52
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Immunomodulation by Bacterial Endotoxin

Pages 189-208 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

References

  • Morrison D. C., Ryan J. L. Bacterial endotoxins and host immune responses. Adv. Immunol. 1979; 28: 293
  • Morrison D. C. Bacterial endotoxins and pathogenesis. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 5((Suppl. 4))S733
  • Morrison D. C., Ryan J. L. Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Med. 1987; 38: 417
  • Wilson M. E. Effects of bacterial endotoxins on neutrophil function. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1985; 7: 404
  • Warren H. S., Chedid L. A. Strategies for the treatment of endotoxcmia: significance of the acute-phase response. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1987; 9((Suppl. 5))S630
  • Hitchcock P. J., Leive L., Mäkel P. H., Rietschel E. T. Stritt-matter, W., and Morrison, D. C., Lipopolysaccharide nomenclature—past, present, and future. J. Bacteriol. 1986; 166: 699
  • Westphal O., Jann K. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide extraction with phenol-water and further application of the procedure. Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, R. L. Whistler. Academic Press, New York 1965; 83
  • Rudbach J. A., Akiya F. I., Elin R. J., Hochstein H. D., Luoma M. K., Milner E. C. B., Milner K. C., Thomas K. R. Preparation of a national reference endotoxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1976; 3: 21
  • Galanos C., Lüderitz O. Electrodialysis of lipopolysaccharides and their conversion to uniform salt forms. Eur. J. Biochem. 1975; 54: 603
  • Boivin A., Mesrobeanu L. Recherches sur les antigènes so-matiques et sur les endotoxines des bactéries. I. Considerations gén-érales et exposé des techniques utilisies. Rev. Immunol. 1935; 1: 553
  • Westphal O., Jann K., Himmelspach K. Chemistry and immunochemistry of bacterial lipopolysaccharides as cell wall antigens and endotoxins. Prog. Allergy 1983; 33: 9
  • Nowotny A. Review of the molecular requirements of endotoxic actions. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1987; 9((Suppl. 5))S503
  • Kotani S., Takada H., Tsujimoto M., Ogawa T., Takahashi I., Ikeda T., Otsuka K., et al. Synthetic lipid A with endotoxic and related biological activities comparable to those of natural lipid A from an Escherichia coli mutant. Infect. Immun. 1985; 49: 225
  • Takada H., Kotani S., Tsujimoto M., Ogawa T., Takahashi I., Harada K., Katsukawa C., et al. Immunopharmacological activities of a synthetic counterpart of a biosynthelic lipid A precursor molecule and of its analogs. Infect. Immun. 1985; 48: 291
  • Kotani S., Takada H., Tsujimoto M., Ogawa T., Harada K., Mori Y., Kawasaki A., et al. Immunobiologically active lipid A analogs synthesized according to a revised structural model of natural lipid A. Infect. Immun. 1984; 45: 293
  • Johnson A. G., Tomai M., Solem L., Beck L., Ribi E. Characterization of a nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1987; 9((Suppl. 5))S512
  • Madonna G. S., Peterson J. E., Ribi E. E., Vogel S. N. Early-phase endotoxin tolerance: induction by a detoxified lipid A derivative, monophosphoryl lipid A. Infect. Immun. 1986; 52: 6
  • Rothman J., Johnson A. G., Friedman H., Kovats E., Pham P. H., Sanavi F., Nowotny A. M., Nowotny A. Biological effects of While-type polysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. J. Biol. Response Mod. 1985; 4: 169
  • Friedman H., Blanchard D. K., Newton C., Klein T., Stewart W., II., Keier T., Nowotny A. Distinctive immunomodulatory effects of endotoxin and nontoxic lipopolysaccharide derivatives in lymphoid cell cultures. J. Biol. Response Mod. 1987; 6: 664
  • Lebbar S., Cavaillon J. M., Caroff M., Ledur A., Brade H., Sarfati R., Haeffner-Cavaillon N. Molecular requirement for mterleukin 1 induction by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human mon-ocytes: involvement of the heptosyl-2-keto-3-deoxyocrulosonate region. Eur. J. Immunol. 1986; 16: 87
  • Nowotny A., Behling U. H., Chang H. L. Relation of structure to function in bacterial endotoxins. VIII. Biological activities in a polysaccharide-rich fraction. J. Immunol 1975; 15: 199
  • Behling U. H., Campbell B., Chang C. M., Rumpf C., Nowotny A. Synthetic glycolipid adjuvants. J. Immunol. 1976; 117: 847
  • Nowotny A., Blanchard D. K., Newton C., Klein T., Stewart W., II, Szentivanyi A., Friedman H. Interferon induction by endotoxin-derived nontoxic polysaccharides. J. Interferon. Res. 1987; 7: 371
  • Scibienski R. J. Immunologic properties of protein-lipopolysac-charide complexes. III. Role of carbohydrate in the adjuvant effect. Mol. Immunol. 1980; 17: 21
  • Morrison D. C., Kline L. F. Activation of the classical and properdin pathways of complement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). J. Immunol. 1977; 118: 362
  • Girard R., Chaby R., Bordenave G. Mitogenic response of C3H/HeJ mouse lymphocytes to polyanionic polysaccharides obtained from Bordetella pertussis endotoxin and from other bacterial species. Infect. Immun. 1981; 31: 122
  • Williamson S. I., Wannemuehler M. J., Jirilio E., Pritchard D. G., Michalek S. M., McGhee J. R. LPS regulation of the immune response: separate mechanisms for murine B cell activation by lipid A (direct) and polysaccharide (macrophage-dependent) derived from Bacteroides LPS. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 2294
  • Haeffner-Cavaillon N., Cavaillon J.-M., Szabo L. Macro-phage-dependent polyclonal activation of splenocytes by Bordetella pertussis endotoxin and its isolated polysaccharide and lipid A regions. Cell. Immunol. 1982; 74: 1
  • Sultzer B. M., Castagna R. Inhibition of activated nonresponder C3H/HeJ lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 3040
  • Flebbe L., Vukajlovich S. W., Morrison D. C. Immuno-stimulation of C3H/HeJ cells by chemotype lipopolysaccharide preparations. J. Immunol. 1989; 142: 642
  • Sultzer B. M., Goodman G. W. Endotoxin protein: a B-cell mitogen and polyclonal activator of C3H/HeJ lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1976; 144: 821
  • Morrison D. C., Betz S. J., Jacobs D. M. Isolation of a lipid A bound polypeptide responsible for “LPS-initiated” mitogenesis of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. J. Exp. Med. 1976; 144: 840
  • Morrison D. C., Betz S. J. Chemical and biological properties of a protein-rich fraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. The in vitro rat peritoneal mast cell response. J. Immunol 1977; 119: 1790
  • Johns M. A., Sipe J. D., Melton L. B., Strom T. B., McCabe W. R. Endotoxin-associated protein: interleukin-1-like activity on serum amyloid A synthesis and T-lymphocyte activation. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 1593
  • Kurtz R. S., Berman D. T. Influence of cndotoxin-protein in immunoglobulin G isorype responses of mice to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 1986; 54: 728
  • Hogan M. M., Vogel S. N. Production of tumor necrosis factor by rIFN-γ-primed C3H/HeJ (Lpsd) macrophages requires the presence of lipid A-associated proteins. J. Immunol 1988; 141: 4196
  • Burrell R., Rylander R. Comparative toxicity studies between bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and N-formyl-methionyl pep-tide as factors in the pathogenesis of byssinosis. J. Tox. Environ. Health 1985; 16: 607
  • Sung S. J., Jung L. K. L., Walters J. A., Chen W., Wang C. Y., Fu S. M. Production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin by human B cell lines and tonsillar B cells. J. Exp. Med. 1988; 168: 1539
  • Le J., Vilĉek J. Biology of disease. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1: cytokines with multiple overlapping biological activities. Lab Invest 1987; 56: 234
  • Goldberg D. I., Khoo J. C. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase secretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1987; 142: 1
  • White J. R., Chait A., Klebanoff S. J., Deeb S., Brunzell J. D. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduces macrophage lipoprotein lipase levels: an effect that is independent of tumor necrosis factor. J. Lipid Res. 1988; 29: 1379
  • Vogel S. N., Kaufman E. N., Tate M. D., Neta R. Re-combinanl interleukin-1α and recombinant tumor necrosis factor a synergize in vivo to induce early endotoxin tolerance and associated hematopoietic changes. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 2650
  • Kiener P. A., Marek F., Rodgers G., Lin P.-F., Warr G., Desiderio J. Induction of tumor necrosis factor, IFN-γ, and acute lethality in mice by toxic and non-toxic forms of lipid A. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 870
  • Cybulsky M. I., McComb D. J., Movat H. Z. Neutrophil leukocyte emigration induced by endotoxin. Mediator roles of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor a. J. Immunol 1988; 140: 3144
  • Galanos C. 0. Physical state and biological activity of lipopolysac-charides. Toxicity and immunogenicity of the lipid A component. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 1975; 149: 214
  • Vukajlovich S. W., Morrison D. C. Conversion of lipopoly-saccharides to molecular aggregates with reduced subunit heterogeneity: demonstration of LPS-responsiveness in “endotoxin-unresponsive” C3H/HeJ splenocytes. J. Immunol 1983; 130: 2804
  • Johne B., Myhrvold V., Morland B. Effects of endotoxins from Bacteroides intermedius and Escherichia coli on cytotoxic and lysosomal activity in peritoneal macrophages from endotoxin responder and low responder mouse strains. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. 1987; 95: 85
  • Tesh V. L., Duncan R. L., Jr., Morrison D. C. The interaction of Escherichia coli with normal human serum: the kinetics of serum-mediated lipopolysaccharide release and its dissociation from bacteria] killing. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 1329
  • Tesh V. L., Morrison D. C. The physical-chemical characterization and biologic activity of serum released lipopolysaccharides. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 3523
  • Goldman D. W., Enkel H., Gifford L. A., Chenoweth D. E., Rosenbaum J. T. Lipopolysaccharide modulates receptors for leukotriene B4, C5a, and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine on rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 1971
  • Reed D., Moore F. D. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor increases granulocyte cell-surface complement receptor number. Arch. Surg. 1988; 123: 1333
  • Strunk R. C., Whitehead A. S., Cole F. S. Pretranslational regulation of the third component of complement in human mononu-clear phagocytes by the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide. J. Clin Invest. 1985; 76: 985
  • Sutton M. B., Strunk R. C., Cole F. S. Regulation of the synthesis of the third component of complement and factor B in cord blood monocytes by lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 1986; 136: 1366
  • Norn S., Jensen C., Dahl B. T., Stahl Skov P., Bák L., Permin H., Jarløv J. O., Sørensen H. Endotoxins release histamine by complement activation and potentiate bacteria-induced histamine release. Agents Actions 1986; 18: 149
  • Okusawa S., Dinarello C. A., Yancey K. B., Endres S., Lawley T. J., Frank M. M., Burke J. F., Gelfand J. A. C5a induction of human interleukin 1. Synergistic effect with endotoxin or interferon-γ. J. Immunol. 1987; 139: 2635
  • van Vugt H., van Gool J., de Ridder L. Alpha 2 macrog-lobulin of the rat, an acute phase protein, mitigates the early course of endotoxin shock. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1986; 67: 313
  • Baseler M. W., Burrell R. Differential toxicity of inhaled Gram-negative bacteria. Infect. Immun. 1983; 40: 133
  • Baseler M. W., Burrell R. Purification of haptoglobin and its effects on lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage responses. Inflammation 1983; 7: 387
  • Mathison J. C., Ulevitch R. J. Mediators involved in the expression of endotoxic activity. Surv. Synth. Path. Res. 1983; 1: 34
  • Tesh V. L., Vukajlovich S. W., Morrison D. C. Endotoxin interactions with serum proteins. Relationship to biological activity. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1988; 272: 47
  • Tobias P. S., McAdam K. P. W. J., Ulevitch R. J. Interactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with acute-phase rabbit serum and amyloid A. J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 1420
  • Tobias P. S., McAdam K. P., Soldau K., Ulevitch R. J. Control of lipopolysaccharide-high-density lipoprotein interactions by an acute-phase reactant in human serum. Infect. Immun. 1985; 50: 73
  • Morel D. W., DiCorleto P. E., Chisolm G. M. Modulation of endotoxin-induced endothelial cell toxicity by low density lipoprotein. Lab. Invest. 1986; 55: 419
  • Navab M., Hough G. P., Van Lenten B. J., Berliner J. A., Fogelman A. M. Low density lipoproteins transfer bacterial lipopolysaccharides across endothelial monolayers in a biologically active form. J. Clin. Invest. 1988; 81: 601
  • Warren H. S., Riveau G. R., de Deckker F. A., Chedid L. A. Control of endotoxin activity and interleukin-1 producbon through regulation of lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotein binding by a macrophage factor. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 204
  • Riveau G. R., Novitsky T. J., Roslansky P. F., Dinarello C. A., Warren H. S. Role of interleukin-1 augmenting serum neutralization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 889
  • Cunha F. Q., Ferreira S. H. The release of a neutrophil chem-otactic factor from peritoneal macrophages by endotoxin: inhibition by glucocorticoids. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986; 129: 65
  • Haeffner-Cavaillon N., Cavaillon J. M., Etievant M., Lebbar S., Szabo L. Specific binding of endotoxin to human monocytes and mouse macrophages: serum requirement. Cell. Immunol 1985; 91: 119
  • Lubinsky-Mink S., Munkenbeck P., Morrison D. C. Interactions of latex-insolubilized endotoxins with murine macrophages: phagocytic responses of endotoxin-responsive (C3HeB/FeJ) and -unresponsive (C3H/HeJ) macrophages in vitro. J. Retic. Soc. 1983; 33: 353
  • Liang-Takasaki C.-J., Mäkelaˇ P. H., Leive L. Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages: changing the carbohydrate of lipopolysaccharide alters interaction with complement and macrophages. J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 1229
  • Weir D. M., Blackwell C. C. Interaction of bacteria with the immune system. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 1983; 10: 1
  • Larsen N. E., Sullivan R. Interaction between endotoxin and human monocytes: characteristics of the binding of 3H-labeled lipopolysaccharide and 51Cr-labeled lipid A before and after the induction of endotoxin tolerance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984; 81: 3491
  • Van Lenten B. J., Fogelman A. M., Seager J., Ribi E., Haberland M. E., Edwards P. A. Bacterial endotoxin selectively prevents the expression of scavenger-receptor activity on human monocyte-macrophages. J. Immunol 1985; 134: 3718
  • Ziegler H. K., Staffileno L. K., Wentworth P. Modulation of macrophage la-expression by lipopolysaccharide. I. Induction of Ia expression in vivo. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 1825
  • Steeg P. S., Johnson H. M., Oppenheim J. J. Regulation of murine macrophage Ia expression by an immune interferon-like lymphokine: inhibitory effect of endotoxin. J. Immunol. 1982; 129: 2402
  • Yem A. W., Parmely M. J. Modulation of Ia-like antigen expression and antigen-presenting activity of human monocytes by endoloxin and zymosan A. J. Immunol. 1981; 127: 2245
  • Leeuwenberg J. F., Van Damme J., Meager T., Jeunhomme T. M. A. A., Burman W. A. Effects of tumor necrosis factor on the interferon-γ-induced major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression by human endothelial cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 1988; 18: 1469
  • Bismuth G., Duphot M., Theze J. LPS and specific T cell responses: interleukjn 1 (IL 1)-independent amplification of antigen-specific helper (Th) cell proliferation. J. Immunol. 1985; 134: 1415
  • Weiel J. E., Hamilton T. A., Adams D. O. LPS induces altered phosphate labeling of proteins in murine peritoneal macro-phages. J. Immunol. 1986; 136: 3012
  • Prpic V., Weiel J. E., Somers S. D., DiGuiseppi J., Gonias S. L., Pizzo S. V., Hamilton T. A., et al. Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bi-phosphate in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 1987; 139: 526
  • Shedlofsky S. I., Swim A. T., Robinson J. M., Gallicchio V. S., Cohen D. A., McClain C. J. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) depresses cytochrome P450 levels and activities in mice. Life Sci. 1987; 40: 2331
  • Goodwin J. S., Ceuppens J. Regulation of the immune response by prostaglandins. J. Clin. Immunol. 1983; 3: 295
  • D'Onofrio C., Paradisi F. The influence of bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins on the phagocytic activity of human macrophages in culture. Infection 1983; 11: 137
  • Aderem A. A., Cohen D. S., Wright S. D., Cohn Z. A. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides prime macrophages for enhanced release of arachidonic acid metabolites. J. Exp. Med. 1986; 164: 165
  • Schade U. F. The effect of endotoxin on the lipoxygenase-mediated conversion of exogenous and endogenous arachidonic acid in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Prostaglandins 1987; 34: 385
  • Schade U. F. Involvement of lipoxygenases in the activation of mouse macrophages by endotoxin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986; 138: 842
  • Mølvig J., Baek L., Christensen P., Manogue K. R., Vlassara H., Platz P., Nielsen L. S., Svejgaard A. Endotoxin-stim-ulated human monocyte secretion of interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and prostaglandin E2 shows stable interindividual differences. Scand. J. Immunol. 1988; 27: 705
  • Rylander R., Snella M. C. Endotoxins and the lung: cellular reactions and risk for disease. Prog. Allergy 1983; 33: 332
  • Snella M. C. Production of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by endotoxin stimulated alveolar macrophages in vitro. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1986; 67: 801
  • Rylander R., Beyer L. Inhalation of endotoxin stimulates alveolar macrophage production of platelet-activating factor. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1987; 135: 83
  • Christman J. W., Petras S. F., Hacker M., Absher P. M., Davis G. S. Alveolar macrophage function is selectively altered after endotoxemia in rats. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 1254
  • Eden E., Turino G. M. Interleukin-1 secretion by human alveolar macrophages stimulated with endoloxin is augmented by re-combinant immune (gamma) interferon. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1986; 133: 455
  • Janco R. L., Morris P. Serum augments the generation of monocyte procoagulant stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or chemotactic fragments of C5. Thromb. Res. 1983; 32: 73
  • Lando P. A., Edgington T. S. Lymphoid procoagulant response to bacterial endotoxin in the rat. Infect. Immun. 1985; 50: 660
  • Shands J. W., Jr. Lymphocyte collaboration is not required for the induction of murine macrophage procoagulant by endotoxin. Thromb. Res. 1987; 46: 271
  • Henry M. M., Moore J. N. Endotoxin-induced procoagulant activity in equine peripheral blood monocytes. Circ. Shock 1988; 26: 297
  • Moon D. K., Geczy C. L. Recombinant IFN-γ synergizes with lipopolysaccharide to induce macrophage membrane procoagulants. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 1536
  • Dahinden C., Galanos C., Fehr J. Granuloctye activation by endotoxin. I. Correlation between adherence and other granulocyte functions, and role of endotoxin structure on biologic activity. J. Immunol. 1983; 130: 857
  • Madonna G. S., Vogel S. N. Early endotoxin tolerance is associated with alterations in bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor pools. J. Immunol. 1985; 135: 3763
  • Madonna G. S., Vogel S. N. Induction of early-phase endotoxin tolerance in athymic (nude) mice, B-cell-deficient (xid) mice, and sple-nectomized mice. Infect. Immun. 1986; 53: 707
  • Hartiala K. T, Langlois L., Goldstein I. M., Rosenbaum J. T. Endotoxin-induced selective dysfunction of rabbit polymor-phonuclear leukocytes in response to endogenous chemotactic factors. Infect. Immun. 1985; 50: 527
  • Bremm K. D., Konig W., Thelestam M., Alouf J. E. Modulation of granulocyte functions by bacterial exotoxin and endotoxins. Immunology 1987; 62: 363
  • Kosimar J. L., Cebra J. J. Monoclonal antibodies to Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1983; 162: 303
  • Kirkland T. N., Ziegler E. J., Tobias P., Ward D. C., Michalek S. M., McGbee J. R., Macher I., et al. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide activation of 70Z/3 cells by anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 3208
  • Zhang J., Liu Y. J., MacLennan I. C. M., Gray D., Lane P. J. L. B cell memory to thymus-independent antigens type 1 and type 2: the role of lipopolysaccharide in B memory induction. Eur. J. Immunol. 1988; 18: 1417
  • Vogel S. N., Hilfiker M. L., Caulfield M. J. Endotoxin-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. J. Immunol 1983; 130: 1774
  • Mukaida N., Kasahara T., Shioiri-Nakano K., Kawai T. Interleukin 2-dependent T cell line acquires responsiveness to phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysaccharides in the course of long-term culture. Immunol. Commun. 1984; 13: 475
  • McGhee J. R., Farrar J. J., Michalek S. M., Mergenhagen S. E., Rosenstreich D. L. Cellular requirements for lipopolysaccharide adjuvanticiry. A role for both T lymphocytes and macrophages for in vitro responses to paniculate antigens. J. Exp. Med. 1979; 149: 793
  • Mita A., Ohta H., Mita T. in vivo activation of mouse spleen lymphocytes by lipid A in carrier-free form. Immunology 1982; 45: 333
  • Milner E. C. B., Rudbach J. A., Von Eschen K. B. Cellular responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide: T cells recognize LPS determinants. Scand. J. Immunol. 1983; 18: 21
  • Wannemuehier M. J., Michalek S. M., Jirillo E., Williamson S. I., Hirasawa M., McGhee J. R. LPS regulation of the immune response: Bacteroides endotoxin induces mitogenic, poly-clonal, and antibody responses in classical LPS responsive but not C3H/HeJ mice. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 299
  • Lei M. G., Morrison D. C. Specific endotoxic lipopolysac-charide-binding proteins on murine splenocytes. I. Detection of lipo-polysaccharide-binding sites on splenocytes and splenocyte subpopulations. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 996
  • Lei M. G., Morrison D. C. Specific endotoxic lipopolysac-charide-binding proteins on murine splenocytes. II. Membrane localization and binding characteristics. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 1006
  • Monroe J. G., Cambier J. C. Level of mla expression on mitogen-stimulated murine B lymphocytes is dependent on position in cell cycle. J. Immunol. 1983; 130: 626
  • Jepbthab-Ocbola J., Urmson J., Farkas S., Halloran P. F. Regulation of MHC expression in vivo. Bacterial lipopolysac-charide induces class I and II MHC products in mouse tissues by a T-cell-independent, cyclosporine-sensiove mechanism. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 792
  • Baker P. J., Hiernaux J. R., Fauntleroy M. B., Prescott B., Cantrell J. L., Rudbach J. A. Inactivation of suppressor T-cell activity by nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 1076
  • Büller H. R., ten Cate J. W., Shirk A., Thomas L. L. Validity of the endotoxin assay in post surgical patients. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985; 189: 405
  • Lantz R. C., Birch K., Hinton D. E., Burrell R. Mor-phometric changes in the lung induced by inhaled baterial endotoxin. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1985; 43: 305
  • Burrell R., Lantz R. C., Hinton D. E. Mediators of pulmonary injury induced by inhalation of bacterial endotoxin. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1988; 137: 100
  • Fischer J. J., Morey P. R., Sasser P. E., Foarde K. K. Environment influences levels of Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin on cotton bracts. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1982; 43: 290
  • Castellan R. M., Olenchock S. A., Kinsley K. B., Hankinson J. L. Inhaled endotoxin and decreased spirometric values. An exposure-response relation for cotton dust. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 605
  • Remvig L., Enk C., Back L., Bendtzen K. Influence of endotoxin on production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor. I. J. Immunol. Meth. 1984; 72: 189
  • Chong K.-T., Huston M. Implications of endotoxin contamination in the evaluation of antibodies to lipopolysaccharides in a murine model of Gram-negative sepsis. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 156: 713
  • Kornbluth R. S., Edgington T. S. Tumor necrosis factor production by human monocytes is a regulated event: induction of TNF-a-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by endotoxin. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 2585
  • McGhee J. R., Kiyono H., Alley C. D. Gut bacterial endotoxin: influence on gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue and host immune function. Surv. Immunol. Res. 1984; 3: 241

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.