Re-analysis of Ranch Hand study supports reverse causation hypothesis between dioxin and diabetes

References

• Akins JR, Waldrep K, Bernert JT Jr. (1989). The estimation of total serum lipids by a completely enzymatic ‘summation’ method. Clin Chim Acta 184:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albu JB, Heilbronn LK, Kelley DE, Smith SR, Azuma K, Berk ES, Pi-Sunyer FX, Ravussin E; Look AHEAD Adipose Research Group. (2010). Metabolic changes following a 1-year diet and exercise intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 59:627–633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almqvist C, Wettermark B, Hedlin G, Ye W, Lundholm C. (2012). Antibiotics and asthma medication in a large register-based cohort study - confounding, cause and effect. Clin Exp Allergy 42:104–111.
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 33:S62–S69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1998). Toxicological profile for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
   Google Scholar
• Aylward LL, Hays SM. (2002). Temporal trends in human TCDD body burden: decreases over three decades and implications for exposure levels. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 12:319–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boden G. (1998). Free fatty acids (FFA), a link between obesity and insulin resistance. Front Biosci 3:d169–d175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonen A, Tandon NN, Glatz JF, Luiken JJ, Heigenhauser GJ. (2006). The fatty acid transporter FAT/CD36 is upregulated in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:877–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch de Basea M, Porta M, Alguacil J, Puigdomenech E, Gasull M, Garrido JA, Lopez T. (2011). Relationships between occupational history and serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds in exocrine pancreatic cancer. OccupEnviron Med 68:332–338.
   Google Scholar
• Buffler PA, Ginevan ME, Mandel JS, Watkins DK. (2011). The Air Force health study: an epidemiologic retrospective. Ann Epidemiol 21:673–687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calvert GM, Sweeney MH, Deddens J, Wall DK. (1999). Evaluation of diabetes mellitus, serum glucose, and thyroid function among United States workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Occup Environ Med 56:270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen B, Witte DR, Frijs S. (2011). Cancer occurrence in Danish diabetic patients: duration and insulin effects. Diabetologia. Advance online publication November 27, 2011.doi: 10.1007/s00125-011–2381-4.
   Google Scholar
• Carwile JL, Michels KB. (2011). Urinary bisphenol A and obesity: NHANES 2003–2006. Environ Res 111:825–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2003). Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults – United States, 1999–2000. MMWR 52:833–837.
   Google Scholar
• Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Mauriège P, Després JP, Tremblay A. (2000). Body weight loss increases plasma and adipose tissue concentrations of potentially toxic pollutants in obese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1272–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Zocchetti C, Sindaco R, D’Oro LC, Rubagotti M, Bertazzi PA. (2008). Mortality in a population exposed to dioxin after the Seveso, Italy, accident in 1976: 25 years of follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 167:847–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerhut MA, Halperin WE, Marlow DA, Piacitelli LA, Honchar PA, Sweeney MH, Greife AL, Dill PA, Steenland K, Suruda AJ. (1991). Mortality among U.S. workers employed in the production of chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NTIS No. PB 91–125971.
   Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Cooper RS. (2011). Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 173:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund JE, Walpole RE. (1987). Mathematical Statistics, fourth edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 412–430.
   Google Scholar
• Gough M, Paustenbach DJ, Kerger BD, Leung H, Scott P, Harris M. (2006). Dioxin and diabetes: does the current weight of evidence demonstrate a relationship? Toxicol Sci 90:314. Abstract No. 1536.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen GL, Ketchum NS, Michalek JE, Swaby JA. (1997). Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 8:252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6: 65–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hue O, Marcotte J, Berrigan F, Simoneau M, Doré J, Marceau P, Marceau S, Tremblay A, Teasdale N. (2006). Increased plasma levels of toxic pollutants accompanying weight loss induced by hypocaloric diet or by bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 16:1145–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Després JP, Tremblay A, Mauriège P. (2001). Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss in humans is related to in vitro subcutaneous adipocyte basal lipolysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1585–1591.
   Google Scholar
• Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Després JP, Mauriège P, Tremblay A. (2002). Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss is associated with the reduction of fasting insulin levels in men but not in women. Metab Clin Exp 51:482–486.
   Google Scholar
• IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2000). Veterans and agent orange: herbicide/dioxin exposure and type 2 diabetes. Washington, DC: Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Lees PS, Yates K, Matanoski GM (2006). Health status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam. Am J Ind Med 49:875–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Lim HS, Cho SI, Cheong HK, Lim MK. (2003). Impact of Agent Orange exposure among Korean Vietnam veterans. Ind Health 41:149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Marchand P, Henegar C, Antignac JP, Alili R, Poitou C, Bouillot JL, Basdevant A, Le Bizec B, Barouki R, Clément K. (2011). Fate and complex pathogenic effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in obese subjects before and after drastic weight loss. Environ Health Perspect 119:377–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. (2005). Robbins and cotran pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 1189–1207.
   Google Scholar
• Le CT. (1998). Applied categorical data analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111–156.
   Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, Steffes M, Toscano W, Baker BA, Jacobs DR Jr.. (2006). A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care 29:1638–1644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Dharmage SC. (2008). Is reverse causation responsible for the link between duration of breastfeeding and childhood asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178:994; author reply 995.
   Google Scholar
• Longnecker MP, Michalek JE. (2000). Serum dioxin level in relation to diabetes mellitus among Air Force veterans with background levels of exposure. Epidemiology 11:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker MP, Daniels JL. (2001). Environmental contaminants as etiologic factors for diabetes. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 6:871–876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michalek JE, Akhtar FZ, Kiel JL. (1999). Serum dioxin, insulin, fasting glucose, and sex hormone-binding globulin in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1540–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalek JE, Ketchum NS, Tripathi RC. (2003). Diabetes mellitus and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin elimination in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 66:211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalek JE, Pavuk M. (2008). Diabetes and cancer in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand after adjustment for calendar period, days of spraying, and time spent in Southeast Asia. J Occup Environ Med 50:330–340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murk W, Risnes KR, Bracken MB. (2011). Prenatal or early-life exposure to antibiotics and risk of childhood asthma: a systematic review. Pediatrics 127:1125–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter J, Wasserman W, Kutner MH. (1990). Applied linear statistical models. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin, 587–588; 761–783.
   Google Scholar
• Ott MG, Olson RA, Cook RR, Bond GG. (1987). Cohort mortality study of chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins. J Occup Med 29:422–429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelletier C, Doucet E, Imbeault P, Tremblay A. (2002). Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicol Sci 67:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers AC. (2005). Diabetes mellitus. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2152–2180.
   Google Scholar
• Poynten AM, Markovic TP, Maclean EL, Furler SM, Freund J, Chisholm DJ, Campbell LV. (2003). Fat oxidation, body composition and insulin sensitivity in diabetic and normoglycaemic obese adults 5 years after weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:1212–1218.
   Google Scholar
• Ryysy L, Häkkinen AM, Goto T, Vehkavaara S, Westerbacka J, Halavaara J, Yki-Järvinen H. (2000). Hepatic fat content and insulin action on free fatty acids and glucose metabolism rather than insulin absorption are associated with insulin requirements during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 49:749–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N. (2012). Biomarkers for diabetes prediction, pathogenesis or pharmacotherapy guidance? Past, present and future possibilities. Diabet Med 29:5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Calvert G, Ketchum N, Michalek J. (2001). Dioxin and diabetes mellitus: an analysis of the combined NIOSH and Ranch Hand data. Occup Environ Med 58:641–648.
   Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Piacitelli L, Deddens J, Fingerhut M, Chang LI. (1999). Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:779–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Morita A, Kato M, Hirai T, Mizoue T, Terauchi Y, Watanabe S, Noda M; SCOP Study Group. (2011). Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls and the prevalence of diabetes in the Saku Control Obesity Program (SCOP). Endocr J 58:589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura H, Arisawa K, Hiyoshi M, Satoh H, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Suzuki T. (2008). Associations of environmental exposure to dioxins with prevalent diabetes among general inhabitants in Japan. Environ Res 108:63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USAF (United States Air Force). (2005). Air Force Health Study final report: 2002 follow-up examination results. May 2002–March 2005. Contract No. F41624-01-C-1012.
   Google Scholar
• USAF (United States Air Force). (2006). A matched analysis of diabetes mellitus and herbicide exposure in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. June, 2006. Contract No. AFRL-HE-BR-TR-2006-0016.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2010). EPA’s reanalysis of key issues related to dioxin toxicity and response to NAS comments. June, 2010. EPA/600/R-10/038A. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=222203.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe WH, Michalek JE, Miner JC, Rahe A, Silva J, Thomas WF, Grubbs WD, Lustik MB, Karrison TG, Roegner RH. (1990). Health status of Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam. I. Physical health. JAMA 264:1824–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AL. (2009). The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zober A, Ott MG, Messerer P. (1994). Morbidity follow up study of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) after a 1953 chemical reactor incident. Occup Environ Med 51:479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar