Non-animal sensitization testing: State-of-the-art

References

• Ade N, Antonios D, Kerdine-Romer S, Boisleve F, Rousset F, Pallardy M. (2007). NF-kappaB plays a major role in the maturation of human dendritic cells induced by NiSO(4) but not by DNCB. Toxicol Sci 99:488–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ade N, Leon F, Pallardy M, Peiffer J.L, Kerdine-Romer S, Tissier M.H, Bonnet PA, Fabre I, Ourlin JC. (2009). HMOX1 and NQO1 genes are upregulated in response to contact sensitizers in dendritic cells and THP-1 cell line: Role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Sci 107:451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aeby P, Wyss C, Beck H, Griem P, Scheffler H, Goebel C. (2004). Characterization of the sensitizing potential of chemicals by in vitro analysis of dendritic cell activation and skin penetration. J Invest Dermatol 122:1154–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agius RM. (2000). Why are some low-molecular-weight agents asthmagenic. Occup Med 15:369–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aiba S, Manome H, Nakagawa S, Mollah ZU, Mizuashi M, Ohtani T, Yoshino Y, Tagami H. (2003). p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases play distinct roles in the activation of dendritic cells by two representative haptens, NiCl2 and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. J Invest Dermatol 120:390–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiba H, Kehren J, Ducluzeau M.T, Krasteva M, Horand F, Kaiserlian D, Kaneko F, Nicolas JF. (2002). Skin inflammation during contact hypersensitivity is mediated by early recruitment of CD8+ T cytotoxic 1 cells inducing keratinocyte apoptosis. J Immunol 168:3079–3087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleksic M, Thain E, Roger D, Saib O, Davies M, Li J, Aptula A, Zazzeroni R. (2009). Reactivity profiling: Covalent modification of single nucleophile peptides for skin sensitization risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 108:401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptula AO, Roberts DW. (2006). Mechanistic applicability domains for nonanimal-based prediction of toxicological end points: General principles and application to reactive toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 19:1097–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptula AO, Patlewicz G, Roberts DW. (2005). Skin sensitization: Reaction mechanistic applicability domains for structure-activity relationships. Chem Res Toxicol 18:1420–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts JH, Kuper CF. (2007). Animal models to test respiratory allergy of low molecular weight chemicals: A guidance. Methods 41:61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts JH, de Jong WH, van Triel JJ, Schijf MA, de Klerk A, van Loveren H, Kuper CF. (2008). The respiratory local lymph node assay as a tool to study respiratory sensitizers. Toxicol Sci 106:423–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashikaga T, Yoshida Y, Hirota M, Yoneyama K, Itagaki H, Sakaguchi H, Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Suzuki H, Toyoda H. (2006). Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines: The human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT). I. Optimization of the h-CLAT protocol. Toxicol In Vitro 20:767–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auton TR, Botham PA, Kimber I. (1995). Retrospective appraisal of the relationship between skin irritancy and contact sensitization potential. J Toxicol Environ Health 46:149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam P, Peiffer JL, Chamousset D, Tissier MH, Bonnet PA, Vian L, Fabre I, Ourlin JC. (2006). The cytokine-dependent MUTZ-3 cell line as an in vitro model for the screening of contact sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 212:14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baken KA, Vandebriel RJ, Pennings JL, Kleinjans JC, Van Loveren H. (2007). Toxicogenomics in the assessment of immunotoxicity. Methods 41:132–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA. (2009). The human repeated insult patch test in the 21st century: A commentary. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 28:49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, Kimber I. (2007). Information derived from sensitization test methods: Test sensitivity false positives and false negatives. Contact Dermatitis 56:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter D, Maxwell G. (2007). In vitro approaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizers. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 26:359–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, Lea LJ, Cooper K, Stocks J, Dickens A, Pate I, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. (1999a). Threshold for classification as a skin sensitizer in the local lymph node assay: A statistical evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 37:1167–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, Lea LJ, Dickens A, Briggs D, Pate I, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. (1999b). A comparison of statistical approaches to the derivation of EC3 values from local lymph node assay dose responses. J Appl Toxicol 19:261–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, Clapp C, Jefferies D, Safford B, Ryan CA, Gerberick F, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. (2005). Predictive identification of human skin sensitization thresholds. Contact Dermatitis 53:260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, McFadden J, Evans P, Andersen KE, Jowsey I. (2006). Identification and classification of skin sensitizers: Identifying false positives and false negatives. Contact Dermatitis 55:268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter D, Pease C, Kasting G, Kimber I, Casati S, Cronin M, Diembeck W, Gerberick F, Hadgraft J, Hartung T, Marty JP, Nikolaidis E, Patlewicz G, Roberts D, Roggen E, Rovida C, van de Sandt J. (2007a). Skin sensitisation and epidermal disposition: The relevance of epidermal disposition for sensitisation hazard identification and risk assessment. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 59. Altern Lab Anim 35:137–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter DA, Kan-King-Yu D, Dierkes P, Jowsey IR. (2007b). Does irritation potency contribute to the skin sensitization potency of contact allergens? Cutan Ocul Toxicol 26:279–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker D, Valk E, Zahn S, Brand P, Knop J. (2003). Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 120:233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström MA, Ott H, Carlsson A, Neis M, Zwadlo-Klarwasser G, Jonsson CA, Merk HF, Karlberg AT, Baron JM. (2007). A skin-like cytochrome P450 cocktail activates prohaptens to contact allergenic metabolites. J Invest Dermatol 127:1145–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard FX, Pedretti N, Rosdy M, Deguercy A. (2002). Comparison of gene expression profiles in human keratinocyte mono-layer cultures, reconstituted epidermis and normal human skin; transcriptional effects of retinoid treatments in reconstituted human epidermis. Exp Dermatol 11:59–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhme A, Thaens D, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. (2009). Kinetic glutathione chemoassay to quantify thiol reactivity of organic electrophiles-application to αβ-unsaturated ketones, acrylates, and propiolates. Chem Res Toxicol 22:742–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boverhof DR, Billington R, Gollapudi BB, Hotchkiss JA, Krieger SM, Poole A, Wiescinski CM, Woolhiser MR. (2008). Respiratory sensitization and allergy: Current research approaches and needs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 226:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruchhausen S, Zahn S, Valk E, Knop J, Becker D. (2003). Thiol antioxidants block the activation of antigen-presenting cells by contact sensitizers. J Invest Dermatol 121:1039–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruynzeel DP, Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Brandão FM, Bruze M, Frosch PJ, Goossens A, Lahti A, Mahler V, Maibach HI, Menné T, Wilkinson JD; European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. (2005). Monitoring the European standard series in 10 centres 1996–2000. Contact Dermatitis 53:146–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bugeon L, Gardner LM, Rose A, Gentle M, Dallman MJ. (2008). Cutting edge: Notch signaling induces a distinct cytokine profile in dendritic cells that supports T cell-mediated regulation and IL-2-dependent IL-17 production. J Immunol 181:8189–8193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bursch LS, Wang L, Igyarto B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kaplan DH, Hogquist KA. (2007). Identification of a novel population of Langerin+ dendritic cells. J Exp Med 204:3147–3156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casati S, Aeby P, Basketter D. A, Cavani A, Gennari A, Gerberick G. F, Griem P, Hartung T, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Meade BJ, Pallardy M, Rougier N, Rousset F, Rubinstenn G, Sallusto F, Verheyen GR, Zuang V. (2005). Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 51. Dendritic cells as a tool for the predictive identification of skin sensitisation hazard. Altern Lab Anim 33:47–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel-Tailhardat M, Bonnet-Duquennoy M, de Queral DP, Vocanson M, Kurfürst R, Courtellemont P, Le Varlet B, Nicolas JF. (2007). Chemicals with weak skin sensitizing properties can be identified using low-density microarrays on immature dendritic cells. Toxicol Lett 174(1-3):98–109.
   Google Scholar
• Corsini E, Mitjans M, Galbiati V, Lucchi L, Galli CL, Marinovich M. (2009). Use of IL-18 production in a human keratinocyte cell line to discriminate contact sensitizers from irritants and low molecular weight respiratory allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 23:789–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin MT, Basketter DA. (1994). Multivariate QSAR analysis of a skin sensitization database. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2:159–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cumberbatch M, Kimber I. (1992). Dermal tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes, and possibly provides one stimulus for Langerhans’ cell migration. Immunology 75:257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumberbatch M, Scott RC, Basketter DA, Scholes EW, Hilton J, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. (1993). Influence of sodium lauryl sulphate on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced lymph node activation. Toxicology 77:181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean JH, Twerdok LE, Tice RR, Sailstad DM, Hattan DG, Stokes WS. (2001). ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. Conclusions and recommendations of an independent scientific peer review panel. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:258–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Kimber I. (1995). Differential cytokine production following chronic exposure of mice to chemical respiratory and contact allergens. Immunology 86:545–550.
   Google Scholar
• Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Kimber I. (1996). Characterization of chemical allergens as a function of divergent cytokine secretion profiles induced in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 138:308–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong WH, Van Och FM, Den Hartog Jager CF, Spiekstra SW, Slob W, Vandebriel RJ, Van Loveren H. (2002). Ranking of allergenic potency of rubber chemicals in a modified local lymph node assay. Toxicol Sci 66:226–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smedt AC, Van Den Heuvel RL, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN, Schoeters GE, Weber E, Tuschl H. (2002). Phenotypic alterations and IL-1beta production in CD34(+) progenitor- and monocyte-derived dendritic cells after exposure to allergens: A comparative analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 294:109–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Divkovic M, Pease CK, Gerberick GF, Basketter DA. (2005). Hapten-protein binding: From theory to practical application in the in vitro prediction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 53:189–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois B, Chapat L, Goubier A, Papiernik M, Nicolas JF, Kaiserlian D. (2003). Innate CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are required for oral tolerance and inhibition of CD8+ T cells mediating skin inflammation. Blood 102:3295–3301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Ghalbzouri A, Siamari R, Willemze R, Ponec M. (2008). Leiden reconstructed human epidermal model as a tool for the evaluation of the skin corrosion and irritation potential according to the ECVAM guidelines. Toxicol In Vitro 22:1311–1320.
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Note for Guidance on non-clinical local tolerance testing of human pharmaceuticals. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/swp/214500en.pdf. Accessed January 24, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Enoch SJ, Cronin MT, Schultz TW, Madden JC. (2008). Quantitative and mechanistic read across for predicting the skin sensitization potential of alkenes acting via Michael addition. Chem Res Toxicol 21:513–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoch SJ, Roberts DW, Cronin MT. (2009). Electrophilic reaction chemistry of low molecular weight respiratory sensitizers. Chem Res Toxicol 22:1447–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Note for Guidance on non-clinical local tolerance testing of human pharmaceuticals. http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/swp/214500en.pdf Accessed January 24, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Facy V, Flouret V, Régnier M, Schmidt R. (2004). Langerhans cells integrated into human reconstructed epidermis respond to known sensitizers and ultraviolet exposure. J Invest Dermatol 122:552–553.
   Google Scholar
• Fedorowicz A, Singh H, Soderholm S, Demchuk E. (2005). Structure-activity models for contact sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 18:954–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher AA. (1979). Paraben dermatitis due to a new medicated bandage: The “paraben paradox”. Contact Dermatitis 5:273–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann PS. (2007). The relationships between exposure dose and response in induction and elicitation of contact hypersensitivity in humans. Br J Dermatol 157:1093–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunaga A, Khaskhely NM, Sreevidya CS, Byrne SN, Ullrich SE. (2008). Dermal dendritic cells, and not Langerhans cells, play an essential role in inducing an immune response. J Immunol 180:3057–3064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galvão dos Santos G, Reinders J, Ouwehand K, Rustemeyer T, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. (2009). Progress on the development of human in vitro dendritic cell based assays for assessment of the sensitizing potential of a compound. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236:372–382.
   Google Scholar
• Gazel A, Ramphal P, Rosdy M, De Wever B, Tornier C, Hosein N, Lee B, Tomic-Canic M, Blumenberg M. (2003). Transcriptional profiling of epidermal keratinocytes: Comparison of genes expressed in skin cultured keratinocytes, and reconstituted epidermis, using large DNA microarrays. J Invest Dermatol 121:1459–1468.
   Google Scholar
• Gerberick GF, Robinson MK, Ryan CA, Dearman RJ, Kimber I Basketter DA, Wright Z, Marks JG. (2001). Contact allergenic potency: Correlation of human and local lymph node assay data. Am J Contact Dermat 12:156–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerberick GF, Vassallo JD, Bailey RE, Chaney JG, Morrall SW, Lepoittevin JP. (2004). Development of a peptide reactivity assay for screening contact allergens. Toxicol Sci 81:332–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Kern PS, Schlatter H, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Patlewicz GY, Basketter DA. (2005). Compilation of historical local lymph node data for evaluation of skin sensitization alternative methods. Dermatitis 16:157–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberick GF, Vassallo JD, Foertsch LM, Price BB, Chaney JG, Lepoittevin JP. (2007). Quantification of chemical peptide reactivity for screening contact allergens: A classification tree model approach. Toxicol Sci 97:417–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberick F, Aleksic M, Basketter D, Casati S, Karlberg AT, Kern P, Kimber I, Lepoittevin J. P, Natsch A, Ovigne JM, Rovida C, Sakaguchi H, Schultz T. (2008). Chemical reactivity measurement and the predicitve identification of skin sensitisers. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 64. Altern Lab Anim 36:215–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberick GF, Troutman JA, Foertsch LM, Vassallo JD, Quijano M, Dobson RL, Goebel C, Lepoittevin JP. (2009). Investigation of peptide reactivity of pro-hapten skin sensitizers using a peroxidase-peroxide oxidation system. Toxicol Sci 112:164–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs S, van de Sandt JJ, Merk HF, Lockley DJ, Pendlington RU, Pease CK. (2007). Xenobiotic metabolism in human skin and 3D human skin reconstructs: A review. Curr Drug Metab 8:758–772.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginhoux F, Collin MP, Bogunovic M, Abel M, Leboeuf M, Helft J, Ochando J, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Grisotto M, Snoeck H, Randolph G, Merad M. (2007). Blood-derived dermal langerin+ dendritic cells survey the skin in the steady state. J Exp Med 204:3133–3146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabbe S, Steinert M, Mahnke K, Schwartz A, Luger TA, Schwarz T. (1996). Dissection of antigenic and irritative effects of epicutaneously applied haptens in mice. Evidence that not the antigenic component but nonspecific proinflammatory effects of haptens determine the concentration-dependent elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. J Clin Invest 98:1158–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griem P, Goebel C, Scheffler H. (2003). Proposal for a risk assessment methodology for skin sensitization based on sensitization potency data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38:269–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grindon C, Combes R, Cronin MT, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. (2007). An integrated decision-tree testing strategy for skin sensitisation with respect to the requirements of the EU REACH legislation. Altern Lab Anim 35:683–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guironnet G, Dalbiez-Gauthier C, Rousset F, Schmitt D, Péguet-Navarro J. (2000). In vitro human T cell sensitization to haptens by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 14:517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagvall L, Bäcktorp C, Svensson S, Nyman G, Börje A, Karlberg AT. (2007). Fragrance compound geraniol forms contact allergens on air exposure. Identification and quantification of oxidation products and effect on skin sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 20:807–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haneke KE, Tice RR, Carson BL, Margolin BH, Stokes WS. (2001). ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. Data analyses completed by the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:274–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooyberghs J, Schoeters E, Lambrechts N, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Den Heuvel R. (2008). A cell-based in vitro alternative to identify skin sensitizers by gene expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis J, Seed MJ, Elton R, Sawyer L, Agius R. (2005). Relationship between chemical structure and the occupational asthma hazard of low molecular weight organic compounds. Occup Environ Med 62:243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowsey IR, Basketter DA, Westmoreland C, Kimber I. (2006). A future approach to measuring relative skin sensitising potency: A proposal J Appl Toxicol 26:341–350.
   Google Scholar
• Karol MH, Graham C, Gealy R, Macina OT, Sussman N, Rosenkranz HS. (1996). Structure-activity relationships and computer-assisted analysis of respiratory sensitization potential. Toxicol Lett 86:187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehren J, Desvignes C, Krasteva M, Ducluzeau M.T, Assossou O, Horand F, Hahne M, Kägi D, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. (1999). Cytotoxicity is mandatory for CD8(+) T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 189:779–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SR, Lee KS, Park SJ, Min KH, Lee KY, Choe YH, Lee YR, Kim JS, Hong SJ, Lee YC. (2007). PTEN down-regulates IL-17 expression in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced airway disease. J Immunol 179:6820–6829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimber I, Weisenberger C. (1989). A murine local lymph node assay for the identification of contact allergens. Assay development and results of an initial validation study. Arch Toxicol 63:274–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimber I, Dearman RJ. (2002). Chemical respiratory allergy: Role of IgE antibody and relevance of route of exposure. Toxicology 181-182:311–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ. (2002). Allergic contact dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2:201–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimber I, Agius R, Basketter DA, Corsini E, Cullinan P, Dearman R. J, Gimenez-Arnau E, Greenwell L, Hartung T, Kuper F, Maestrelli P, Roggen E, Rovida C; European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. (2007). Chemical respiratory allergy: Opportunities for hazard identification and characterisation. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 60. Altern Lab Anim 35:243–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, Ryan CA, Gerberick GF, McNamee PM, Lalko J, Api AM. (2008). Dose metrics in the acquisition of skin sensitization: Thresholds and importance of dose per unit area. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita H, Takai T, Le TA, Kamijo S, Wang XL, Ushio H, Hara M, Kawasaki J, Vu AT, Ogawa T, Gunawan H, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H. (2009). Cytokine milieu modulates release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin from human keratinocytes stimulated with double-stranded RNA. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish DD, Gorbachev AV, Fairchild RL. (2007). Regulatory function of CD4+CD25+ T cells from class II MHC-deficient mice in contact hypersensitivity responses. J Leukoc Biol 82:85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kligman AM. (1966). The identification of contact allergens by human assay. 3. The maximization test: A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers. J Invest Dermatol 47:393–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeper LM, Schulz A, Ahr HJ, Vohr HW. (2007). In vitro differentiation of skin sensitizers by cell signaling pathways. Toxicology 242:144–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasteva M, Peguet-Navarro J, Moulon C, Courtellemont P, Redziniak G, Schmitt D. (1996). In vitro primary sensitization of hapten-specific T cells by cultured human epidermal Langerhans cells—A screening predictive assay for contact sensitizers. Clin Exp Allergy 26:563–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucenic MJ, Belsito DV. (2002). Occupational allergic contact dermatitis is more prevalent than irritant contact dermatitis: A 5-year study. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak YG, Song CH, Yi HK, Hwang PH, Kim JS, Lee KS, Lee YC. (2003). Involvement of PTEN in airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in bronchial asthma. J Clin Invest 111:1083–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Lodewyckx H, Felicio A, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Van Tendeloo V, Van Cauwenberge P, Nelissen I, Van Den Heuvel R, Schoeters G. (2009). THP-1 monocytes but not macrophages as a potential alternative for CD34+ dendritic cells to identify chemical skin sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236:221–230.
   Google Scholar
• Lebre MC, Antons JC, Kalinski P, Schuitemaker JH, van Capel TM, Kapsenberg ML, De Jong EC. (2003). Double-stranded RNA-exposed human keratinocytes promote Th1 responses by inducing a type-1 polarized phenotype in dendritic cells: Role of keratinocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha type I interferons and interleukin-18. J Invest Dermatol 120:990–997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liotta F, Frosali F, Querci V, Mantei A, Filì L, Maggi L, Mazzinghi B, Angeli R, Ronconi E, Santarlasci V, Biagioli T, Lasagni L, Ballerini C, Parronchi P, Scheffold A, Cosmi L, Maggi E, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. (2008). Human immature myeloid dendritic cells trigger a TH2-polarizing program via Jagged-1/Notch interaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:1000–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SF, Dudda JC, Bachtanian E, Lembo A, Liller S, Dürr C, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Fejer G, Vassileva R, Jakob T, Freudenberg N, Termeer CC, Johner C, Galanos C, Freudenberg MA. (2008). Toll-like receptor and IL-12 signaling control susceptibility to contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 205:2151–2162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell G, Mackay C. (2008). Application of a systems biology approach to skin allergy risk assessment. Altern Lab Anim 36:521–556.
   Google Scholar
• McNamee PM, Api AM, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Gilpin DA, Hall BM, Jowsey I, Robinson MK. (2008). A review of critical factors in the conduct and interpretation of the human repeat insult patch test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:24–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuashi M, Ohtani T, Nakagawa S, Aiba S. (2005). Redox imbalance induced by contact sensitizers triggers the maturation of dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 124:579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae S, Komiyama Y, Nambu A, Sudo K, Iwase M, Homma I, Sekikawa K, Asano M, Iwakura Y. (2002). Antigen-specific T cell sensitization is impaired in IL-17-deficient mice causing suppression of allergic cellular and humoral responses. Immunity 17:375–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natsch A. (2010). The Nrf2-Keap1-ARE toxicity pathway as a cellular sensor for skin sensitizers-functional relevance and a hypothesis on innate reactions to skin sensitizers. Toxicol Sci 113:284–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natsch A, Emter R. (2008). Skin sensitizers induce antioxidant response element dependent genes: Application to the in vitro testing of the sensitization potential of chemicals. Toxicol Sci 102:110–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natsch A, Gfeller H. (2008). LC-MS-based characterization of the peptide reactivity of chemicals to improve the in vitro prediction of the skin sensitization potential. Toxicol Sci 106:464–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natsch A, Emter R, Ellis G. (2009). Filling the concept with data: Integrating data from different in vitro and in silico assays on skin sensitizers to explore the battery approach for animal-free skin sensitization testing. Toxicol Sci 107:106–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICEATM-ICCVAM. Appendix B2. Available at: http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/methods/immunotox/llna-panelDocs.htm. Accessed July 14, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004). OECD Environment Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No. 49: The Report from the Expert Group on (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships ([Q]SARs) on the Principles for the Validation of QSARs. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)24. Available at: http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/2004doc.nsf/linkto/env-jm-mono(2004)24. Accessed January 24, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2007). OECD Environment Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No. 80: Guidance Document on Grouping of Chemicals. ENV/JM/MONO(2007)28. Available at: http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/linkto/env-jm-mono(2007)28. Accessed January 24, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Pastore S, Fanales-Belasio E, Albanesi C, Chinni LM, Giannetti A, Girolomoni G. (1997). Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is overproduced by keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis. Implications for sustained dendritic cell activation in the skin. J Clin Invest 99:3009–3017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patlewicz G, Aptula AO, Uriarte E, Roberts DW, Kern PS, Gerberick GF, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Ryan CA, Basketter DA. (2007). An evaluation of selected global (Q)SARs/expert systems for the prediction of skin sensitisation potential. SAR QSAR Environ Res 18:515–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patlewicz G, Roberts DW, Uriarte E. (2008). A comparison of reactivity schemes for the prediction skin sensitization potential. Chem Res Toxicol 21:521–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin LF, Henri S, de Bovis B, Devilard E, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B. (2007). The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 204:3119–3131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poumay Y, Coquette A. (2007). Modelling the human epidermis in vitro: Tools for basic and applied research. Arch Dermatol Res 298:361–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putman E, Van Der Laan JW, Van Loveren H. (2003). Assessing immunotoxicity: Guidelines. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17:615–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Python F, Goebel C, Aeby P. (2007). Assessment of the U937 cell line for the detection of contact allergens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 220:113–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Aptula AO. (2008). Determinants of skin sensitisation potential. J Appl Toxicol 28:377–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Patlewicz GY. (2008). Nonanimal alternatives for skin sensitization: Letter to the editor. Toxicol Sci 106:572–574.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Natsch A. (2009). High throughput kinetic profiling approach for covalent binding to peptides: Application to skin sensitization potency of Michael acceptor electrophiles. Chem Res Toxicol 22:592–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Patlewicz G, Dimitrov SD, Low LK, Aptula AO, Kern PS, Dimitrova GD, Comber MI, Phillips RD, Niemelä J, Madsen C, Wedebye EB, Bailey PT, Mekenyan OG. (2007a). TIMES-SS—A mechanistic evaluation of an external validation study using reaction chemistry principles. Chem Res Toxicol 20:1321–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Patlewicz G, Kern PS, Gerberick F, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Ryan CA, Basketter DA, Aptula AO. (2007b). Mechanistic applicability domain classification of a local lymph node assay dataset for skin sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 20:1019–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Aptula AO, Patlewicz G. (2007c). Electrophilic chemistry related to skin sensitization. Reaction mechanistic applicability domain classification for a published data set of 106 chemicals tested in the mouse local lymph node assay. Chem Res Toxicol 20:44–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Aptula AO, Patlewicz G, Pease C. (2008). Chemical reactivity indices and mechanism-based read-across for non-animal based assessment of skin sensitisation potential. J Appl Toxicol 28:443–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggen EL, Soni NK, Verheyen GR. (2006). Respiratory immunotoxicity: An in vitro assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 20:1249–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggen E, Aufderheide M, Cetin Y, Dearman R. J, Gibbs S, Hermanns I, Kimber I, Regal JF, Rovida C, Warheit DB, Uhlig S, Casati S. (2008). The development of novel approaches to the identification of chemical and protein respiratory allergens. Altern Lab Anim 36:591–598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothen-Rutishauser BM, Kiama SG, Gehr P. (2005). A three-dimensional cellular model of the human respiratory tract to study the interaction with particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32:281–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier N, Redziniak G, Schmitt D, Vincent C. (1998). Evaluation of the capacity of dendritic cells derived from cord blood CD34+ precursors to present haptens to unsensitized autologous T cells in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 110:348–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier N, Redziniak G, Mougin D, Schmitt D, Vincent C. (2000). In vitro evaluation of the sensitization potential of weak contact allergens using langerhans-like dendritic cells and autologous T cells. Toxicology 145:73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CA, Gildea LA, Hulette BC, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Gerberick GF. (2004). Gene expression changes in peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells following exposure to a contact allergen. Toxicol Lett 150:301–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CA, Kimber I, Basketter DA, Pallardy M, Gildea LA, Gerberick GF. (2007). Dendritic cells and skin sensitization: Biological roles and uses in hazard identification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 221:384–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sailstad DM, Hattan D, Hill RN, Stokes WS. (2001). ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. The ICCVAM review process. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:249–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Yoshida Y, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Hirota M, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. (2006). Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines; human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT). II. An inter-laboratory study of the h-CLAT. Toxicol In Vitro 20:774–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Kosaka N, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Sono S, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. (2009). The relationship between CD86/CD54 expression and THP-1 cell viability in an in vitro skin sensitization test—Human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Cell Biol Toxicol 25:109–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlede E, Aberer W, Fuchs T, Gerner I, Lessmann H, Maurer T, Rossbacher R, Stropp G, Wagner E, Kayser D. (2003). Chemical substances and contact allergy—244 substances ranked according to allergenic potency. Toxicology 193:219–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider K, Akkan Z. (2004). Quantitative relationship between the local lymph node assay and human skin sensitization assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 39:245–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeters E, Verheyen GR, Nelissen I, Van Rompay AR, Hooyberghs J, Van Den Heuvel RL, Witters H, Schoeters GE, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. (2007). Microarray analyses in dendritic cells reveal potential biomarkers for chemical-induced skin sensitization. Mol Immunol 44:3222–3233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiner M, Peiser M, Briechle D, Stahlmann R, Zuberbier T, Wanner R. (2007). A loose-fit coculture of activated keratinocytes and dendritic cell-related cells for prediction of sensitizing potential. Allergy 62:1419–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz TW, Yarbrough JW, Johnson EL. (2005). Structure-activity relationships for reactivity of carbonyl-containing compounds with glutathione. SAR QSAR Environ Res 16:313–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz TW, Yarbrough JW, Hunter RS, Aptula AO. (2007). Verification of the structural alerts for Michael acceptors. Chem Res Toxicol 20:1359–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz TW, Rogers K, Aptula AO. (2009). Read-across to rank skin sensitization potential: Subcategories for the Michael acceptor domain. Contact Dermatitis 60:21–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seed MJ, Agius RM. (2006). Prediction of asthma hazard of thiamine. Allergy 61:648.
   Google Scholar
• Seed MJ, Agius RM. (2008). Paradoxical asthma hazard of short-acting beta2-agonists. Allergy 63:241.
   Google Scholar
• Seed MJ, Hussey LJ, Lines SK, Turner S, Agius RM. (2006). Prediction of asthma hazard of glutaraldehyde substitutes. Occup Med 56:284–285.
   Google Scholar
• Seed MJ, Cullinan P, Agius RM. (2008). Methods for the prediction of low-molecular-weight occupational respiratory sensitizers. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 8:103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley AK, Klingenberg JM, Aronow BJ, Boyce ST, Kitzmiller WJ, Supp DM. (2005). Microarray analysis of gene expression in cultured skin substitutes compared with native human skin. J Invest Dermatol 125:1286–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielmann H, Hoffmann S, Liebsch M, Botham P, Fentem JH, Eskes C, Roguet R, Cotovio J, Cole T, Worth A, Heylings J, Jones P, Robles C, Kandárová H, Gamer A, Remmele M, Curren R, Raabe H, Cockshott A, Gerner I, Zuang V. (2007). The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation: Report on the validity of the EPISKIN and EpiDerm assays and on the Skin Integrity Function Test. Altern Lab Anim 35:559–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szameit S, Vierlinger K, Farmer L, Tuschl H, Noehammer C. (2009). Gene expression studies in cultured dendritic cells: New indicators for the discrimination of skin sensitizers and irritants in vitro. Clin Exp Allergy 39:856–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toebak MJ, Moed H, von Blomberg MB, Bruynzeel DP, Gibbs S, Scheper RJ, Rustemeyer T. (2006). Intrinsic characteristics of contact and respiratory allergens influence production of polarizing cytokines by dendritic cells. Contact Dermatitis 55:238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traidl C, Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, Merk HF, Puddu P, Girolomoni G, Cavani A. (2000). Disparate cytotoxic activity of nickel-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets against keratinocytes. J Immunol 165:3058–3064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompezinski S, Migdal C, Tailhardat M, Le Varlet B, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. (2008). Characterization of early events involved in human dendritic cell maturation induced by sensitizers: Cross talk between MAPK signalling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 230:397–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino T, Takezawa T, Ikarashi Y. (2009). Reconstruction of three-dimensional human skin model composed of dendritic cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts utilizing a handy scaffold of collagen vitrigel membrane. Toxicol In Vitro 23:333–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandebriel RJ, De Jong WH, Spiekstra SW, Van Dijk M, Fluitman A, Garssen J, Van Loveren H. (2000). Assessment of preferential T-helper 1 or T-helper 2 induction by low molecular weight compounds using the local lymph node assay in conjunction with RT-PCR and ELISA for interferon-gamma and interleukin-4. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 162:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandebriel RJ, De Jong WH, Hendriks JJ, Van Loveren H. (2003). Impact of exposure duration by low molecular weight compounds on interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 mRNA expression and production in the draining lymph nodes of mice. Toxicology 188:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandebriel RJ, Van Och FM, van Loveren H. (2005). In vitro assessment of sensitizing activity of low molecular weight compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207(2 Suppl):142–148.
   Google Scholar
• Van Och FM, Slob W, de Jong WH, Vandebriel RJ, van Loveren H. (2000). A quantitative method for assessing the sensitizing potency of low molecular weight chemicals using a local lymph node assay: Employment of a regression method that includes determination of the uncertainty margins. Toxicology 146:49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Och FM, Van Loveren H, De Jong WH, Vandebriel RJ. (2002). Cytokine production induced by low-molecular-weight chemicals as a function of the stimulation index in a modified local lymph node assay: An approach to discriminate contact sensitizers from respiratory sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Och FM, Van Loveren H, Van Wolfswinkel JC, Machielsen AJ, Vandebriel RJ. (2005). Assessment of potency of allergenic activity of low molecular weight compounds based on IL-1alpha and IL-18 production by a murine and human keratinocyte cell line. Toxicology 210:95–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zijverden M, Van Der Pijl A, Bol M, Van Pinxteren FA, De Haar C, Penninks AH, Van Loveren H, Pieters R. (2000). Diesel exhaust carbon black and silica particles display distinct Th1/Th2 modulating activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 168:131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraelen S, Bloemen K, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Den Heuvel R. (2008). Cell types involved in allergic asthma and their use in in vitro models to assess respiratory sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 22:1419–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraelen S, Nelissen I, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Cauwenberge P, Van Den Heuvel R. (2009a). Gene profiles of a human bronchial epithelial cell line after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicology 255:151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraelen S, Nelissen I, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Cauwenberge P, Van Den Heuvel R. (2009b). Gene profiles of a human alveolar epithelial cell line after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicol Lett 185:16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi T, Hu D.L, Tagawa Y, Sekikawa K, Iwakura Y, Hanada K, Nakane A. (2005). IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are involved in urushiol-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice. Immunol Cell Biol 83:18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters MD, Fostel JM. (2004). Toxicogenomics and systems toxicology: Aims and prospects. Nat Rev Genet 5:936–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijzen S, Velders MP, Elmishad AG, Bacon PE, Panella JR, Nickoloff BJ, Miele L, Kast WM. (2002). The Notch ligand Jagged-1 is able to induce maturation of monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. J Immunol 169:4273–4278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1999). International Programme on Chemical Safety. Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria 212. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Nishioka K. (1995). Experimental study for the development of an in vitro test for contact allergens. 1. Primary activation of hapten-specific T cells by hapten-conjugated epidermal cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 106:394–400.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf N, Nasti TH, Huang CM, Huber BS, Jaleel T, Lin HY, Xu H, Elmets CA. (2009). Heat shock proteins HSP27 and HSP70 are present in the skin and are important mediators of allergic contact hypersensitivity. J Immunol 182:675–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaghi D, Maibach HI. (2009). The local lymph node assay compared with the human maximization test as an indicator of allergic potency in humans using patch test clinic populations. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 28:61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar