health. 1986; 76: 1024
  • Waghorn D. J., Hinkins R. Screening for cryptosporidial infection ‘letter’. J. Clin. Pathol. 1986; 39: 1363
  • Ratnam S., Paddock J., McDonald E., Whitty D., Jong M., Cooper R. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples submitted for routine microbiological examination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985; 22: 402
  • DuPont H. L. Cryptosporidiosis and the healthy host ‘editorial’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 1319
  • Thamlikitkul V., Tepmongkol M., Lamon C., Sripochang S., Rungnapawate W., Suvajeejarun T. Cryptosporidiosis in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1987; 18: 229
  • Wolfson J. S., Richter J. M., Waldron M. A., Weber D. J., McCarthy D. M., Hopkins C. C. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1018
  • Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis and routine parasitological diagnosis ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 156: 248
  • Battandier Arnaud F. Cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, lambliasis in immunologic deficiencies. Arch. Fr. Pediatr. 1985; 42: 959
  • Soulen M. C., Fishman E. K., Scatarige J. C., Hutchins D., Zerhouni E. A. Cryptosporidiosis of the gastric antrum: detection using CT. Radiology 1986; 159: 705
  • Fleg Greyson R. T., Jones B., Fishman E. K., Hamilton S. R., Siegelman S. S. Computed tomography findings in gastrointestinal involvement by opportunistic organisms in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Comput. Tomogr. 1986; 10: 175
  • Romano A. J., van Sonnenberg E., Casola G., Gosink B. B., Withers C. E., McCutchan J. A., Leopold G. R. Gallbladder and bile duct abnormalities in AIDS: sonographic findings in eight patients. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1988; 150: 123
  • Davis J. J., Heyman M. B., Ferrell L., Kerner J., Kerlan R., Jr., Thaler M. M. Sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic cryptosporidiosis in a child with a congenital immunodeficiency disorder. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1987; 82: 1196
  • Dolmatch B. L., Laing F. C., Ferderle M. P., Jeffrey R. B., Cello J. AIDS-related cholangitis: radiographic findings in nine patients. Radiology 1987; 163: 313
  • Schneiderman D. J., Cello J. P., Laing F. C. Papillary stenosis and sclerosing cholangitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1987; 106: 546
  • Margulis S. J., Honig C. L., Soave R., Govoni A. F., Mouradian J. A., Jacobson I. M. Biliary tract obstruction in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1986; 105: 207
  • Hawkins S. P., Thomas R. P., Teasdale C. Acute pancreatitis: a new finding in Cryptosporidium enteritis. Br. Med. J. 1987; 294: 483
  • Kazlow P. G., Shah K., Benkov K. J., Dische R., LeLeiko N. S. Esophageal cryptosporidiosis in a child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 1301
  • Casemore D. P. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 168
  • Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 169
  • Hart A., Baxby D. Management of cryptosporidiosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1985; 15: 3
  • Cooper D. A., Wodak A., Marriot D. J., Harkness J. L., Ralston M., Hill A., Penny R. Cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Pathology 1984; 16: 455
  • Modigliani R., Bories C., Le Charpentier Y., Salmeron M., Messing B., Galian A., Rambaud J. C., Lavergne A., Priollet Cochand B., Desportes I. Diarrhoea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a study of four cases with special emphasis on opportunistic protozoan infestations. Gut 1985; 26: 179
  • Soave R., Danner R. L., Honig C. L., Ma P., Hart C. C., Nash T., Roberts R. B. Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men. Ann. Intern. Med. 1984; 100: 504
  • Cryptosporidiosis. assessment of chemotherapy of males with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). MMWR 1982; 31: 589
  • Baxby D., Hart C. A. Cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 1984; 289: 1148
  • Green Stehr J. K., McCaig L., Remsen H. M., Rains C. S., Fox M., Juranek D. D. Shedding of oocysts in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cryptosporidium. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 36: 338
  • Baxby D., Hart C. A., Blundell N. Shedding of oocysts by immunocompetent individuals with cryptosporidiosis. J. Hyg.(London) 1985; 95: 703
  • Holley H. P., Jr., Thiers B. H. Cryptosporidiosis in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Possible activation of latent infection. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986; 31: 1004
  • Gross T. L., Wheat J., Bartlett M., O'Connor K. W. AIDS and multiple system involvement with Cryptosporidium. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 81: 456
  • Jokipii L., Jokippii A. M. M. Giardiasis in travelers: a prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 1974; 130: 295
  • Wolfson J. S., Hopkins C. C., Weber D. J., Richter J. M., Waldron M. A., McCarthy D. M. An association between Cryptosporidium and Giardia in stool ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 310: 788
  • Weikel C. S., Johnston L. I., De Sousa M. A., Guerrant R. L. Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazil: association with sporadic diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 151: 963
  • Andersen Holten W., Gerstoft J., Henriksen S. A., Pedersen N. S. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among patients with acute enteric infection. J. Infect. 1984; 9: 277
  • Tzipori S., Smith M., Birch C., Barnes G., Bishop R. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital patients with gastroenteritis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983; 32: 931
  • Holley H. P., Jr., Dover C. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1019
  • D'Antonio R. G., Winn R. E., Taylor J. P., Gustafson T. L., Current W. X., Rhodes M. M., Gary G. W., Jr., Zajac R. A. A waterbome outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985; 103: 886
  • Renton Isaac J. L., Fogel D., Stibbs H. H., Ongerth J. E. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 1: 973
  • Garone M. A., Winston B. J., Lewis J. H. Cryptosporidiosis of the stomach. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 81: 465
  • Morley D. Paediatric Priorities in the Developing World. Butterworths, London 1977; 207
  • Joffe M. I., Sukha N. R., Rabson A. R. Lymphocyte subsets in measles: depressed helper/inducer subpopulation reversed by in vitro treatment with lavamisole and ascorbic acid. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 72: 971
  • Hirsch R. L., Griffin D. E., Johnson R. T., Cooper S. J., Lindo De Soriano I., Roedenbeck S., Vaisberg A. Cellular immune responses during complicated and uncomplicated measles virus infections of man. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1984; 31: 1
  • Lepage P. H., DeMoi P. Measles mortality in Rwanda. Lancet 1979; 2: 1133
  • De Mol P., Mukashema S., Bogaerts J., Hemelhof W., Butzler J. P. Cryptosporidium related to measles diarrhoea in Rwanda ‘letter’. Lancet 1984; 2: 42
  • Green Stehr J. K., Juranek D. J., McCaig L., Remsen H. M., Rains C. S. Chickenpox and infection with cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1986; 140: 1213
  • Brady E. M., Margolis M. L., Korzeniowski O. M. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 89
  • Keren G., Barzilai A., Barzilay Z., Reouven Goldschmied A., Bogokowsky B., Rubinstein E. Life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent infants. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1987; 146: 187
  • Navin T. R. Cryptosporidiosis in humans: review of recent epidemiologic studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 1: 77
  • Wright P. A., Harrison J. M., Byrom I. Cryptosporidiosis. Br. Med. J. 1984; 289: 1148
  • Sloper K. S., Dourmashkin R. R., Bird R. B., Slavin G., Webster A. D. Chronic malabsorption due to cryptosporidiosis in a child with immunoglobulin deficiency. Gut 1982; 23: 80
  • Thomson M. A., Benson J. W., Wright P. A. Two year study of Cryptosporidium infection. Arch. Dis. Child. 1987; 62: 559
  • Hay E. M., Winfield J., McKendrick M. W. Reactive arthritis associated with Cryptosporidium enteritis. Br. Med J. Clin. Res. 1987; 295: 248
  • Baxby D., Hart C. A. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital. J. Hyg.(London) 1986; 96: 107
  • Parker R. J., Scott C. D., Jeboult J. W. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea ‘letter’. Med. J. Aust. 1985; 143: 426
  • Wiedermann B. L., Kaplan S. L., Marino B. Prevalence and significance of cryptosporidiosis in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1985; 4: 292
  • Feeney Corbett G. Cryptosporidium among children with acute diarrhoea in the west of Ireland. J. Infect. 1987; 14: 79
  • Lahdevirta J., Jokipii A. M., Sammalkorpi K., Jokipii L. Perinatal infection with Cryptosporidium and failure to thrive ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 1: 48
  • Leek S. Case study: cryptosporidiosis complicating pregnancy and the puerperium. Midwives. Chron. 1987; 100: 72
  • Bossen A. N., Britt E. M. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1019
  • Roberts W., Carr M. F., Ma J., Ginsberg A., Green P. H. R. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in patients undergoing endoscopy — evidence for an asymptomatic carrier state. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1597, (Abstr.)
  • Crawford F. G., Vermund S. H., Ma J. Y., Deckelbaum R. J. Asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis: high prevalence in a New York City day care center. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
  • Casemore D. P., Jackson F. B. Hypothesis: cryptosporidiosis in human beings is not primarily a zoonosis. J. Infect. 1984; 9: 153
  • Cross J. H., Alcantara A., Alquiza L., Zaraspe G., Ranoa C. Cryptosporidiosis in Philippine children. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1985; 16: 257
  • Macfarlane D. E., Bryce Horner J. Cryptosporidiosis in well-nourished and malnourished children. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1987; 76: 474
  • Sallon S., Spira D. T., Schmid I., Harlap S., Baras M., Jentgens H., Kilcher P. R., Deckelbaum R. J. Cryptosporidium: an association with prolonged diarrhea and malnutrition in childhood. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1613, (Abstr.)
  • van den Ende G. M. Cryptosporidiosis among black children in hospitals in South Africa. J. Infect. 1986; 13: 25
  • Gomez F., Galvan R. R., Frenk S., Cravioto J., Chavez R., Vazquez J. Mortality in second and third degree malnutrition. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1956; 2: 77
  • Laxer M. A., Alcantara A. K., Javato-Laxer M. Cryptosporidiosis in the Philippines. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 116: 121, (Abstr.)
  • Santos J. S. Nutritional implications and physiologic response to pediatric diarrhea. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1986; 5: S152
  • Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in childhood. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1987; 23: 89
  • Hojlyng N., Holten-Andersen W., Jepsen S. Cryptosporidiosis: a case of airborne transmission ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 2: 271
  • Blaser M. J., Black R. E., Duncan D. J., Amer J. Campylobacter jejuni-specific serum antibodies are elevated in healthy Bangladeshi children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985; 21: 164
  • Ungar B. L. P., Lanata C. F., Gilman R. H., Perez-Schael I. Seroepidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 347: 232, (Abstr.)
  • Janoff E. N., Reller L. B. Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 967
  • Garcia L. S., Bruckner D. A., Brewer T. C. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies seen at the UCLA Medical Center: a retrospective study. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 115: 120, (Abstr.)
  • Navin T. R., Hardy A. M. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 155: 150
  • Berkowitz C. D., Seidel J. S. Spontaneous resolution of cryptosporidiosis in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ‘letter’. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1985; 139: 967
  • Zar F., Geiseler P. J., Brown V. A. Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptosporidium in the stool of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ‘letter’. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 151: 195
  • Immunodeficiency and cryptosporidiosis. Demonstration at the Royal College of Physicians of London (clinical conference). Br. Med. J. 1980; 281: 1123
  • Blumberg R. S., Kelsey P., Perrone T., Dickersin R., Laquaglia M., Ferruci J. Cytomegalovirus and Cryptosporidium-associated acalculous gangrenous cholecystitis. Am. J. Med. 1984; 76: 1118
  • Guarda L. A., Stein S. A., Cleary K. A., Ordonez N. G. Human cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1983; 107: 562
  • Pitlik S. D., Fainstein V., Rios A., Guarda L., Mansell P. W., Hersh E. M. Cryptosporidial cholecystitis ‘letter’. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 308: 967
  • Tzipori S., Roberton D., Cooper D. A., White L. Chronic cryptosporidial diarrhoea and hyperimmune cow colostrum ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 2: 344
  • Kocoshis S. A., Cibull M. L., Davis T. E., Hinton J. T., Selp M., Banwell J. G. Intestinal and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an infant with severe combined immune deficiency. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1984; 3: 149
  • Kahn D. G., Garfinkle J. M., Klonoff D. C., Pembrook L. J., Morrow D. J. Cryptosporidial and cytomegaloviral hepatitis and cholecystitis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1987; 111: 879
  • Ma P. Cryptosporidium and the enteropathy of immune deficiency. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1984; 3: 488
  • Ma P., Villanueva T. G., Kaufman D., Gillooley J. F. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Use of modified cold Kinyoun and Hemacolor stains for rapid diagnoses. JAMA 1984; 252: 1298
  • Gentile G., Baldassarri L., Caprioli A., Donelli G., Venditti M., Avvisati G., Martino P. Colonic vascular invasion as a possible route of extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. Am. J. Med. 1987; 82: 574
  • Hughes W. T. Pneumonia in the immunocompromised child. Semin. Respir. Infect 1987; 2: 177
  • Bertoli F., Surgeon J. L., Espino M., Herrera G. A. Cryptosporidiosis. Report of a fatal case in an infant malnourished and with right basal pneumonia. Rev. Med. Panama 1987; 12: 94
  • Miller R. A., Wasserheit J. N., Kirihara J., Coyle M. B. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sputum during screening for mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 1192
  • Forgacs P., Tarshis A., Ma P., Federman M., Mele L., Silverman M. L., Shea J. A. Intestinal and bronchial cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient homosexual man. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 99: 793
  • Mele L., Nadler H., Pappalardo S., et al. Unusual respiratory tract isolate. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1983, Abstr. C96
  • Shahid N. S., Rahman A. S., Anderson B. C., Mata L. J., Sanyal S. C. Cryptosporidiosis in Bangladesh. Br. Med. J.(Clin. Res.) 1985; 290: 114
  • Harari M. D., West B., Dwyer B. Cryptosporidium as cause of laryngotracheitis in an infant ‘letter’. Lancet 1986; 1: 1207
  • Manivel C., Filipovich A., Snover D. C. Cryptosporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea following bone marrow transplantation. Dis. Colon. Rectum. 1985; 28: 741
  • Hoerr F. J., Ranck F. M., Hastings T. F. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in turkeys. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1978; 173: 1591
  • Loureiro E. C., da Linhares A. C., Mata L. Acute diarrhoea associated with Cryptosporidium sp. in Belem, Brazil (preliminary report). Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 1986; 28: 138
  • Jonas C., Deprez C., De Maubeuge J., Taelman H., Panzer J. M., Deltenre M. Cryptosporidium in patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ‘letter’. Lancet 1983; 2: 964
  • Malebranche R., Arnoux E., Guerin J. M., Pierre G. D., Laroche A. C., Guichard Pean C., Elie R., Morisset P. H., Spira T., Mandeville R., et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with severe gastrointestinal manifestations in Haiti. Lancet 1983; 2: 873
  • Pitchenik A. E., Fischl M. A., Dickinson G. M., Becker D. M., Fournier A. M., O'Connell M. T., Colton R. M., Spira T. J. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians: evidence of a new acquired immunodefiency state. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 277
  • Mann E. D., Sekla L. H. Cryptosporidiosis in Manitoba ‘letter’. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1986; 135: 1072
  • Te Wiata I., Lennon D. Cryptosporidium infestation in hospitalised urban children ‘letter’. N.Z. Med. J. 1985; 98: 349
  • Carter M. J. Cryptosporidium infestation ‘letter’. N.Z. Med. J. 1984; 97: 743
  • Brea Lopez M., Picazo Garcia L., Del Rey M., Jimenez M. L. Cryptosporidium in stool specimens in Madrid ‘letter’. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985; 79: 422
  • Portus M., Serra T., Botet J., Gallego J. Human cryptosporidiosis in Spain (letter). Med. Clin. (Barcelona) 1985; 84: 462
  • Anon. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in diarrheic stools submitted for routine microbiological examination — Newfoundland. Can. Dis. Wkly. Rep. 1984; 10: 205
  • Seeger J. K., Gilman R. H., Galarza T., Black R. E., Brown K. H., Demarini J. C., Rojas V. Cryptosporidium — an important agent of infantile diarrhea in Peru. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984; 369: 224, (Abstr.)
  • Casemore D. P., Jackson B. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis in children ‘letter’. Lancet 1983; 2: 679
  • Rolston K. V., Fainstein V. Cryptosporidiosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 5: 135
  • Jirous J., Cyprichova V., Vanista J. A case of human cryptosporidiosis in Czechoslovakia. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 1986; 30: 103
  • United Nations Children's Fund. World Statistics on Children. UNICEF, New York 1984
  • Mata L. The Children of Santa Maria Cauque: A Prospective Field Study of Health and Growth. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1978
  • Hojlyng N., Molbak K., Jepsen S. Cryptosporidiosis in human beings is not primarily a zoonosis. J. Infect. 1985; 11: 270
  • Tzipori S., Roberton D., Chapman C. Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 1986; 293: 1276
  • Prado V., Brinck P., Martinez J. Cryptosporidium enteritis in a leukemic patient. Rev. Child. Pediatr. 1985; 56: 251
  • Stine K. C., Harris J. S., Lindsey N. J., Cho C. T. Spontaneous remission of cryptosporidiosis in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Clin. Pediatr.(Philadelphia) 1985; 24: 722
  • Collier A. C., Miller R. A., Meyers J. D. Cryptosporidiosis after marrow transplantation: person-to-person transmission and treatment with spiramycin. Ann. Intern. Med. 1984; 101: 205
  • Portnoy D., Whiteside M. E., Buckley E., III, MacLeod C. L. Treatment of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with spiramycin. Ann. Intern. Med. 1984; 101: 202
  • Fletcher A., Sims T. A., Talbot I. C. Cryptosporidial enteritis without general or selective immune deficiency. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 1982; 285: 22
  • Quinn T. C., Mann J. M., Curran J. W., Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science 1986; 234: 955
  • Ma P., Kaufman D., Montana J. Isospora belli diarrheal infection in homosexual men. AIDS Res. 1983; 1: 327
  • DeHovitz J. A., Pape J. W., Boncy M., Johnson W. D., Jr. Clinical manifestations and therapy of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 87
  • Colebunders R., Francis H., Mann J. M., Bila K. M., Izaley L., Kimputu L., Behets F., Van der Groen G., Quinn T. C., Curran J. W., Piot P. Persistent diarrhea, strongly associated with HIV infection in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1987; 82: 859
  • Montessori G. A., Bischoff L. Cryptosporidiosis: a cause of summer diarrhea in children. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1985; 132: 1285
  • Rush B. A., Chapman P. A., Ineson R. W. Cryptosporidium and drinking water ‘letter’. Lancet 1987; 2: 632
  • Kern P., Toy J., Dietrich M. Preliminary clinical observations with recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with AIDS or LAS. Blut 1985; 50: 1
  • Ng E., Markell E. K., Fleming R. L., Fried M. Demonstration of Isospora belli by acid-fast stain in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 384
  • Miller, et al. Am. Soc. Micro. 1986, Abstr. 26
  • Reese N. C., Current W. L., Ernst J. V., Bailey W. S. Cryptosporidiosis of man and calf: a case report and results of experimental infections in mice and rats. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1982; 31: 226
  • Weber J., Philip S. Human cryptosporidiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 1326
  • Current W. L. Human cryptosporidiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 1326
  • Schuman S. H. Day-care-associated infections: more than meets the eye. JAMA 1983; 249: 76
  • Isaacs D., Hunt G. H., Phillips A. D., Price E. H., Raafat F., Smith Walker J. A. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent children. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 38: 76
  • Holten-Andersen W., Gerstoft J., Henriksen S. A. Human cryptosporidiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 1325
  • Hayes E. B., Matte T. R., O'Brien M. L., Cummings M. I., Wilson M. A., Pinsky P. F., Long E. G., Nahlen B. L., Hurwitz E. S., Sacks J. J., Juranek D. D. Community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with public water supply. Interscience Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1987; 408: 167, (Abstr.)
  • Madore M. S., Rose J. B., Gerba C. P., Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and selected surface waters. J. Parasitol. 1987; 73: 702
  • Musial C. E., Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R., Gerba C. P. Detection of Cryptosporidium in water by using polypropylene cartridge filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987; 53: 687
  • Sterling C. R., Miranda E., Gilman R. H. The potential role of flies (Musca domestica) in the mechanical transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in a Pueblo Joven community of Lima, Peru. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 233, Abstr. 349
  • Lindsay D. S., Blagburn B. L., Sundermann C. A. Host specificity of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from chickens. J. Parasitol. 1986; 72: 565
  • Arbo A., Sontos J. I. Diarrheal diseases in the immunocompromised host. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1987; 6: 894
  • Burchard G. D. Clinical importance, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of intestinal Cryptosporidia infection. Immun. Infekt. 1986; 14: 51
  • Ribeiro C. D., Palmer S. R. Family outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 1986; 292: 377
  • Wyllie A. S. Cryptosporidiosis ‘letter’. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 1984; 289: 1383
  • Cryptosporidiosis—New Mexico. 1986. MMWR 1987; 36: 561
  • Saxon A., Weinstein W. Oral administration of bovine colostrum anti-cryptosporidia antibody fails to alter the course of human cryptosporidiosis. J. Parasitol. 1987; 73: 413
  • Moon H. W., Bemrick W. J. Fecal transmission of calf Cryptosporidia between calves and pigs. Vet. Pathol. 1981; 18: 248
  • Campbell I., Tzipori S., Hutchinson G., Angus K. W. Effect of disinfectants on survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Vet. Rec. 1982; 111: 414
  • Angus K. W., Sherwood D., Hutchinson G., Campbell I. Evaluation of the effect of two aldehyde-based disinfectants on the infectivity of fecal Cryptosporidia for mice. Res. Vet. Sci. 1982; 33: 379
  • Current W. L. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, M. S. Gottlib, J. E. Groopman. Alan R. Liss, New York 1984; 355
  • Anderson B. C. Moist heat inactivation of Cryptosporidium sp. Am. J. Public Health 1985; 75: 1433
  • Lefkowitch J. H., Krumholz S., Chen Feng K. C., Griffin P., Despommier D., Brasitus T. A. Cryptosporidiosis of the human small intestine: a light and electron microscopic study. Hum. Pathol. 1984; 15: 746
  • Garza D. H., Fedorak R. N., Soave R. Enterotoxin-like activity in cultured Cryptosporidia: role in diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1424, (Abstr.)
  • Mead J. R., Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R., Current W. L. Cryptosporidium isolate comparison using field inversion gel electrophoresis. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 348: 232, (Abstr.)
  • Pitlik S. D., Fainstein V., Garza D., Guarda L., Bolivar R., Rios A., Hopfer R. L., Mansell P. A. Human cryptosporidiosis: spectrum of disease. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Arch. Intern. Med. 1983; 143: 2269
  • Sallon S., Deckelbaum R. J., Schmid I., Harlap S., Baras M., Spira D. T. Cryptosporidium malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1988; 142: 312
  • Ma P., Tsaihong J. C. Immune response of AIDS and non-AJDS individuals to Cryptosporidium. Interscience Conf. Antimicr. Agents Chemother. 1987; 833: 242, (Abstr.)
  • Update: treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). MMWR 1984; 33: 117
  • Drugs for parasitic infections. Med. Lett. Drugs. Ther. 1988; 30: 15
  • Markus M. B. Spiramycin and coccidiosis ‘letter’. Med. J. Aust. 1987; 147: 472
  • Biggs B. A., Megna R., Wickremesinghe S., Dwyer B. Human infection with Cryptosporidium spp.: results of a 24-month survey. Med. J. Aust. 1987; 147: 175
  • Kocoshis S. A. Diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in children. Compr. Ther. 1986; 12: 56
  • Louie E., Borkowsky W., Klesius P. H., Haynes T. B., Gordon S., Bonk S., Lawrence H. S. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1987; 44: 329
  • Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R., Mahrt J. L. Effects of monoclonal antibodies on Cryptosporidium infections in neonatal mice. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987; 350: 233, (Abstr.)
  • Kim C. W. Chemotherapeutic effect of arprinocid in experimental cryptosporidiosis. J. Parasitol. 1987; 73: 663
  • Rehg J. E., Hancock M. L., Woodmansee D. B. Characterization of cyclophosphamide-rat model of cryptosporidiosis. Infect. Immun. 1987; 55: 2669
  • Bullock S., personal communication
  • Soave R., personal communication
  • Meshnick S., personal communication
  • Selik R. M., Starcher E. T., Curran J. W. Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: frequencies, associations, and trends. AIDS 1987; 1: 175

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.