A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: Particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity

References

• Ahamed M, Karns M, Goodson M, Rowe J, Hussain SM, Schlager JJ, Hong Y. (2008). DNA damage response to different surface chemistry of silver nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Toxicol App Pharmacol 233:404–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora S, Jain J, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM. (2008). Cellular responses induced by silver nanoparticles: In vitro studies. Toxicol Lett 179:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora S, Jain J, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM. (2009). Interactions of silver nanoparticles with primary mouse fibroblasts and liver cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236:310–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AshaRani PV, Low Kah MG, Hande MP, Valiyaveettil S. (2009). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 3:279–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Ilan O, Albrecht RM, Fako VE, Furgeson DY. (2009). Toxicity assessments of multisized gold and silver nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos. Small. Epub before print.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braydich-Stolle L, Hussain S, Schlager JJ, Hofmann MC. 2005. In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Toxicol Sci 88:412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSi Report 2007. PAS 136 Terminology for nanomaterials. http://www.bsi-global.com/en/Standards-and-Publications/Industry-Sectors/Nanotechnologies/Nano-Downloads/.
   Google Scholar
• Bury NR, Wood C.M. (1999). Mechanism of branchial apical silver uptake by rainbow trout is via the proton-coupled Na+ channel. Am J Physiol Regulatory ntegrative Comp Physiol 277:1385–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson C, Hussain SM, Schrand AM, Braydich-Stolle LK. Hess KL, Jones RL, Schlager JJ. (2008). Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: Size dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J Phys Chem B 112:13608–13619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha K, Hong HW, Choi YG, Lee MJ, Park JH, Chae HK, Ryu G, Myung H. (2008). Comparison of acute responses of mice livers to short-term exposure to nano-sized or micro-sized silver particles. Biotechnol Lett 30:1893–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang ALS, Khosravi V, Egbert B. (2006). A case of argyria development after colloidal silver digestion. J Cutan Pathol 33:809–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi Z, Liu R, Zhao L, Qin P, Pan X, Sun F, Hao X. (2009). A new strategy to probe the genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles combined with cetylpyridine bromide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 72:577–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WCW. (2006). Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake by mammalian cells. Nano Lett 6:662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chithrani BD, Chan WCW. (2007). Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett 7:1542–1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho W-S, Cho M, Jeong J, Choi M, Cho H-Y, Han BS, Kim SH, Kim HO, Lim YT, Chung BH, Jeong J. (2009). Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics of 13 nm-sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor EE, Mwamuka J, Gole A, Murphy CJ, Wyatt MD. (2005). Gold nanoparticles are taken ip by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. Small 1:325–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong WH, Hagens WI, Krystek P, Burger MC, Sips AJAM, Geertsma RE. (2008). Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. Biomaterials 29:1912–1919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman CM, Chari NS, Han G, Hong R, Ghosh P, Rotello VM. (2006). DNA-binding by functionalized gold nanoparticles: mechanism and structural requirements. Chem Biol Drug Des 67:297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo E, Dominguez C. (1998). Study of cytotoxicity mechanisms of silver nitrate in human dermal fibroblasts. Toxicol Lett 98:169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoet PHM, Bruske-Hohlfeld I, Salata OV. (2004). Nanoparticles—Known and unknown health effects. J Nanobiotechnol 2:12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollinger MA. (1996). Toxicological aspects of topical silver pharmaceuticals. Crit Rev Toxicol 26:255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsin YH, Chen CF, Huang S, Shih TS, Lai PS, Chueh PJ. (2008). The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells. Toxicol Lett 179:130–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain SM, Hess KL, Gearhart JM, Geiss KT, Schlager JJ. (2005). In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro 19:975–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun JS, Lee BS, Ryu HY, Sung JH, Chung KH, Yu IJ. (2008). Effects of repeated silver nanoparticles exposure on the histological structure and mucins of nasal respiratory mucosa in rats. Toxicol Lett 182:24–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji JH, Jung JH, Kim SS, Yoon JU, Park JD, Choi BS, Chung YH, Kwon IH, Jeong J, Han BS, Shin JH, Sung JH, Song KS, Yu IJ. (2007). Twenty-eight-day inhalation toxicity study of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal Toxicol 19:857–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Suh HS, Cha HJ Kim SH, Jeong KS, Kim DH. (2009). A case of generalized argyria after ingestion of colloidal silver solution. Am J Indust Med 52:246–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown ABG. (2007). Critical observations on the neurotoxicity of silver. Crit Rev Toxicol 37:237–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larese FF, D’Agostin F, Crosera M, Adami G, Renzi N, Bovenzi M, Maina G. (2009). Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Toxicology 225:33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KJ, Nallathamby PD, Browning LM, Osgood CL, Xu XHN. (2007). In vivo imaging of transport and biocompatibility of single silver nanoparticles in early development of zebrafish embryos. ACS Nano 1:133–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Meyer-Zaika W, Franzka S, Schmid G, Tsoli M, Hubert Kuhn (2003). Gold-cluster degradation by the transition of B-DNA into A-DNA and the formation of nanowires. Angewandte Chem 42:2853–2857.
   Google Scholar
• Liu HF, Liu ZL, Xie CS, Yu J, Zhu CH. (2007). The antifertility effectiveness of copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite and its influence on the endometrial environment in rats. Contraception 75:157–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu R, Sun F, Zhang L, Zong W, Zhao X, Wang L, Wu R, Hao X. (2009). Evaluation on the toxicity of nanoAg to bovine serum albumin. Sci Total Environ 407:4184–4188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubick N. (2008). Nanosilver toxicity: ions, nanoparticles—or both?. Environ Sci Technol 42:8617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma SN. (2008). Silver nanotechnologies and the environment: Old problems or new challenges. The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard AD, Aitken RJ, Butz T, Colvin V, Donaldson K, Oberdörster G, Philbert MA, Ryan J, Seaton A, Stone V, Tinkle SS, Tran L, Walker NJ, Warheit DB. (2006). Safe handling in nanotechnology. Nature 444:267–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MF, Wang J, Patterson TA, Saini UT, Robinson BL, Newport GD, Murdock R. C, Schlager JJ, Hussain SM, Ali SF. (2009). Expression of genes related to oxidative stress in the mouse brain after exposure to silver-25 nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 187:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothen-Rutishauser B, Mühlfeld C, Blank F, Musso C, Gehr P. (2006). Translocation of particles and inflammatory responses after exposure to fine particles and nanoparticles in an epithelial airway model. Part Fibre Toxicol 4:9–18.
   Google Scholar
• Semmler-Behnke M, Kreyling WG, Lipka J, Fertsch S, Wenk A, Takenaka S, Schmid G, Brandau W. (2008). Biodistribution of 1.4- and 18-nm gold particles in rats. Small 4:2108–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto K, Garza KM, Murr LE. (2007). Cytotoxic effects of aggregated nanomaterials. Acta Biomater 3:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonavane G, Tomoda K, Sano A, Ohshima H, Terada H, Makino K. (2008a). In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and rat intestine: effect of particle size. Coll Surf B Biointerfaces 65:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonavane G, Tomoda K, Makino K. (2008b). Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: Effect of particle size. Coll Surf B Biointerfaces 66:274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung J.H, Ji JH, Park JD, Yoon JU, Kim DS, Jeon KS, Song MY, Jeong J, Han BS, Han JH, Chung YH, Chang HK, Lee JH, Cho MH, Kelman BJ, Yu IJ. (2009). Subchronic inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci 108:452–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka S, Karg E, Roth C, Schulz H, Ziesenis A, Heinzmann U, Schramel P, Heyder J. (2001). Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environ Health Perspect 109:547–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian J, Wong KK, Ho CM, Lok CN, Yu WY, Che CM, Chiu JF, Tam PK. (2007). Topical delivery of silver nanoparticles promotes wound healing. Chem Med Chem 2:129–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trop M, Novak M, Rodl S, Hellbom B, Kroell W, Goessler W. (2006). Silver coated ressing Acticoat caused raised liver enzymes and argyria-like symptoms in burn patient. J Trauma 60:648–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoli M, Kuhn H, Brandau W, Esche H, Schmid G. (2005). Cellular uptake and toxicity of Au55 clusters. Small 1:841–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachou E, Chipp E, Shale E, Wilson YT, Papini R, Moiemen NS. (2007). The safety of nanocrystalline silver dressings on burns: A study of systemic silver absorption. Burns 33:979–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhera A, Fung M. (2005). Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver. Dermatol Online J 11:12. Available at http://dermatology.cdlib.org.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiwanitkit V, Sereemaspun A, Rojanathanes R. (2009). Effect of gold nanoparticles on spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 91:7–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar