621
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi in South Asia-current status, issues and prospects

, , , , &
Pages 536-545 | Received 21 Aug 2013, Accepted 03 Jan 2014, Published online: 19 Mar 2014

References

  • Acharya D, Malla S, Bhatta DR, et al. (2012a). Current fluoroquinolone susceptibility criteria for Salmonella needs re-evaluation. Kathmandu Univ Med J 10:24–9
  • Acharya D, Trakulsomboon S, Madhup SK, Korbsrisate S. (2012b). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the indicator of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal. Jpn J Infect Dis 65:264–7
  • Achla P, Grover SS, Bhatia R, Khare S. (2005). Sensitivity index of antimicrobial agents as a simple solution for multidrug resistance in Salmonella Typhi. Indian J Med Res 121:185–93
  • Ackers ML, Puhr ND, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED. (2000). Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. J Am Med Assoc 283:2668–73
  • Ahmed D, D’Costa LT, Alam K, et al. (2006). Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enteric serover Typhi isolates with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3516–7
  • Ahmed SM, Hossain MA. (2007). Knowledge and practice of unqualified and semi-qualified allopathic providers in rural Bangladesh: implications for the HRH problem. Health Policy 84:332–43
  • Akhtar S. (2013a). Food safety challenges – a Pakistan’s perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.650801
  • Akhtar S. (2013b). Zinc status in South Asian Population. J Health Popul Nutr 2:139–49
  • Akhtar S, Sarker MR, Hossain A. (2014). Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies. Crit Rev Microbiol 40:348–59
  • Akter FU, Heller D, Smith A, et al. (2004). Antimicrobial use in paediatric wards of teaching hospitals in Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 13:63–6
  • Ali SQ, Zehra A, Naqvi BS, et al. (2010). Resistance pattern of ciprofloxacin against different pathogens. Oman Med J 25:294–8
  • Anjum P, Qureshi AH, Rafi S. (2004). Fluroquinolone resistance in typhoidal Salmonella and its detection by nalidixic acid disc diffusion. J Pak Med Assoc 54:295–301
  • Asna SM, Haq JA, Rahman MM. (2003). Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enteric serovar typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin caused treatment failure: a report from Bangladesh. Jpn J Infect Dis 56:32–3
  • Bajracharya BL, Baral MR, Shakya S, et al. (2006). Clinical profile and antibiotics response in typhoid fever. Kathmandu Univ Med J 4:25–9
  • Bennish ML, Khan WA. (2010). What the future holds for resistance in developing countries. In: Sosa AJ, Byarugaba DK, Ambile-Cuevas CF, Hsueh P-R, Kariuki S, Okeke IN, eds. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. New York: Springer, 37–57
  • Bhatia R. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia. Regional Health Forum 15:5–8
  • Blackstock SJ, Sheppeard VK, Paterson JM, Ralph AP. (2011). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW, January–June 2011. N S W Public Health Bull 23:148–52
  • Buckle GC, Walker CLF, Black RE. (2012). Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. J Glob Health 2:1–9
  • Butt F, Sultan F. (2011). In vitro activity of azithromycin in Salmonella isolates from Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 5:391–5
  • Butt T, Ahmad RN, Salman M, Kazmi SY. (2005). Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 11:1038–44
  • Butt T, Khan MY, Ahmad RN, et al. (2006). Validity of nalidixic acid screening in fluoroquinolone-resistant typhoid salmonellae. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 16:31–4
  • Capoor MR, Nair D, Aggarwal P, et al. (2007a). Salmonella enterica serovar typhi: molecular analysis of strains with decreased susceptibility and resistant to ciprofloxacin in India from 2001-2003. Braz J Infect Dis 11:423–5
  • Capoor MR, Nair D, Deb M, Aggarwal P. (2007b). Enteric fever perspective in India: emergence of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance and rising MIC to cephalosporins. J Med Microbiol 56:1131–2
  • Capoor MR, Rawat D, Nair D, et al. (2007c). In vitro activity of azithromycin, newer quinolones and cephalosporins in ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella causing enteric fever. J Med Microbiol 56:1490–4
  • Caumes E, Ehya N, Nguyen J, Bricaire F. (2001). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a 10-year retrospective study of 41 cases in a Parisian hospital. J Travel Med 8:293–7
  • CDC. (1972). Centers for disease control. Typhoid fever-Mexico. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 21:177–8
  • Chande C, Shrikhande S, Kapale S, et al. (2002). Change in antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi in central India. Indian J Med Res 115:248–50
  • Chau TT, Campbell JI, Galindo CM, et al. (2007). Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:4315–23
  • Chitnis S, Chitnis V, Hemvani N, Chitnis DS. (2006). Ciprofloxacin therapy for typhoid fever needs reconsideration. J Infect Chemother 12:402–4
  • Chowdhury FR, Rahman MM, Huq MF, Begum S. (2006). Rationality of drug uses: its Bangladeshi perspectives. Mymensingh Med J 15:215–9
  • Chowta MN, Chowta NK. (2005). Study of clinical profile and antibiotic response in typhoid fever. Indian J Med Microbiol 23:125–7
  • Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. (2004). The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82:346–53
  • Das U, Bhattacharya SS. (2000). Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in Rourkela, Orissa. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 43:135–8
  • Deekshit VK, Kumar BK, Rai P, et al. (2012). Detection of class 1 integrons in Salmonella Weltevreden and silent antibiotic resistance genes in some seafood-associated nontyphoidal isolates of Salmonella in south-west coast of India. J Appl Microbiol 112:1113–22
  • Dolecek C, Tran TP, Nguyen NR, et al. (2008). A multi-center randomised controlled trial of gatifloxacin versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam. PLoS One 3:e2188
  • Ekdahl K, de Jong B, Andersson Y. (2005). Risk of travel-associated typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in various regions Sweden. Travel Med 12:197–204
  • Girosi F, Olmsted SS, Keeler E, et al. (2006). Developing and interpreting models to improve diagnostics in developing countries. Nature 444:3–8
  • Guha S, Jalan BY, Dey S, et al. (2005). Salmonella bacteraemia in Pokhara: emergence of antibiotic resistance. Nepal Med Coll J 7:23–5
  • Gul H, Omurtag G, Clark PM, et al. (2007). Nonprescription medication purchases and the role of pharmacists as healthcare workers in self-medication in Istanbul. Med Sci Monit 13:PH9–14
  • Gupta SK, Medalla F, Omondi MW, et al. (2008). Laboratory-based surveillance of paratyphoid fever in the United States: travel and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 46:1656–63
  • Gupta V, Kaur J, Kaistha N. (2009a). Re-emerging chloramphenicol sensitivity and emerging low level ciprofloxacin resistance among Salmonella enterica serotype typhi isolates in North India. Trop Doct 39:28–30
  • Harish BN, Menezes GA. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal Salmonellae. Indian J Med Microbiol 29:223–9
  • Hasan R, Zafar A, Abbas Z, et al. (2008). Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan (2001-2006). J Infect Dev Ctries 2:289–94
  • Hassan Ali N, Farooqui A, Khan A, et al. (2010). Microbial contamination of raw meat and its environment in retail shops in Karachi, Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 4:382–8
  • Hassing RJ, Menezes GA, van Pelt W, et al. (2011). Analysis of mechanisms involved in reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates from travellers to Southeast Asia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 37:240–3
  • Holt KE, Baker S, Dongol S, et al. (2010). High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of Salmonella Typhi causing typhoid in Nepalese children. BMC Infect Dis 10:144
  • Holt KE, Dutta S, Manna B, et al. (2012). High-resolution genotyping of the endemic Salmonella Typhi population during a Vi (typhoid) vaccination trial in Kolkata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1490
  • John M. (2001). Decreasing clinical response of quinolones in the treatment of enteric fever. Indian J Med Sci 55:189–94
  • Joshi S, Amarnath SK. (2007). Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A in Bangalore, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101:308–10
  • Kadhiravan T, Wig N, Kapil A, et al. (2005). Clinical outcomes in typhoid fever: adverse impact of infection with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhi. BMC Infect Dis 5:37
  • Kafle KK, Pokhrel BM. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance at different levels of health-care services in Nepal. Regional Health Forum 15:9–17
  • Kansakar P, Baral P, Malla S, Ghimire GR. (2011). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enteric bacterial pathogens isolated in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2002-2004. J Infect Dev Ctries 5:163–8
  • Karunanayake L, Atukorala SD. (2004). Enteric fever caused by Salmonella isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Ceylon Med J 49:137–8
  • Koirala KD, Thanh DP, Thapa SD, et al. (2012). Highly resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with a novel gyrA mutation raises questions about the long-term efficacy of older fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2761–2
  • Keller A, Frey M, Schmid H, et al. (2008). Imported typhoid fever in Switzerland, 1993 to 2004. J Travel Med 15:248–51
  • Kendall ME, Crim S, Fullerton K, et al. (2012). Travel-associated enteric infections diagnosed after return to the United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2009. Clin Infect Dis 54(Suppl 5):S480–7
  • Krishnan P, Stalin M, Balasubramanian S. (2009). Changing trends in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteric serovar typhi and Salmonella enteric serovar paratyphi A in Chennai. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52:505–8
  • Kumar R, Gupta N. (2007). Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever. Indian J Pediatr 74:39–42
  • Kumar S, Rizvi M, Berry N. (2008). Rising prevalence of enteric fever due to multidrug-resistant Salmonella: an epidemiological study. J Med Microbiol 57:1247–50
  • Kumar Y, Sharma A, Mani KR. (2009). High level of resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi in Central India. J Infect Dev Ctries 3:467–9
  • Kumar Y, Sharma A, Mani KR. (2011). Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India. J Infect Dev Ctries 5:227–30
  • Lakshmi V, Ashok R, Susmita J, Shailaja VV. (2006). Changing trends in the antibiograms of Salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad. Indian J Med Microbiol 24:45–8
  • Lester A, Mygind O, Jensen KT, et al. (1994). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Denmark 1986-1990. Epidemiologic aspects and the extent of bacteriological follow-up of patients. Ugeskr Laeger 156:3770–5
  • Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. (2005). Typhoid fever: a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 40:554–61
  • Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior. (2008). The 2008 Garrod Lecture: antimicrobial resistance – animals and the environment. J Antimicrob Chemother 62:229–33
  • Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, et al. (2009). Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006. J Am Med Assoc 302:859–65
  • Madhulika U, Harish BN, Parija SC. (2004). Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 120:111–4
  • Mahmud AK, Chowdhury AJ, Sarker ZM, et al. (2008). Typhoid fever. Mymensingh Med J 17:236–44
  • Malla S, Kansakar P, Serichantalergs O, et al. (2005). Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kathmandu: two years study and trends of antimicrobial resistance. J Nepal Med Assoc 44:18–22
  • Malla T, Malla KK, Thapalial A, Shaw C. (2007). Enteric fever: a retrospective 6-year analysis of 82 paediatric cases in a teaching hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J 5:181–7
  • Mamun KZ, Tabassum S, Ashna SM, Hart CA. (2004). Molecular analysis of multi-drug resistant from urban paediatric population of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 30:81–6
  • Manchanda V, Bhalla P, Sethi M, Sharma VK. (2006). Treatment of enteric fever in children on the basis of current trends of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enteric serovar typhi and paratyphi A. Indian J Med Microbiol 24:101–6
  • Mandal S, Mandal MD, Pal NK. (2012). Enhancing chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in vitro activity by Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5:220–4
  • Mandal S, Mandal MD, Pal NK. (2004). Synergism of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim against Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates showing reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Chemotherapy 50:152–4
  • Mandal S, Mandal MD, Pal NK. (2004b). Reduced minimum inhibitory concentration of chloramphenicol for Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. Indian J Med Sci 58:16–23
  • Marathe SA, Lahiri A, Negi VD, Chakravortty D. (2012). Typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question. Indian J Med Res 135:161–9
  • Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, et al. (2006). Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42:1247–53
  • Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE, et al. (2008). Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993–2003. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102:91–5
  • Mathura KC, Chaudhary D, Simkhada R, et al. (2005). Study of clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in culture positive typhoid fever cases. Kathmandu Univ Med J 3:376–9
  • Meltzer E, Schwartz E. (2010). Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23:432–7
  • Menezes GA, Harish BN, Khan MA, et al. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance trends in blood culture positive Salmonella Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India, 2005-2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:239–45
  • Mirza SH, Khan MA. (2008). Low-level quinolone-resistance in multi-drug resistant typhoid. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 18:13–6
  • Mohanty S, Renuka K, Sood S, et al. (2006). Antibiogram pattern and seasonality of Salmonella serotypes in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. Epidemiol Infect 134:961–6
  • Nagshetty K, Channappa ST, Gaddad SM. (2010). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi in India. J Infect Dev Ctries 4:70–3
  • Naheed A, Ram PK, Brooks WA, et al. (2010). Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 14:e93–9
  • Nazar HS, Rabbani A, Riaz A, Anwar J. (2005). Presentation of typhoid fever patients in Hazara Division and response to different treatment regimens. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 17:67–9
  • Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, et al. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 5:481–93
  • Paniker CKJ, Vilma KN. (1972). Transferable chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella typhi. Nature 239:109–10
  • Parry CM. (2004). Management of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella infections. In: Gillespie SH, ed. Management of multiple drug-resistance infections. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 189–202
  • Patabendige CGUA, Chandrasiri NS, Karunanayake LI, et al. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance in resource-poor settings – Sri Lankan experience. Regional Health Forum 15:18–26
  • Pathak A, Marothi Y, Kekre V, et al. (2012). High prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogens: results of a surveillance study in two hospitals in Ujjain, India. Infect Drug Resist 5:65–73
  • Pokharel BM, Koirala J, Dahal RK, et al. (2006). Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives. Int J Infect Dis 10:434–8
  • Qaiser S, Irfan S, Khan E, et al. (2011). In vitro susceptibility of typhoidal Salmonellae against newer antimicrobial agents: a search for alternate treatment options. J Pak Med Assoc 61:462–5
  • Rahman M, Siddique AK, Shoma S, et al. (2006). Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 134:433–8
  • Rahman MM, Haq JA, Morshed MA, Rahman MA. (2005). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25:345–6
  • Rai S, Jain S, Prasad KN, et al. (2012). Rationale of azithromycin prescribing practices for enteric fever in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 30:30–3
  • Rowe B, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ. (1995). Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhi in the UK. Lancet 346:1302
  • Rupali P, Abraham OC, Jesudason MV, et al. (2004). Treatment failure in typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 49:1–3
  • Saha SK, Talukder SY, Islam M, Saha S. (1999). A highly ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18:387
  • Saha SK, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH, et al. (2006). Molecular basis of resistance displayed by highly ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 44:3811–3
  • Saharan G, Gupta A, Gupta BK, et al. (2008). Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity pattern in cases of enteric fever in north west Rajasthan. J Indian Med Assoc 106:528–30
  • Senthilkumar B, Prabakaran G. (2005). Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in asymptomatic typhoid carriers among food handlers in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Microbiol 23:92–4
  • Shanahan PM, Karamat KA, Thomson CJ, Amyes SG. (2000). Characterization of multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi isolated from Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 124:9–16
  • Shirakawa T, Acharya B, Kinoshita S, et al. (2006). Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and gyrA gene mutation in the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Katmandu, Nepal, in 2003. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 54:299–303
  • Simonsen GS, Tapsall JW, Allegranzi B, et al. (2004). The antimicrobial resistance containment and surveillance approach – a public health tool. Bull World Health Organ 82:928–34
  • Singh S, Agarwal RK, Tiwari SC, Singh H. (2012). Antibiotic resistance pattern among the Salmonella isolated from human, animal and meat in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:665–74
  • Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV. (2003). An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Indian J Med Res 117:10–12
  • Threlfall EJ, Fisher IS, Berghold C, et al. (2003). Trends in antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Europe, 1999-2001. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:487–91
  • Volpato DE, de Souza BV, Dalla Rosa LG, et al. (2005). Use of antibiotics without medical prescription. Braz J Infect Dis 9:288–91
  • Walia M, Gaind R, Paul P, et al. (2006). Age-related clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100:942–8
  • WHO. (2011). Laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Report of a bi-regional workshop; 2011 Mar 21–25; Chennai, India
  • World Bank. (2011). The challenges of service delivery for Dhaka’s. Available from: http://www.worldbank.org. World Bank, n.d.Web.3 Mar. 2011. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BANGLADESHEXTN/Resources/2957591182963267/ch4.pdf [last accessed 10 Mar 2011]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.