964
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Tertiary-Butanol: A toxicological review

Pages 697-727 | Received 12 Feb 2010, Accepted 14 May 2010, Published online: 20 Aug 2010

References

  • Alden CL, Hard GC, Krieg K, Takahashi M, Turusov VS. (1992). International Classification of Rodent Tumors. Part 1—The Rat 3. Urinary System. Mohr U, ed. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Scientific Publications No. 122, 1–46.
  • Amberg A, Rosner E, Dekant W. (1999). Biotransformation and kinetics of excretion of methyl-tert-butyl ether in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci 51:1–8.
  • Amberg A, Rosner E, Dekant W. (2001). Toxicokinetics of methyl tert-butyl ether and its metabolites in humans after oral exposure. Toxicol Sci 61:62–67.
  • Anderson RA Jr, Reddy JM, Joyce C, Willis BR, Van der Ven H, Zaneveld LJ. (1982). Inhibition of mouse sperm capacitation by ethanol. Biol Reprod 27:833–840.
  • Anver MR, Cohen BJ, Lattuada CJP, Foster SJ. (1982). Age-associated lesions in barrier-reared male Sprague-Dawley rats: A comparison between Hap:(SD) and Crl:COBS® CD® SD stocks. Exp Aging Res 8:3–21.
  • ARCO. (1983). Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 14C-tertiary butyl alcohol. Unpublished report from ARCO Chemical Co., Newton Square, PA 19073, USA. Submitted by Lyondell Basell Industries, Houston TX, USA, 2008.
  • Arslanian MJ, Pascoe E, Reinhold JG. (1971). Rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Purification and properties. Biochem J 125:1039–1047.
  • Baker RC, Sorensen SM, Deitrich RA. (1982). The in vivo metabolism of tertiary butanol by adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6:247–251.
  • Baylis C. (1994). Age-dependent glomerular damage in the rat. Dissociation between glomerular injury and both glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy. Male gender as a primary rsk factor. J Clin Invest 94:1823–1829.
  • Beaugé F, Clement M, Nordmann J, Nordmann R. (1981). Liver lipid disposal following t-butanol administration to rats. Chem Biol Interact 38: 45–51.
  • Beaugé F, Fleuret C, Barin F, Nordmann R. (1984). Brain membrane disordering after acute in vivo administration of ethanol isopropanol or t-butanol in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 33:3591–3593.
  • Bellin SI, Edmonds HL Jr. (1976). The use of tert-butanol in alcohol dependence studies. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 19:351–354.
  • Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Filippini F, Maltoni C. (1997). Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of methyl tert-butyl ether. Ann N Y Acad Sci 837:77–95.
  • Bernauer U, Amberg A, Scheutzow D, Dekant W. (1998). Biotransformation of 12C- and 2-13C-labeled methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and tert-butyl alcohol in rats: Identification of metabolites in urine by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 11:651–658.
  • Billitti JE, Faulkner BC, Wilson BW. (2005). Absence of acute testiculat toxicity of methyl-tert butyl ether and breakdown products in mice. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75:228–235.
  • Bird MG, Burleigh-Flayer HD, Chun JS, Douglas JF, Kneiss JJ, Andrews LS. (1997). Oncogenicity studies of inhaled methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in CD-1 mice and F-344 rats. J Appl Toxicol 17:S45–S55.
  • Blanck O, Fowles J, Schorsch F, Pallen C, Espinasse-Lormeau H, Schulte-Koerne  E, Totis M, Banton M. (2010). Teritiary butyl alcohol in drinking water induces phase I and II liver enzymes with consequent effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in the B6C3F1 female mouse. J Appl Toxicol 30:125-132.
  • Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, McGregor D, Meek ME, Vickers C, Willcocks D, Farland W. (2006). IPCS Framework for analysing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:781–792.
  • Borghoff SJ, Short BG, Swenberg JA. (1990). Biochemical mechanisms and pathobiology of α2u-globulin nephropathy. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:349–367.
  • Borghoff SJ, Lagarde WH. (1993). Assessment of binding of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol to low molecular weight proteins isolated from kidneys of male rats and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119:228–235.
  • Borghoff SJ, Murphy JE, Medinsky MA. (1996). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methyl tertiary-butyl ether and tertiary-butanol in male Fischer-344 rats. Toxicol Sci 30:264–275.
  • Borghoff SJ, Prescott JS, Janszen DB, Wong BA, Everitt JI. (2001). α2uGlobulin nephropathy, renal cell proliferation and dosimetry of inhaled tert-butyl alcohol in male and female F-344 rats. Toxicol Sci 61:176–186.
  • Budroe JD, Brown JP, Salsmon AG, Marty MA. (2004). Acute toxicity and cancer risk assessment values for tert-butyl acetate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 40:168–176. Corrigendum (2006): Regul Toxicol and Pharmacol 46: 243.
  • Burleigh-Flayer HD, Chun JS, Kintigh WJ. (1992). Methyl tertiary butyl ether: vapour inhalation oncogenicity study in CD-1 mice. Bushy Run Research Center Report No. 91N0013A. October 15. Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company, Inc. Submitted to the US EPA under TSCA Section 4 Testing Consent Order 40 CFR 799.5000 with cover letter dated October 29, 1992. EPA/OPTS No. 42098. Export, PA: Bushy Run Research Center.
  • Bushy Run Research Center. (1993). Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether: Twenty-Eight Day Vapor Inhalation Study in Rats and Mice. 387 pp. Export, PA: Bushy Run Research Center.
  • Casazza JP, Felver ME, Veech RL. (1984). The metabolism of acetone in rat. J Biol Chem 259:231–236.
  • Cederbaum AI, Cohen G. (1980). Oxidative demethylation of t-butyl alcohol by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 97:730–736.
  • Cederbaum AI, Dicker AI, Cohen G. (1978). Effect of hydroxyl radical scavanger on microsomal oxidation of alcohols and on associated microsomal reaction. Biochemistry 17: 3058–3064.
  • Cederbaum AI, Dicher E, Rubin E, Cohen G. (1979). Effect of thiourea on microsomal oxidation of alcohols and associated microsomal functions. Biochemistry 18: 1187–1191.
  • Cederbaum AI, Qureshi A, Cohen G. (1983). Production of formaldehyde and acetone by hydroxyl-radical generating systems during the metabolism of tertiary butylalcohols. Biochem Pharmacol 32: 3517–3524.
  • Chapin RE, Breese GR, Mueller RA. (1980). Possible mechanisms of reduction of plasma luteinizing hormone by ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 212:6–10.
  • Chun JS, Burleigh-Flayer HD, Kintigh WJ. (1992). Methyl tertiary butyl ether: Vapor inhalation oncogenicity study in Fischer 344 rats. EPA/OPTS no. 42098. Submitted by Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company, Inc. to the US EPA under TSCA Section 4 Testing Consent Order 40 CFR 799.5000 with cover letter dated November 19, 1992. Export, PA: Bushy Run Research Center. Report No. 91N0013B, November 13.
  • Cirvello JD, Radovsky A, Heath JE, Farnell DR, Lindamood C. (1995). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of t-butyl alcohol in rats and mice following chronic exposure in drinking water. Toxicol Ind Health 11:151–165.
  • Cometto-Muñiz JE, Cain WS. (1995). Relative sensitivity of the ocular trigeminal, nasal trigeminal, and olfactory systems to airborne chemicals. Chem Senses 20:191–198.
  • Cruzan G, Kirkpatrick D. (2006). Tertiary-butyl Acetate metabolism toxicity and human health considerations. Toxicol Environ Chem 88:405–421.
  • Daniel MA, Evans MA. (1982). Quantitative comparison of maternal ethanol and maternal tertiary butanol diet on postnatal developments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222:294–300.
  • Daughtrey WC, Gill MW, Pritts IM, Douglas JF, Kneiss JJ, Andrews LS. (1997). Neurotoxicological evaluation of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in rats. J Appl Toxicol 17:S57–S64.
  • de Peyster A, MacLean KJ, Stephens BA, Ahern LD, Westover CM, Rozenshteyn  D. (2003). Subchronic studies in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate mechanisms of MTBE-induced Leydig cell cancer. Toxicol Sci 72:31–42.
  • Dietrich DR, Swenberg JA. (1991a). NCI Black Reiter (NBR) rats fail to develop renal disease following exposure to agents that induce α2u-globulin (α2u) nephropathy. Fundam Appl Toxicol 16:749–762.
  • Dietrich DR, Swenberg JA. (1991b). The presence of α2u-globulin is necessary for d-limonene promotion of male rat kidney tumors. Cancer Res 51:3512–3521.
  • Dillon D, Coombes R, Zeiger E. (1998). The effectiveness of Salmonella strains TA100, TA102, and TA104 for detecting mutagenicity of some aldehydes and peroxides. Mutagenesis 13:19–36.
  • Diwan BA, Ohshima M, Rice JM. (1989). Effects of postnatal administration of tumor promoting barbiturates on the development of tumors initiated by prenatal exposure to fetal rats and mice to N-alkylnitrosoureas. In: Napalkov NP, Rice JM, Tomatis L, Yamasaki H, eds. Perinatal and Multigeneration Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 96. Lyon: IARC, 75–80
  • Doi AM, Hill G, Seely J, Hailey JR, Kissling G, Bucher JR. (2007). α2u-Globulin nephropathy and renal tumors in National Toxicology Program Studies. Toxicol Pathol 35:533–540.
  • Dudek BC, Philips TJ. (1983). Locomotor stimulant and intoxicant proportion of methanol ethanol tert-butyl alcohol and pentobarbital in long-sleep and short-sleep mice. Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse 4: 31–36.
  • Edwards EK Jr, Edwards EK. (1982). Allergic reaction to tertiary butyl alcohol in a suncreen. Cutis 29: 476–478.
  • EG&G Mason. (1981a). EG&G Mason Research Institute. Salmonella/mammalian-microsome preincubation mutagenicity assay. Unpublished report to ARC Chemical Company.
  • EG&G Mason. (1981b). EG&G Mason Research Institute. Evaluation of test article t-butyl alcohol — 99.9% (MRI #635) & t-butyl alcohol—Arconol (MRI #636) for mutagenic potential employing the L5178Y TK+/− mutagenesis assay. Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • EG&G Mason. (1981c). EG&G Mason Research Institute. An in vitro evaluation of t-butyl alcohol—Arconol batch # A209411 to produce sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • Elema JD, Arends A. (1975). Focal and segmental glomerular hyalinosis and sclerosis in the rat. Lab Invest 33:554–561.
  • EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1991a). Guidelines for developmental toxicity risk assessment. Fed Register 56:63798–63824.
  • EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1991b). Alpha-2u-globulin: Association with chemically induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat. Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/625/3-91/019F.
  • EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1995). Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/630/P-03/001F.
  • EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2005). Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/639/P-03/001F.
  • Faulkner TP, Hussain AS. (1989). The pharmacokinetics of tertiary butanol in C57BL/6J mice. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 64:31–39.
  • Fiala ES, Conaway CC, Biles WT, Johnson B. (1987). Enhanced mutagenicity of 2-nitropropane nitronate with respect to 2-nitropropane possible involvement of free radical species. Mutat Res 179:15–22.
  • Flower DR, North AC, Attwood TK. (1993). Structure and sequence relationships in the lipocalins and related proteins. Protein Sci 2:753–761.
  • Frocht A, Fillit H. (1984). Renal disease in the geriatric patient. J Am Geriatics Soc 32:28–43.
  • Gaillard D, Derache R. (1965). Metabolism of different alcohols present in alcoholic beverages, in rats. Trav Soc Pharm Montpellier 25:51–62.
  • Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N, Duggleby RG, Windmill KF, Martin JL, McManus ME. (2006). Human sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci 90: 5–22.
  • Germolec DR, Nyska A, Kashon M, Kuper CF, Portier C, Kommineni C, Johnson  KA, Luster MI. (2004). Extended histopathology in immunotoxicity testing: Interlaboratory validation studies. Toxicol Sci 78:107–115.
  • Gold LS, Slone TH, Manley NB, Garfinkel GB, Rohrbach L, Ames BN. (1997). The carcinogenicity database. In Gold LS, Zeiger E, eds. Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–8.
  • Goodman JE, Gaylor D, Beyer LA, Rhomberg LR, Beck BD. (2008). Effects of MTBE on the reported incidence of Leydig cell tumors in Sprague–Dawley rats: Range of possible Poly-3 results. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 50:273–284.
  • Grant KA, Samson HH. (1982). Ethanol and tertiary butanol induced microcephaly in the neonatal rat: Comparison of brain growth parameters. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4: 315–321.
  • Groth G, Freundt KJ. (1994). Inhaled tert-butyl acetate and its metabolite tert-butyl alcohol accumulate in the blood during exposure. Human Exp Toxicol 13:478–480.
  • Haley P, Perry R, Ennulat D, Frame S, Johnson C, Lapointe JM, Nyska A, Snyder P, Walker D, Walter G. (2005). STP position paper: Best practice guideline for the routine pathology evaluation of the immune system. Toxicol Pathol 33:404–407; discussion 408.
  • Hard GC. (2001). Expert evaluation of renal effects of tert-butyl alcohol in rats and mice. Report to Lyondell Chemical Company. 12 pp.
  • Hard GC. (2005). Comments on the NTP toxicity and carcinogenicity study in rats with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Report to Lyondell Chemical Company.
  • Hard GC, Seely JC. (2006). Histological investigation of diagnostically challenging tubule profiles in advanced chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) in the Fischer 344 rat. Toxicol Pathol 34:941–948.
  • Hard GC, Khan KN. (2004). A contemporary overview of chronic progressive nephropathy in the laboratory rat, and its significance for human risk assessment. Toxicol Pathol 32:171–180.
  • Hard GC, Seely JC. (2005). Recommendations for the interpretation of renal tubule prolerative lesions occurring in rat kidneys with advanced chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN). Toxicol Pathol 33:641–649.
  • Hard GC, Rodgers IS, Baetcke KP, Richards WL, McGaughy RE, Valcovic LR. (1993). Hazard evaluation of chemicals that cause accumulation of α2u-globulin, hyaline droplet nephropathy, and tubule neoplasia in the kidneys of male rats. Environ Health Perspect 99:313–349.
  • Hard GC, Alden CL, Stula EF, Trump BF. (1995). Proliferative lesions of the kidney in rats. In: Guides for Toxicologic Pathology. Washington, DC: STP/ARP/AFIP, 1–19.
  • Hard GC, Alden CL, Bruner RH, Frith CH, Lewis RM, Owen RA, Krieg K, Durchfeld-Meyer B. (1999). Non-proliferative lesions of the kidney and lower urinary tract in rats. In: Guides for Toxicologic Pathology. Washington, DC: STP/ARP/AFIP, 1–32.
  • Hard GC, Johnson KJ, Cohen SM. (2009). A comparison of rat chronic progressive nephropathy with human renal disease—Implications for human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 39:332–346.
  • Hardisty JF, Boorman GA. (1999). Thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Maronpot RR, Boorman GA, Gaul BW, eds. Pathology of the Mouse. Reference and Atlas. St Louis, MO: Cache River Press, 546.
  • Harris PA, Riegelman S. (1969). Influence of the route of administration on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. J Pharm Sci 58:71–75.
  • HED. (2002). Hepatocellular hypertrophy. HED Internal Guidance Document. # G2002.01. Washington, DC: The HED Toxicology Science Advisory Council Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, October 21, 2002.
  • Hodges VM, Molloy GY, Wickramasinghe SN. (2000). Demonstration of mRNA for five species of cytochrome P450 in human bone marrow, bone marrow-derived macrophages and human haematopoietic cell lines. Br J Haemtaol 108:151–156.
  • Hill RN, Erdreich LS, Pynter OE, Roberts PA, Rosenthal SL, Wilkinson CF. (1989). Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis. Fundam Appl Toxicol 12:629–697.
  • HLS Huntingdon Life Sciences. (1998). [14C]-t-Butyl alcohol: Topical application: Dermal absorption study in the male rat. Report no. ACR022/973016 from Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye, Suffolk, IP23 7PX, England, U.K. Conducted on behalf of ARCO Chemicals, Newton Square, PA 19073-3280, USA.
  • HLS Huntingdon Life Sciences. (2004). TBA: Reproduction/developmental toxicity screening in rats. HLS study no. 03-4254. Submitted to Propylene Carbonate/t-Butyl Alcohol HPV Committee, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Holmquist B, Vallee BL. (1991). Human liver class III alcohol and glutathione dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase are the same enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178:1371–1377.
  • Hong J-Y, Wang Y-Y, Bondoc FY, Lee M, Yang CS, Hu W-Y, Pan J. (1999). Metabolism of methyl tert-butyl ether and other petrol ethers by human liver microsomes and heterologously expressed human cytochromes P450: Identification of CYP2A6 as a major catalyst. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160:43–48.
  • Hood A, Allen ML, Liu Y, Liu J, Klaassen CD. (2003). Induction of T4 UDPGT activity, serum thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid follicular cell proliferation in mice treated with microsomal enzyme inducers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 188:6–13.
  • Hoshino H, Chihara G, Fukuoka F. (1970). Detection of potential weak carcinogens and procarcinogens. II. Tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Gann 61:121–124.
  • Hruska KS, Furth PA, Seifer DB, Sharara FI, Flaws JA. (2000). Environmental factors in fertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43:821–829.
  • Hüls AG. Toxicology Laboratories. (1989). Test of Skin Sensitization Potential in Guinea Pigs—tert-Butanol Pure. Hüls AG report no. 1585 for Evonik Oxeno GmbH Germany.
  • IARC. (1980). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 24. Some Pharmaceutical Drugs. Lyon, France: IARC, 135–161.
  • IARC. (1992). International Classification of Rodent Tumours (Ed.-in-Chief, U. Mohr), Part I: The Rat. 3. Urinary System. IARC Scientific Publication No. 122. Lyon, France: IARC, 46 pp.
  • IARC. (1999). Consensus report. In: Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourn JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 1–14. Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/pub147/IARCpub147.pdf.
  • IARC. (2001). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 79. Some Thyrotropic Agents. Lyon, France: IARC, 161–288.
  • IARC. (2002). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 82. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Lyon, France: IARC, 69–118.
  • IARC. (2004). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 82. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Lyon, France: IARC, 339–355.
  • IARC. (2006). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 88. Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropanol. Lyon, France: IARC, 37–326.
  • IRDC. (1981a). Acute oral toxicity (LD50) study in Rats (EPA 8/78). Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • IRDC. (1981b). t-Butyl alcohol—99.9%: Acute dermal toxicity (LD50) study in Rabbits (TSCA 7/79/) (EPA 8/78) (OSHA). Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • IRDC. (1981c). t-Butyl alcohol—A-209412: LD50 acute inhalation toxicity evaluation in rats. Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • IRDC. (1981d). t-Butyl alcohol—99.9%: Primary dermal irritation test in rabbits (EPA 8/78). Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • IRDC. (1981e). Arcanol: Eye irritation study in rabbits (EPA 8/78). Unpublished report to ARCO Chemical Company.
  • IRI Inveresk Research International. (1980). Methyl tertiary butyl ether (Driveron) three month inhalation toxicity in rats. Report no. 1596 for Chemische Werke Hüls AG. Tranent: Inveresk Research International.
  • IITRI. (1992). 28 day oral (gavage) toxicity study of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in rats. Chicago Illinois: IIT Research Laboratories.
  • Jahnke GD, Choksi NY, Moore JA, Shelby MD. (2004). Thyroid toxicants: Assessing reproductive health effects. Environ Health Perspect 112:363–368.
  • Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT. (1953). Studies in detoxication. The metabolism of aliphatic alcohols. The glucuronic acid conjugation of acyclic aliphatic alcohols. Biochem J 53:129–136.
  • Kaneko T, Wang PY, Sato A. (1994). Partition coefficients of some acetate esters and alcohols in water, blood, olive oil, and rat tissues. Occup Environ Med 51:68–72.
  • Koivusalo M, Baumann M, Uotila L. (1989). Evidence for the identity of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and class III alcohol dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 257:105–109.
  • Kosugi K, Chandramouli V, Kumaran K, Schumann WC, Landau BR. (1986a). Determinants in the pathways followed by the carbons of acetone in their conversion to glucose. J Biol Chem 261:13179–13181.
  • Kosugi K, Scofield RF, Chandramouli V, Kumaren K, Schumann W, Landau  BR. (1986b). Pathways of acetone’s acetone’s metabolism in the rat. J Biol Chem 162:3952–3957.
  • Krasowski MD, Harrison NL. (2000). The actions of ether alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations. Br J Pharmacol 129:731–743.
  • LaFleur MV, Loman H. (1982). Influence of anoxic sensitizers on the radiation damage in biologically active DNA in aqueous solution. Int J Radiat Biol 41:295–302.
  • Lehman-McKeenan LD, Caudill D. (1994). d-Limonene induced hyaline droplet nephropathy in α2u-globulin transgenic mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23:562–568.
  • Lewis RJ, Tatken RL, eds. (1980). Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. Vol. 1. Washington DC: US Department of Health Education and Welfare.
  • Liebach HM, Forst C. (1984). Hydroxycarboxylic and oxocarboxylic acids in urine: Products from branch-chain amino acid degradation and from ketogenesis. J Chromatogr 309:225–242.
  • Lindamood C 3rd, Farnell DR, Giles HD, Prejean JD, Collins JJ, Takahashi K, Maronpot RR. (1992). Subchronic toxicity studies of t-butyl alcohol in rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19:91–100.
  • Lindsay J, Wang LL, Zhou SF. (2008). Structure function and polymorphism of human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Curr Drug Metab 9:99–105.
  • Lington AW, Dodd DE, Ridlon SA, Douglas JF, Kneiss JJ, Andrews LS. (1997). Evaluation of 13-week inhalation toxicity study on methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) in Fischer 344 rats. J Appl Toxicol 17(Suppl 1):S37–S44.
  • Maglich JM, Watson J, McMillen PJ, Goodwin B, Wilson TM, Moore JT. (2004). The nuclear receptor CAR is a regulator of thyroid hormone metabolism during caloric restriction. J Biol Chem 279:19832–19838.
  • Mahler J. (1997). NTP technical report on toxicity studies of t-butyl alcohol (CAS No. 75-65-0). Administered by inhalation to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxic Rep Ser 53:1–56.
  • Martin JV, Bilgin NM, Iba MM. (2002). Influence of oxygenated fuel additives and their metabolites on the binding of a convulsant ligand of the γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor in rat brain membrane preparations. Toxicol Lett 129:219–226.
  • Martin JV, Iyer SV, McIlroy PJ, Iba MM. (2004). Influence of oxygenated fuel additives and their metabolites on γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor function in rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Toxicol Lett 147:209–217.
  • McComb JA, Goldstein DB. (1979). Quantitative comparison of physical dependence on tertiary butanol and ethanol in mice: Correlation with lipid solubility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 208:113–117.
  • McConnell EE. (1992). Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis: Results from 343 2-year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the NCI/NTP. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 16:177–188.
  • McGregor DB. (2006). Methyl tertiary-butyl ether: Studies for potential human health hazards. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:319–358.
  • McGregor D. (2007). Ethyl tertiary-Butyl Ether: A toxicological review. Crit Rev Toxicol 37:1–26.
  • McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ. (1988). Responses of the L5178Y tk+tk− mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. II: 18 chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen 11:91–118.
  • McGregor DB, Cruzan G, Callander RD, May K, Banton M. (2005). The mutagenicity testing of tertiary-butyl alcohol tertiary-butyl acetate™ and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 565:181–189.
  • McClain RM. (1989). The significance of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and altered thyroid function in rats: Implications for thyroid gland neoplasia. Toxicol Pathol 17:294–306.
  • Meek ME, Bucher JR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, Hill RN, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Longfellow DG, Pastoor T, Seed J, Patton DE. (2003). A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:591–653.
  • Melnick RL, Kohn MC. (1999). Possible mechanisms of induction of renal tubule cell neoplasms in rats associated with α2u-globulin: Role of protein accumulation versus ligand delivery to the kidney. In: Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourn JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 119–137.
  • Merritt AD, Tomkins GM. (1959). Reversible oxidation of cyclic secondary alcohols by liver alcohol dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 234:2778–2782.
  • Morland J, Besseson A, Svendson K. (1980). The role of alcohol metabolism in the effect of ethanol on protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 4:313–321.
  • Munch JC. (1972). Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: Narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med Surg 41:31–33.
  • Nagai F, Hiyoshi Y, Sugimachi K, Tamura H-O. (2002). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression in human myelobastic and lymphoid cell lines. Biol Pharm Bull 25:383–385.
  • Nagata Y. (2003). Odor intensity and odor threshold value. J Japan Air Clean Assoc 41:17–25.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1990). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride (CAS No. 7681-49-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TR-393 (NIH Publication No.91-2848). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1992). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chlorinated Water (CAS Nos. 7782-50-5 and 7681-52-9) and Chloraminated Water (CAS No. 10599-90-3) (Deionized and Charcoal-Filtered) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TR-392 (NIH Publication No.92-2847). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1994). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Barium Chloride Dihydrate (CAS No. 10326-27-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TR-432 (NIH Publication No.94-3163). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1998). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Chloro-2-Propanol (Technical Grade) (CAS No. 127-00-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TR-477 (NIH Publication No.98-3967). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (2000). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pyridine (CAS No. 110-86-1) in F344/N Rats, Wistar Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TR-470 (NIH Publication No.00-3960). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1993). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Oxazepam (CAS No. 604-75-1) in Swiss-Webster and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). NTP TR-443 (NIH Publication No. 93-3359). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1995). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of T-Butyl Alcohol (CAS No. 75-65-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies). NTP TR-436 (NIH Publication No. 95-3167). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1997). NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of T-Butyl Alcohol (CAS No. 75-65-0) Administered by Inhalation to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. NTP TR-53 (NIH Publication No. 97-3942). Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP.
  • Nelson BK, Brightwell WS, Khan A, Burg JR, Goad PT. (1989). Lack of selective developmental toxicity of three butanol isomers administered by inhalation to rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 12:469–479.
  • Nelson BK, Brightwell WS, Khan A, Shaw PB, Krieg EF Jr, Massari VJ. (1991). Behavioral teratology investigation of tertiary-butanol administered by inhalation to rats. Pharmacopsychoecologia 4:1–7.
  • Neuhaus OW. (1986). Renal reabsorption of low molecular weight in adult male rats: α2u-Globulin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 182:531–539.
  • O’’Brien PJ, Siraki AG, Shangari N. (2005). Aldehyde sources metabolism molecular toxicity mechanisms and possible effects on human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 35:609–662.
  • Panganamala RV, Sharma HM, Heikkila RE, Geer JC, Cornwell DG. (1976). Role of hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohols, and methional in the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 11:599–607.
  • Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons, Interscience Publishers, 2, 1441–1450.
  • Patty FA, ed. (1981). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 3rd ed. Vol. IIA. New York, Chichester, Brisbane Toronto, Singapore: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Patty FA, ed. (1982). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 3rd ed. Vol. IIC. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: Wiley-Interscience, 4571–4578.
  • Phillips DH, Farmer PB, Beland FA, Nath RG, Poirier MC, Reddy MV, Turteltaub KW. (2000). Methods of DNA adduct determination and their application to testing compounds for genotoxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:222–233.
  • Poet TS, Valentine JL, Borghoff SJ. (1997). Pharmacokinetics of tertiary butyl alcohol in male and female Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Lett 92:179–186.
  • Prah J, Ashley D, Blount B, Case M, Leavens T, Pleil J, Cardinali F. (2004). Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers. Toxicol Sci 77:195–205.
  • Rao GN. (2002). Diet and kidney diseases in rats. Toxicol Pathol 30:651–656.
  • Reuvers AP, Greenstock CL, Borsa J, Chapman JD. (1973). Mechanism of chemical radioprotection by dimethyl sulfoxide. Int J Radiat Biol 24:533–536.
  • Riches AC, Sharp JG, Thomas BD, Smith SV. (1973). Blood volume determination in the mouse. J Physiol 228:279–284.
  • Robinson M, Bruner RH, Olson GR. (1990). Fourteen- and ninety-day oral toxicity studies of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Am Coll Toxicol 9:525–540.
  • Roots R, Okada S. (1972). Protection of DNA molecules of cultured mammalian cells from radiation-induced single-strand scissions by various alcohols and sulfhydryl compounds. Int J Radiat Biol 21:329–342.
  • Routledge PA, Shand DG. (1979). Presystemic drug elimination. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:447–468.
  • Roy AK, McMinn DM, Biswas NM. (1975). Estrogenic inhibition of the hepatic synthesis of α2u-globulin in the rat. Endocrinology 97:1501–1508.
  • Rudney H. (1954). Propanediol phosphate as a possible intermediate in the metabolism of acetone. J Stol Chain 210:361–371.
  • Ruggenenti P, Schieppati A, Remuzzi G. (2001). Progression, remission, regression of chronic renal diseases. Lancet 357:1601–1608.
  • Savolainen H, Pfäffli P, Elovaara E. (1985). Biochemical effects of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in extended vapour exposure of rats. Arch Toxicol 57:285–288.
  • Schaffarzick RW, Brown BJ. (1952). The anticonvulsant activity and toxicity of methylparafynol (Dormison®) and some other alcohols. Science 116:663–666.
  • Seely JC, Haseman JK, Nyska A, Wolf DC, Everitt JI, Hailey JR. (2002). The effect of chronic progressive nephropathy on the incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms in control male F344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 30:681–686.
  • Skutches CL, Owen OE, Reichard GA Jr. (1990). Acetone and acetol inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. Diabetes 39:450–455.
  • Snell D, Harris RA. (1980). Impairment of avoidance behaviour following short-term ingestion of ethanol, tertiary-butanol, or pentobarbital in mice. Psychopharmacology 69:53–57.
  • Sonich-Mullin C, Fielder R, Wiltse J, Baetcke K, Dempsey J, Fenner-Crisp  P, Grant  D, Hartley M, Knaap A, Kroese D, Mangelsdorf I, Meek E, Rice J, Younes M. (2001). IPCS Conceptual framework for evaluating a mode of action for chemical carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:146–152.
  • Swenberg JA, Short BG, Borghoff SJ, Strasser J, Charbonneau M. (1989). The comparative pathobiology of α2u-globulin nephropathy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 97:35–46.
  • Swenberg JA, Lehman-McKeeman LD. (1999). α2 Urinary-globulin-associated nephropathy as a mechanism of renal tubule cell carcinogenesis in male rats. In: Capen C, Dybing E, Rice J, Wilbourne J, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publications No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 95–118.
  • Takahashi K, Lindamood C II, Maronpot RR. (1993). Retrospective study of possible α2u- globulin nephropathy and associated cell proliferation in male Fischer 344 rats dosed with t-butyl alcohol. Environ Health Perspect 101 (Suppl 5):281–286.
  • Tanaka A, Kyokuwa M, Mori T, Kawashima S. (1995). Acceleration of renal dysfunction with ageing by the use of androgen in Wistar/Tw rats. In Vivo 9:495–502.
  • Tang G, Wang J, Zhuang Z. (1997). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether and its metabolite to human leukemia cells. Chin J Prev Med 31:334–337.
  • Thurman RG, Winn K, Urquhart B. (1980). Rat brain cyclic AMP levels and withdrawal behaviour following treatment with t-butanol. Adv Exp Med Biol 126:271–281.
  • Uotila L, Koivusalo M. (1974). Formaldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. Purification, properties, and evidence for the formation of glutathione thiol esters by the enzyme. J Biol Chem 249:7653–7663.
  • Uotila L, Koivusalo M. (1997). Expression of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and S-formylglutathione hydrolase activities in different rat tissues. Adv Exp Med Biol 414:365–371.
  • US DHEW. (1978). Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals. Washington DC: US Department of Health Education and Welfare.
  • Viollon-Abadie C, Lassere D, Debruyne E, Nicod L, Carmichael N, Richert  L. (1999). Phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, clofibrate, and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile do not affect hepatic thyroid hormone UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity, and thyroid gland function in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 155:1–12.
  • Vogel J. (1997). Measurement of cardiac output in small laboratory animals using recordings of blood conductivity. Am J Physiol 273 (Heart Circ Physiol 42):H2520–H2527.
  • Wallgren H, Nikander P, Boguslawsky PV, Linkola J. (1974). Effects of ethanol, tert-butanol, and clomethiazole on net movements of sodium and potassium in electrically stimulated cerebral tissue. Acta Physiol Scand 91: 83–93.
  • WHO. (1987). Butanols—Four Isomers. Environmental Health Criteria 65. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.
  • WHO. (1998). Acetone. Enviromental Health Criteria 207. Geneva: Internatinoal Programme on Chemical Safety.
  • Wilbourn JD, Partensky C, Rice JM. (1999). Agents that induce epithelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder renal cortex and thyroid follicular lining in experimental animals and humans: Summary of data from IARC Monographs Volumes 1–69. In: Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourn JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication. No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 191–209.
  • Williams TM, Borghoff SJ. (2001). Characterization of tert-butyl alcohol binding to α2u-globulin in F-344 rats. Toxicol Sci 62:228–235.
  • Williams-Hill D, Spears CP, Prakash S, Olah GA, Shamma T, Moin T, Kim LY, Hill CK. (1999). Mutagenicity studies of methyl-tert-butylether using the Ames tester strain TAl02. Mutat Res 446:15–21.
  • Winer AD. (1958). A note of the substrate specificity of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Acta Chem Scand 12:1965–1966.
  • Witkin JM, Leander JD. (1982). Effects of orally administered ethanol and tert-butanol on fixed-ratio responding of rats. Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse 3: 275–279.
  • Wood JM, Laverty R. (1979). Physical dependence following prolonged ethanol or t-butanol administration to rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 10:113–119.
  • Yamaki K, Yoshino S. (2009). Inhibition of IgE-induced mast cell activation by ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, a bioethanol-derived fuel oxygenate. J Phram Pharmacol 61:1243–1248.
  • Yojay L, Yojay R, Mardones J. (1982). Acetone blood levels after t-butanol administration in rats. IRCS Med Sci 10:215.
  • Yuan Y, Wang HF, Sun HF, Du HF, Xu LH, Liu YF, Ding XF, Fu DP, Liu KX. (2007). Adduction of DNA with MTBE and TBA in mice studied by accelerator mass spectrometry. Environ Toxicol 22:630–635.
  • Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, Speck W. (1987). Salmonella mutagenicity tests: III. Results from the testing of 255 chemicals. Environ Mutagen 9(Suppl 9):1–110.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.